Ethics Consideration and Plagiarism

Hatim Al-Jifree MB;ChB(Hon),MMedEd,FRCSC

Assistant Professor, Gynecological Oncologist KSAU-HS

NGHA

Angel of Death

• Josef Rudolf Mengele.

• Used human inmates for experimentation.

• Injected children eyes with chemicals to

change its color.

• Killed identical twins to perform autopsy.

• Amputated hands & feet and re-implanted

them in reverse order.

• “Surgeon of Birkenau”

Tuskegee Experiment 1932-1972

History of Unethical Research

Tuskegee Experiment 1932-1972:

399 African-American purposely denied treatment

for syphilis.

Willowobrook study 1963-1966:

Children with mental disabilities deliberately

infected by hepatitis A & B viruses.

Some were fed fecal matter!!!

History of Unethical Research

Cartwright Inquiry:

New Zealand 1987-1988.

Professor Herb Green (OBGYN & Pathology).

Intentionally not treating cervical dysplasia diagnosed by

Pap smear.

Few patients developed cervical cancer.

Inquiry confirmed the claim.

Inquiry discovered that he did Pap smear on newborn!!!

Responses to Unethical Research

Nuremberg Code after WWII.

NIH ethics committee 1964.

Declaration of Helsinki.

1973 Congressional Hearings.

National Research Act 1974:

Established the IRB system.

Institutional Review Board “IRB”

• AKA Ethical Review Board.

• Formal committee designated to:

• Approve research proposals.

• Modify research proposals.

• Monitor research.

• The top priority of IRB is to protect human

subjects from harm.

The Belmont Report

• The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research April 18, 1979 (Belmont Conference Center, Maryland)

1. Boundaries Between Practice and Research

2. Basic Ethical Principles

3. Applications (of Principles)

• The Belmont Report (1979) is the major ethical statement guiding human research in the United States.

The Belmont Report

• Boundaries Between Practice and Research:

• IRB must determine that the researcher

distinguishes practice from experiment.

• Tools: Informed consent.

• Social & Medical science research.

The Belmont Report

• Basic Ethical Principles:

• Respect for persons:

• Individual autonomy

• Protection of individual with

reduced autonomy

The Belmont Report

• Basic Ethical Principles:

• Beneficence:

• Maximize benefits and minimize harms.

• Justice:

• Equitable distribution of research risks and

benefits.

Respect for Persons Summary

Treat individuals as autonomous agents.

Do not use people as a means to an end.

Allow people to make choices for

themselves.

Provide extra protection to those with

limited autonomy.

Respect for Persons Components

1. Voluntary Participation.

2. Informed Consent.

3. Protection of Privacy &

Confidentiality.

4. Right to Withdraw without Penalty.

Beneficence

Acts of kindness that go beyond duty.

Obligations derived from beneficence:

Do no harm

Prevent harm

Prevent evil

Promote good

Beneficence Summary

1. Risks are justified by the benefits.

2. Risks are minimized.

3. Conflicts of interest are managed

to avoid bias.

Justice

Treat people fairly.

Fair sharing of burdens of

research.

Fair sharing of benefits of

research.

Justice

Distinguish procedural justice from distributive justice:

1. Vulnerable subjects are not targeted for convenience.

2. Subjects not selected because of their ease of availability or compromised position.

3. People who are likely to benefit are not excluded.

The Belmont Report

Application:

All principles are essential to sound

ethical research.

Principles carry equal moral weight.

Ethical conduct is expected.

Institutional Review Board “IRB”

To provide standards of conducting

ethical research.

To protect human and animal

subjects.

KKNGH + KSAU-HS + KAIMRC

Role of IRB

To protect the rights & welfare of research subjects:

1-Risk to subjects are minimized.

2-Risk to subjects are reasonable in relation to

anticipated benefits.

3-Selection of subjects is equitable.

4-Informed consent is sought from each subject or the

legally authorized representative.

Role of IRB

5.Informed consent is appropriately documented.

6.Plan for monitoring data collection when appropriate.

7.Privacy and confidentiality protected.

8.Extra protection for vulnerable subjects.

The IRB has to approve that these requirements are

followed before they approve a research and must

review these documents regularly.

Areas of Focus

Harm.

Informed Consent.

Confidentiality.

Deception.

Reporting Results.

Plagiarism.

Informed Consent

Voluntary.

Description of the research nature.

Withdrawal option at any time.

Risks & Benefits identifications.

How confidentiality will be protected.

