ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by ... · 38°14′27.65″e 1853 ctwand daf 880.2...

Research ArticleEthnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by TraditionalHealers to Treat Cancer-Like Symptoms in ElevenDistricts Ethiopia

Solomon Tesfaye Anteneh Belete Ephrem EngidaworkTeferi Gedif and Kaleab Asres

School of Pharmacy College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Solomon Tesfaye soltesfa2010gmailcom

Received 10 December 2019 Revised 5 March 2020 Accepted 18 March 2020 Published 21 April 2020

Academic Editor Sebastian Granica

Copyright copy 2020 Solomon Tesfaye et al )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

)ere is no ethnobotanical study conducted specifically on medicinal plants traditionally used to treat cancer in Ethiopia Yettraditional herbalists in different parts of the country claim that they have been treating cancer-like symptoms using herbalremedies )e objective of this study was to document medicinal plants traditionally used to treat cancer-like symptoms in elevendistricts Ethiopia Traditional herbalists were interviewed using semistructured questionnaires and field visits were also carriedout to collect claimed plants for identification purpose Seventy-four traditional herbalists who claimed that they knew about andor had used medicinal plants to treat cancer-like symptoms were selected using the snowball method and interviewed Herbalistsused their intuition and relied on the chronicity growth of external mass and spreading of the disease to other parts of the body asa means to characterize cancer symptoms Furthermore in some of the study districts herbalists reported that they treat patientswho had already been diagnosed in modern healthcare institutions prior to seeking help from them )e inventory of medicinalplants is summarized in a synoptic table which contains the scientific and vernacular names of the plants their geographicallocation the parts of the plants and the methods used to prepare the remedies A total of 53 traditionally used anticancer plantsbelonging to 30 families were identified during the survey )e most frequently reported anticancer plants were Acmellacaulirhiza Del (Asteraceae) Clematis simensis Fresen (Ranunculaceae) Croton macrostachyus Del (Euphorbiaceae) andDorstenia barnimiana Schweinf (Moraceae) Organizing traditional healers documenting their indigenous knowledge andscientifically validating it for the development of better cancer therapeutic agents constitute an urgent and important task forpolicymakers and scientists

1 Introduction

Cancer is a complex disease that is very heterogenic andvariable at cellular level and also differs from one patient tothe other in its behaviour development and outcome [1]Physical metabolic and behavioural variations of cancercells from normal ones arise through the accumulation ofgenetic modifications and help them to proliferate rapidlyescape from host immune surveillance and ultimately in-vade distant tissues [2] Histopathological genetic andepigenetic and clinical outcome variations between andwithin different types of cancers have been the greatest

challenge to understand the disease and develop noveltherapies [3]

Surgery and radiation therapy were the most preferredmeans of treatment to control cancer before 1950 and after1960 respectively [4] Chemotherapy can be done beforesurgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill theremaining cancer cells [5] However most of the chemo-therapeutic drugs lack specificity and tend to rapidly damagenormal dividing tissues causing side effects such as im-munosuppression neurotoxicity and hair loss [6] More-over resistance has also reduced therapeutic efficacy of someanticancer chemotherapeutic drugs [7]

HindawiEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2020 Article ID 7683450 23 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520207683450

In order to address these limitations tapping nature as amajor source of chemically diverse novel anticancer com-pounds is a consistently proven track [8] Screening naturalproducts yield more hit with more ldquodrug-likerdquo character-istics (absorption andmetabolism) as compared to screeningof rationally designed compounds [9] Furthermorescreening medicinal plants based on traditional use providesa higher chance of finding active plants relative to therandom approach [10]

Ethiopia has a rich and diverse heritage of traditionalmedical practices known for using plants to prepare morethan 90 of the remedies [11] In addition the country hasmore than 6500 higher plant species of which around 12are endemic [12] Reports indicate that up to 80 of thepopulation relies on traditional remedies as a primary sourceof health care [13] Only few ethnobotanical reports fromdifferent agroecological zones of Ethiopia are available in theliterature regarding medicinal plants used for cancertreatment )ese include Bersama abyssinica Buddlejapolystachya Clerodendrum myricoides Dovyalis abyssinicaEkebergia capensis Myrsine melanophloeos Olea capensisPentas lanceolata Sideroxylon oxyacanthum and Zingiberofficinale [14] Bidens macroptera Clematis simensis Ferulacommunis and Punica granatum [15] Rumex abyssinicus[16] Zanthoxylum chalybeum [17] Phytolacca dodecandraand Vinca rosea [18] Kalanchoe lanceolata Stephaniaabyssinica and Vernonia hymenolepis [19] Plumbago zey-lanica [20ndash22] Acalypha acrogyna Carissa spinarumMaytenus ovatus and Salvia nilotica [23] Croton macro-stachyus [24] and Dorstenia barnimiana [25 26]

