ethnicity chapter 7 · 2018. 9. 4. · azeri and baluchi minority groups • ethnic diversity in...
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CHAPTER 7
Ethnicity
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TERMS• Ethnicity- identity with a group who share the
cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
• Race- identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor● Traits transmitted genetically
• State- a country• Nation state- a state whose territory corresponds
to that occupied by a particular ethnicity.
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KEY ISSUE 1Where are ethnicities distributed?
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• U.S. Census Bureau uses TWO questions● Check the box next to one more of the fifteen categories● Respond “yes” or “no” to being Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish
origin
• Hispanics (Latinos)- 14% of total population• African Americans- 12% of total population• Asian American- 4% of total population• American Indian- 1% of total population
• African American vs. Black● What is the difference?
• Hispanic = Ethnicity
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ETHNIC CLUSTERING: STATE SCALE• Detroit, Michigan
● 85% of city is African Americans● 7% for rest of the state
• Chicago, Illinois● 33% African American● Less than 10% rest of the state
• New York City, New York● Over 25% Hispanic● 1/16 rest of the state
• Los Angeles, California● 50% Hispanic● Equal to or less than state average every other place
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Ethnic Clustering: Regional Scale•Hispanics/Latinos
● Hispanic/Hispanic American- U.S. gov’t established term to describe all people from Spanish-speaking countries
● Latino (males) and Latina (females) have been adopted by some Hispanic Americans• Mexico is Chicanos and Chicanas
● Clustered in the SW • AZ, NM, TX exceed 1/3• CA ¼
•African Americans SE•Asian Americans
● Clustered in West• 40% of population in Hawaii• 12% of the population in CA
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AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN THE U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.
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HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.
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ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE U.S.
Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.
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NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.
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ETHNIC CLUSTERING: URBAN SCALE• 90% of all Hispanics and African Americans live in
urban areas● 75% for all Americans
• African American, Asian, and Hispanics● Move towards inner cities● European ethnicities moved outward starting 20th century
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ETHNICITIES IN CHICAGO
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.
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ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGELES
Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.
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ETHNIC DIVERSITY, NEW YORK CITY
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KEY ISSUE 2ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhy Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
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• 3 Migration Patterns of United States
● Africa to American colonies 18th century
● From the U.S. South to northern cities first ½ 20th century
● From inner-city ghettos to urban neighborhoods second ½ of the 20th century and first decade of 21st century
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FORCED MIGRATION FROM AFRICA• Tribes along east and west coast had superior
weapons to those living inland• First Africans arrived in Jamestown, VA on a Dutch
ship in 1619• B/n 1710 and 1810 at least 10 million Africans were
sold to the Western Hemisphere by Europeans● Triangular slave trade- an efficient triangular trading
pattern b/n Africa, Europe, and Western Hemisphere• 1808 U.S. banned bringing in slaves
● 250,000 were shipped in illegally after that• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves
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TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE
Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.
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AFRICAN SOURCE AREAS FOR SLAVERY
Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.
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DIAGRAM OF A SLAVE SHIP
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Interregional Migration • Sharecropper- works fields rented from landowner and
pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
•Farm machinery decreased demand for labor in the early 20th century in the South• Industry was pulling job seekers north• Came in two main waves
• First- 1910’s and 1920’s (before and after WWI)• Second- 1940’s and 1950’s
• War creates jobs for two reasons• Supplies• Labor shortage
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COTTON SHARECROPPERS IN U.S.
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AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION IN THE U.S., 20TH CENTURY
Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
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INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: EXPANSION OF GHETTO
• African American immigrants of the 20th century clustered with the small number from the 19th century● Neighborhoods became known as ghettos
• After living conditions from those of the Jews● 1/2 million African Americans packed into a 3 square mile of
Chicago known as the South Side ghetto
● Densities• Ghetto’s- 100,000/square-mile• Suburbs- 5,000/square-mile
• 1950’s and 1960’s● Ghetto expand as African Americans begin to move to
adjacent neighborhoods
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AFRICAN AMERICANS IN BALTIMORE
Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.