Description of compensation if applicable.

What information will be shared.

Information & contact of principle investigator.

Confidentiality

• All information collected in a research project should remain confidential:

• Participants should be assigned a code.

• Data should be locked away in a secure setting.

• Electronic Databases should also be protected.

What do you do if you bump into a research participant in the supermarket?

Deception

• Researchers may choose to hide the true nature of the study.

• Deception by Omission:

• Withholding important facts from the participants.

• Deception by Commission:

• Lie to or purposely mislead research participants.

Reporting Research Results

Results should be reported in honest & accurate

manner:

Not to “massage” data to fit their hypotheses.

To report findings, even if the data doesn’t support

their initial hypotheses.

To ensure that data collected consistently.

To give credit to those who have earned it.

Plagiarism

Comes from the Latin word meaning

“to kidnap”

األفكار أو الكلمات إنتحال•

السرقة الفكرية واألدبية•

Is This Plagiarism?

You use ideas described by one

of the speakers at a meeting to

design your next research

project!!!

Or by the phone, interview or

email!!!

Is This Plagiarism?

After reading an article in a journal

or a chapter in a book, you

paraphrase passages of text from

the material you’ve read in the

“Introduction” of your manuscript!!!

Is This Plagiarism?

After reviewing a submitted

manuscript, you decided to use

novel research methods for your

own research!!!

Is This Plagiarism?

You are using an idea from the internet

to write your next research proposal!!!

You are using quotes from the same

webpage!!!

Is This Plagiarism?

You are translating the English

published paper to an Arabic

journal verbatim!!!

Is This Plagiarism?

You are writing a manuscript for

publication that is based upon your own

previous research, you are using some

exact text from the old one in the new

paper!!!

Plagiarism

The unauthorized use OR close

imitation of the language and

thoughts of another author and the

representation of them as one’s own

original work.

Plagiarism aspects

To steel and pass off the ideas or words of others

as one’s own.

To use another’s production without crediting

the source.

To commit literary theft.

To present as new and original idea derived from

an existing source.

Plagiarism acts

1-Turning in someone else’s work as your own.

2-Copying words or ideas from someone else

without giving credit.

3-Failing to put [quotation] in “quotation marks”.

4-Giving incorrect information about the source of

quotation.

Plagiarism acts

5-Changing words but copying the sentence

structure of a source without giving credit.

6-Copying so many words or ideas from a source

that it makes up the majority of your work. Even if

you give credit.

Plagiarism Consequences

1. Damaging scholarly reputation

2. Affecting your grades

3. Dissertation will be rejected

4. Dismissal from university

5. Expulsion from professional organization

6. Loss of job

Types of Plagiarism

Clone: words for words as your own.

Copy & Paste: significant portion from a single

source without alterations.

Replace: Change key words and phrase but retain

the essential content of the source.

Types of Plagiarism

Recycle: Borrow generously from owns previous

work without citation.

Hybrid: Combine perfectly cited sources with

copied passages without citation.

Non-existent: Citations for wrong or inaccurate

information about the source.

Types of Plagiarism

Aggregator: Includes proper citation to sources

but the paper contains almost no original work.

Remix: Paraphrase from multiple sources.

Unintentional: Careless paraphrasing, poor

documentation or quoting excessively.

Plagiarism vs. Common Knowledge

Information that is readily available

from a number of sources or so well-

known that its sources do not have to

be cited.

Facts in 3 or more sources.

Plagiarism Prevention

oConsult with your mentor.

oUse journal’s citation instructions. www.icmje.org

oPlan your paper:

oGet the sources.

oDecide how to use them:

oQuoting

oParaphrasing

o Summarizing

Plagiarism

Plagiarism Prevention

Outline your own original ideas before mixing

them with the other’s work.

Use different color for your words & cited works.

Write the source/citation below each statement

at your notes.

Plagiarism Prevention

When in doubt about your idea (Original?) cite a

source.

Make it clear who said what.

Make sure not to mix your own words with

others.

How to paraphrase?

1. It is a restatement in your own words.

2. Changing few words from original in not

enough.

3. Must change “words” and “sentence structure”.

4. Paraphrased “ideas” need citations.

5. Good paraphrasing and using citations add

quality to your original work.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism

1. EndNote

2. Webpages for bibliography creation:

http://www.easybib.com

http://www.citationmachine.net

http://www.noodletools.com

Plagiarism

Plagiarism

Plagiarism

Plagiarism

Thank You