In view of this fact and considering the weak traditionalrecording and knowledge transfer system and an alarmingrate of environmental degradation finding anticancer plantsand documenting their ethnobotanical information con-stitute an urgent and indispensable task)erefore the mainaim of this study was to establish an inventory of medicinalplants traditionally used to treat cancer in eleven districts ofEthiopia

2 Materials and Methods

21Descriptionof the StudyAreas )is ethnobotanical studywas conducted in four national regional states of EthiopiaOromia Amhara Afar and Southern Nations Nationalitiesand People)e survey included different districts from eachregion namely Bale Robe and Goba from Oromia BahirDar Zuria and Filiklik fromAmhara Gewane fromAfar andWondo Genet Sodo Zuria Doyo Gena North Bench MizanAman and Shako from Southern Nations Nationalities andPeople Regional State (Figure 1) )ese geographicallyculturally and agroecologically different study areas (Ta-ble 1) were selected mainly based on the availability oftraditional healers and recommendations from healthworkers

22 Data Collection A team comprising a botanist andresearchers from Addis Ababa University was set up andhealth authorities were contacted for permission and

identification of traditional herbalists living in each studyarea Altogether 117 traditional healers were approachedusing the snowball technique and 74 traditional healers whoused herbs to manage cancer-like symptoms were selectedEthnobotanical data were collected between January andAugust 2016 mainly through individual interviews with theselected traditional herbalists using a semistructured in-terview questionnaire )e questionnaire was prepared inAmharic language and translated to different local languagesfor traditional healers who do not speak Amharic )isquestionnaire was designed to obtain information in thefollowing areas (i) general data on the informant (ii) schoolattendance (iii) use of plants for cancer treatment (iv)source of the plant material (v) part of the plant used (vi)method of medicinal preparation (vii) route of adminis-tration and (viii) side effects

A traditional healer for the purpose of this study is ldquoaperson who is recognized by the community in which shelives as competent to provide healthcare by using plants andplant productsrdquo Each traditional healer was approachedbriefed about the purpose of the research and asked for hisher verbal consent in talking about cancer and its treatment)ey were assured of the confidentiality of the informationthey provided If plants were mentioned for their anticancerpurposes a botanical sample was collected )ese specimenswere pressed and preserved for later identification at theNational Herbarium Addis Ababa University Addis Ababaand a voucher specimen of each plant was deposited in theinstitute All botanical names have been transcribedaccording to the nomenclature system used by the Plant List(httpwwwtheplantlistorg)

23 Data Analysis )e relative importance of medicinalplants used in the management of cancer-like symptoms instudy areas was assessed using the relative frequency ofcitation (RFC) use value (UV) informants consensus factor(ICF) and cultural importance index (CI)

231 Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) )e RFC wascalculated by dividing the number of informants that cite aparticular plant species (FC) by the total number of infor-mants in the survey (N) [29]

RFC FCN

(1)

232 Use Value (UV) )e use value demonstrates therelative importance of plant species to treat particular ail-ment and it is determined by the following formula [30]

UV 1113944Ui

Ni

(2)

where ldquoUVrdquo stands for the use value of a species ldquoUirdquo standsfor the number of use reports cited by informants for thatplant species and ldquoNirdquo is the total number of informers whoreported the particular plant species i

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

233 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) Informant con-sensus factor (ICF) was calculated to determine the ho-mogeneity of the information collected about particularplant species to treat specific ailment It was estimated usingthe following formula [31]

ICF Nur minus NtNur minus 1

(3)

where Nur is the number of use reports of informants forparticular ailment category and Nt refers to the number ofspecies used for the ailment category by all informants

234 Cultural Importance Index (CI) Cultural importanceindex (CI) is calculated by the sum of the use reports (UR) ofinformants mentioning each species use (from i1 to iN) ineach use category and adding all the UR of each category(from u1 to uNC) divided by the total number of informantsN )is index is determined by the following formula [29]

CIi 1113944

uNC

uu1

1113944

iN

ii1

URui

N (4)

where CI is an ethnobotanical index that indicates the spreadof the use along with the diversity of uses of each species

3 Results

)e informants consisted of 66 male and 8 female traditionalhealers and they were divided into three age groups 20ndash4041ndash60 andge 61 years Out of 74 interviewed traditionalhealers most of them (N) were adults aged between 41 and60 years Majority of the respondents (702) gained theirknowledge from family members and 82 of all interviewedrespondents practiced ethnomedicine for more than 25years More than 70 of the respondents were either only attheir primary level of education or did not have a formaleducation at all (Figure 2) Traditional healers usually usedtheir intuition and relied on the chronicity and growth ofexternal mass as a means to diagnose cancer Lumpy growthwas the most commonly cited criteria used to diagnosecancer followed by ulcerative wounds and bleeding (Ta-ble 2) However there were instances where some of thehealers claimed to have treated patients already diagnosedwith cancer at modern health institutions Traditional