White Flight”Whites emigrated certain areas in anticipation of blacks moving into the areaDetroit good example
1950- 1.7 million whites and 300,000 blacks2000- 200,000 whites and 800,000 blacks
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“WHITE FLIGHT”• Whites emigrated certain areas in anticipation of
blacks moving into the area● Detroit good example
• 1950- 1.7 million whites and 300,000 blacks• 2000- 200,000 whites and 800,000 blacks
• Created blockbusting● Real estate agents convinced whites to sell house
cheap in fear of blacks “taking over, sold at a higher price to blacks as a house in a “white neighborhood”
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• Racism- believing race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
• Racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
• In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court permitted “separate but equal” treatment of races● Plessy vs. Ferguson● Southern states enacted segregation laws
• “Jim Crow” Laws
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SEGREGATION IN THE U.S.
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SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE• Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
● Topeka, Kansas● Schools must desegregate “with all deliberate speed”
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SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE• Division by Race in South Africa
● Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas• Newborn classified in one of four races
• White, Black, Mixed, or Asian • Determined where races lived, attended school, work, shop,
and own land• Blacks could not run for political office or vote• Created by white descendants from Holland
• Boers- Dutch word for farmer• Afrikaners- Dutch dialect
• 10 Homelands created to isolate blacks• 1990’s laws repealed• 1994 blacks were allowed to vote again
• Nelson Mandela was elected as first black president
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BLACK “HOMELANDS” IN SOUTH AFRICA
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.
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ASSIGNMENT• You are to create an FRQ from key issue 2. Your
question must contain the following:● Involve at least 2 vocabulary words
• Ask for definition or word can be part of an answer● Focus around one main concept in the key issue● At least 2 steps (A and B)● Map/Graph (optional)● A possible 6 to 8 points
• After you have designed your question you will design a rubric. Your rubric can be a bullet point representation of the correct possible answers.
• Last part of the assignment is to create a sample answer that would receive a perfect score.
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KEY ISSUE 3ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhy Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities?
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ETHNICITIES INTO NATIONALITIES• Ethnicities and Nationalities
● Nation-states● Nationalism
• Ethnic Competition ● Former Soviet Union: The Largest Multinational State● Russia: Now the Largest Multinational State● Turmoil in the Caucasus
• Dividing Ethnicities● Ethnicity and communism● Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe
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• Nationality- identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
Nationalities in North America● Identifies citizens of the U.S. both born and immigrated● Ethnicity ties to cultural and ancestry● Race distinguishes color of skin
● Nationality based on the beliefs in Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution
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ETHNICITIES AND NATIONALITIES IN UNITED KINGDOM
• The United Kingdom● Great Britain and Northern Ireland● 4 Major Ethnicities
• English- Germanic tribes• Welsh- Celtic people formally controlled by England• Scots- Celtics converged with King James VI• Irish- Celtic people ruled by England until 20th Century
● Rory McIlroy• Nationality- UK• Ethnicity- Irish Catholic
• Irish Catholics have a closer tie to Ireland nationality
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NATIONALISM• Nationalism- a loyalty and devotion to a nationality
● Exalts one nation above all others● Emphasizes culture and opposes others● Mass media and politicians promote nationalism
• Gov’t controls or regulates media in most nations/states● Promote nationalism with symbols and anthems
• Centripetal force- an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
• Centrifugal force is the opposite meaning spread out from the center
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• Ethnic Competition in Lebanon● 4 million people in 4,000 square miles
• Smaller than CT but more populous● Muslims (Shiite) are fighting for control of gov’t over
Christians ● Muslims ethnicity- Arab● Christians- Phoenicians
• A civil war has been fought since 1975• U.S., Israel, and recently Syria have all sent troops to help
restore peace
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ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN SRI LANKA• Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities
● Island of 20 million people off coast of India● Sinhalese (74%) ● Tamils (16%) ● Moors (10%)
● Sinhalese dominates gov’t • Tamils feel like they are suppressed
● 1993 president was assassinated by a Tamil● 2002 a cease fire was issued
• Both sides ignore this● 2009 war ends in Sinhalese victory
• Tamils feel their ethnicity is jeopardized
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• Dividing South Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities● India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)
• Resulted from a split after British control ended in 1947• Originally had West and East Pakistan
• Separated Muslims and Hindus• East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971
• Hinduism is a centripetal force for India• Hundreds of languages and ethnic groups, pulled by religion
• Muslims have fought for control over India• British invaded in 1800 creating a 3 way struggle
• British, Hindus, and Muslims• Mahatma Gandhi assassinated 1948 ending chances of
Muslims and Hindus living peacefully
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• Forced Migration● 17 million people caught on wrong side of boundaries
• Boundaries did not correspond directly to ethnicities• Immigrants were attacked and murdered during migration
• Ethnic Disputes● Boundary never agreed on in Kashmir (northern region)
by Pakistan● “Line of Control” established ● 25 million Sikhs
• Resent not having own independent nation-state• Extremist fight for control Punjab
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DIVIDING THE KURDS AMONG NATIONALITIES• Caucasus Mountain Region
● Kurds- Sunni Muslims with distinct culture● After WWI Kurdistan becomes independent state● Mustafa Kemal expands Turkey in 1920
• Kurdistan disappears
● Kurds are now split in several countries• Turkey 19%• Iraq 16%• Syria 9%• Iran 6%
● Laws outlaw Kurdish culture in most of these countries• Kurds constantly rebel
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ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN WESTERN ASIA• Ethnic Diversity in Iraq
● Iraqis are 3/4 Arabs (ethnicity) 1/6 Kurds• Arabs are divided Sunni 1/3 Shiite 2/3
● U.S. led attacks removing pres. Saddam Hussein starting an ethnic war/battle• Kurds welcomed the U.S. in hopes of support• Sunni Muslims opposed b/c feared loss of POWER
• Hussein was Sunni• Shiite Muslim opposed b/c of allies with other Shiite
communities
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• Ethnic Diversity in Iran● Persian is most numerous ethnicity (Shiite Muslims)
• Believed to be descendants from Persian Empire● Azeri and Baluchi minority groups
• Ethnic Diversity in Afghanistan● Pastun, Tajik, and Hazara major ethnicities● Several ethnic groups rebelled against gov’t 1979
• Taliban gained control in 1995• 2001 U.S. remove Taliban creating new struggle for power
• Ethnic Diversity in Pakistan● Punjabi (Sunni) most numerous ehtnicities
• Baluchi and Pashtun (Shiite) minorities• Fight over support for Taliban
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RISE OF NATIONALITIES• Nation-States in Europe
● France fused together through ethnic culture traditions, language, and the Roman Catholic religion
● By 1900 most of Western Europe is considered nation-states● 1930’s Germans claim all German-speaking parts of Europe
constituted one nationality and should be a nation-state• Germans invade Poland and outside forces get involved (WWII)
• Denmark: No Perfect Nation-States● Good example of a nation-state
• Danish ethnicity closely occupies Denmark● Danish and Germans not divided precisely● Denmark controls two territories in the Atlantic Ocean
• Does not share same culture● Denmark controls Greenland
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MULTINATIONAL STATES • Multi-ethnic state- a state that contains more than
one ethnicity● Belgium is a divided by Flemish and Walloons
• Both claim Belgian nationality● Multinational states- same as multi-ethnic but recognize
separate nationalities• Agree to coexist peacefully (most of the time)
● United Kingdom• England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland
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FORMER SOVIET UNION: LARGEST MULTINATIONAL STATE• 15 republics based on 15 largest ethnicities• Soviet Union collapsed in the 1900’s• Republics are now independent countries
● 5 Groups• Three Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • Three European: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine• Five Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan• Three Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia• Russia
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MULTINATIONAL STATES• New Baltic Nation-states
● Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia● Located on the Baltic Sea● Lithuania most resembles a nation-state
• Lithuanians 83%• Estonians 68%• Latvians 58%
● Lithuania- Roman Catholic● Estonia- Protestant● Latvia- Lutheran
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MULTINATIONAL STATES• New European Nation-States
● Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine (Europe)● All are considered nation-states around 80%● Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Russians all similar in
Ethnicity• East Slavic languages• Eastern Orthodox Christians
● Moldova are ethnically different• Part of Romania• Seized by Soviets in 1940
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MULTINATIONAL STATES• New Central Asian States
● Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
● Former Soviet Union● Kyrgyzstan are Muslims
• Resent Russians for taking best farmland in 20th century● Kazakhstan is also Muslim
• Kazakhs 54% of the population• Russians 30%
• Eastern Orthodox Christians• Peaceful b/c of less depressed economy
● Tajikistan• 79% Tajik, 15% Uzbek, and 1% Russian• Suffers from civil war b/n Tajik people
• Former Communist and Muslim Fundimentalists
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RUSSIA: NOW THE LARGEST MULTINATIONAL STATE
• 39 different nationalities● 20% of the country’s population is non-Russian
• Chechnya seeking independence ● Brought under Russian control in 19th century● Chechens are a group of Sunni Muslims● Declared independence in 1991 (Soviet Union Breakup)
• Refused to join Russia● Russians wanted Chechnya for its petroleum sources
• Also to make statement for other ethnicities that may try to claim independece
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RUSSIA: NOW THE LARGEST MULTINATIONAL STATE
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TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• B/N the Black and Caspian seas• Size of Colorado• Home to several ethnicities
● Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians most dominant● Others include Abkhazians, Chechens, Ingush,
Ossetians, Kurds, Russians• Soviet Union demanded peace to allegiance to
communism and by force● After breakup, long standing conflicts have erupted
into armed conflicts● All have the same goal
• To become a nation-state and govern themselves
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TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• Azeries (Azerbaijanis)
● Roots traced to Turkish invaders in 8th century● 1828 treaty allocated north Azeri to Russia and
southern part Persia (now Iran)● Claimed independence in 1991 (Soviet breakup)
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TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• Armenians
● 19th and 20th century attacks by the Turkish Muslims killed thousands
● Others forced to migrate to Russia• Russian controlled eastern part since 1828
● WWI allies created an independent state for Armenia• By 1921 Turkey and Soviet Union had divided Armenia• Soviet portion became and independent country in 1991
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TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• Georgians
● Ethnicities include• Georgians (84) Azeri (7) Armenian (6) Russian (2)
Abkhazian, Ajar, and Ossetian (3)
● Constant turmoil, especially b/n Ossetians and Abkhazians• Want independent nation-states rather than sovereign
nation-states
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TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS
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REVIVAL OF ETHNIC IDENTITY• Ethnicity and Communism
● Communism became a vehicle promoting nationalism• Controlled languages spoken and culture practices• Centripetal forces were used by gov’t to control ethnic identities
• Official languages/Religions
• Rebirth of Nationalism● Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia were
dismantled by smaller ethnic groups pushing for more control• Push for nation-states creates numerous smaller states
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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH?• Ethnic competition to dominate nationality
● Competition in the Horn of Africa• Ethiopia and Eritrea• Sudan• Somalia
● Competition in Lebanon
• Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State● Dividing Ethnicities in South Asia
• Forced Migration• Ethnic Disputes
● Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities
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ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE NATIONALITY
• Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa
● Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia
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ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE NATIONALITY• Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa
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ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE NATIONALITY
• Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa
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KEY ISSUE 4ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhat is ethnic cleansing?
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• Ethnic Cleansing- a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region● Not intended to just defeat your enemy● You want to be the sole survivor (ethnically)
• Balkan Peninsula is a hot bed for ethnic cleansing● Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and several
countries that formed former Yugoslavia● About the size of Texas
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MULTIETHNIC YUGOSLAVIA• Creation of Yugoslavia
● Austria-Hungary Empire controlled northern portion● 1878 extended control into Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Converted citizens to Islam● 1914 heir to throne for Austria-Hungary was
assassinated by a Serb• Seeking independence for Bosnia• This started WWI
● After WWI allies created Yugoslavia• Combined ethnicities that spoke similar languages
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• Ethnic Diversity in the Former Yugoslavia● Josip Broz Tito governed Yugoslavia 1953-1980● Seven neighbors
• Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania
● Six Republics• Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia
● Five nationalities• Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrens, Serbs, and Slovens
● Four languages• Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Slovene
● Three religions• Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Islam
● Two alphabets• Roman Alphabet (Croatian and Slovene) Cryillic (Macedonian
and Serbian● One dinar (Money)
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DESTRUCTION OF MULTI-ETHNIC YUGOSLAVIA
● Tito’s death brought back ethnic rivalries
● Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia sought independence in 1990’s • Montenegro broke away 2006• Serbia forced into independence through break-up
● Problems arose with boundaries• Territories did not match nationalities• Other ethnicities were not recognized by local gov’t
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ETHNIC CLEANSING IN BOSNIA● Bosnian Muslims were considered an ethnicity not a
nationality• Even though they were the largest group in area• Serbs and Croats sought independence rather than living in a
multi-ethnic country• Bosnian Serbs vs. Bosnian Muslims
• Croatians pulled in as well
● Results• Bosnian Serbs receive nearly ½ of country
• Comprised only 1/3 of population• Bosnian Croats received ¼ of country
• 1/6 of population• Bosnian Muslims received ¼ of country
• ½ of the population
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ETHNIC CLEANSING IN KOSOVOAlbanians are a growing population in Kosovo●Serbia took control of Kosovo after Yugoslavia
• Launched an ethnic cleansing campaign against the Albanians
• In 1999 750,000 of 2 million Albanians were forced from Kosovo to camps in Albanian
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) launched an air strike against Serbia• Bombing stopped when Serbia pulled all forces from Kosovo
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BALKINIZATION● Balkanized- used to describe a region that can not
be organized into one or more states b/c of ethnic complexity
● Balkinization- the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
● Peace in the Balkans means ethnic cleansing “worked”
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• Sudan● Civil War has raged since 1980’s
• Black Christian and animist rebels (South) vs. Arab-Muslims (North)• Males and Females separated in all aspects • 2 Million (5%) of Sudanese have died in Civil War• 2005 an accord for autonomy was called
● South wanted full independence
● Darfur region (west) also experienced ethnic war• African rebel forces launched an attack on gov’t• Over 450,000 rebel forces killed• 2.5 million living in dire conditions in refugee camps
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ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA● Ethiopia was awarded Eritrea by the United Nations
after WWII
● Created a 30 year civil war (1961-1991)• Created strong sense of nationality (especially in Eritrea)
● 665,000 Eritreans refugees fled to Sudan
● Eritrea gained independence in 1991
● Since 1998 more wars have occurred over specific boundaries
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SOMALIA● Sunni Muslims and speak Somali● 9 million inhabitants are divided into 6 clans
• Isaak, Darod, and Dir (North)• Digil , Hawiye, and Rahawayn (South)
● Clans are divided into sub-clans• Treaties and alliances have muddled the traditional
geographic distinctions ● Powerful clans take food, property, and weapons from
less powerful clans● 1992 U.S. troops were sent to Somalia after 300,000
women and children died from famine● Islamist militia overthrew warlords and now controls
Somalia• U.S. believes they may support terrorism
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CENTRAL AFRICA● Hutus (farmers) and Tutsis (cattle herders)
• Two major ethnic groups in Central Africa• Tutsi lived in Rwanda and Burundi• Controlled Hutu as their serfs
• Despite being only 15% of the population
• Rwanda gained independence in 1962• Hutus ethnically cleansed Tutsis
• 1994 Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi killed in plane crash
• Uganda came to Rwanda and killed .5 million Hutus• 7 more million emigrated
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COLONIAL LEGACY IN AFRICA● Present day boundaries do not match ethnicities
• European countries broke Africa into colonies
● Several thousand ethnicities (referred to as tribes)
● Colonies gained independence matching boundaries of former colonies and not tribal boundaries
• Tribes were split between two states or grouped with dissimilar tribes
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