34deg30prime0PrimeE 40deg0prime0PrimeE 45deg30prime0PrimeE

13deg30prime0PrimeN

11deg15prime0PrimeN

9deg0prime0PrimeN

6deg45prime0PrimeN

4deg30prime0PrimeN

0 75 150 300 450 600

North bench

Mizan aman

Sheko

9

10

11

Bahir Dar Zuria

Filiklik

Gewane

Robe town

Goba town

1

2

3

4

5

Doyogena town

Region boundary

International boundary

Wondo Genet

Sodo zuriya

7

8

6

N

SourceEthio-GIS 2015Field survey 2017

km

Figure 1 Map of Ethiopia showing the location of study districts

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

healers identified cancer as ldquoNekersardquo in Bahir Dar Zuria andFiliklik ldquoNaqarsardquo in Bale Robe and Goba ldquoSissacrdquo inGewane ldquoXoka or Tokardquo in Doyo Gena ldquoBalamordquo inWondoGenet ldquoKums or niamtrdquo in North Bench and ldquoKanserrdquo inSheko and Sodo Zuria district Out of the 6 specific cancertypes (skin breast lung cervical throat and intestinal)claimed to be treated by the respondents skin cancer was adominant one followed by breast cancer

A total of 53 plant species belonging to 30 families werereported for their anticancer use (Table 3) )e result of thisstudy showed that shrubs (491) herbs (339) trees(132) and climbers (38) were the main sources of po-tential anticancer medicinal plants )is study also indicatedthat leaves (567) were the most commonly used plant partsfollowed by roots (217) bark (67) stem (17) seeds(17) whole plant (17) leaves and roots (5) leaves orstem (17) and leaves or seeds (17) (Figure 3) Most of thereported plants occurred naturally in wild (962) howevercultivationwas also a source (38) Reportedmedicinal plantshave been traditionally claimed to be used to treat differenttypes of ailments including cancer However only few havebeen scientifically investigated for their antiproliferative orcytotoxic activity (Table 4) While comparing the amount anddistribution of anticancer plants in the past ten years

regardless of the study areas all respondents believed that theamount and distribution of these plants are reduced

In the current study the highest UVs were recorded forAloe spp (6) Albizia schimperiana (4) Sida schimperiana(4) Achyranthes aspera (4) Brucea antidysenterica (4)Cleome brachycarpa (3) Leonotis ocymifolia (3) and Prunusafricana (3) )e lowest UVs were obtained for Acokantheraschimperi Acmella caulirhiza Cineraria abyssinica andGnidia involucrata (Table 3) A total of 228 use reports havebeen documented and categorized into seven categories(Table 5) Among these other ailments (463) and skincancer (265) had the highest use reports FurthermoreICF values were also calculated and ranged from 0 to 042)e highest ICF values were recorded in other ailments(042) and breast cancer (032) followed by skin cancer(023) category (Table 5) )e other ailments categorycomprises of diseases such as stomach ache malaria wartswelling wounds evil eye toothache bleeding gastroin-testinal disorder headache bone fracture cough snakebite herpes simplex tonsillitis hypertension dandrufffever and hemorrhoid)e ICF value of the remaining fourcategories (lung cancer colon cancer cervical cancer andthroat cancer) was zero Quantitative ethnobotanical in-dexes such as RFC and CI were calculated in this study to

Table 1 Vegetation type climatic condition and demographic data of the study areas [27 28] (source National Meteorological ServiceAgency of Ethiopia)

District

Distancefromcapital

city (km)

Approximatepopulation(2015)

Number ofinterviewedhealers

Area size(km2)

Geographicallocation

Averageelevationabove sea

level(masl)

Vegetationtype

Climatic condition(2014)

Annualaveragerainfall(mm)

Annualaverage

temperaturerange (degC)

BaleRobe 432 65284 2 887 7deg07prime1165Prime N

40deg00prime2482Prime E 2480 DAF 7456 92ndash232

Goba 444 47135 7 2015 7deg00prime4166Prime N39deg58prime3396Prime E 2614 DAF 7363 95ndash238

BahirDarZuria

578 206708 16 144337 11deg34prime2715PrimeN37deg21prime4087Prime E 1800

CTW DAFand FLV

MFS15471 127ndash276

Filiklik 188 142722 7 80698 10deg02prime1274PrimeN38deg14prime2765Prime E 1853 CTW and

DAF 8802 129ndash220

Gewane 344 39186 6 9678510deg29prime5999Prime

N40deg44prime5999Prime E

568 ACB 5867 195ndash367

WondoGenet 270 196277 12 22645 7deg05prime301Prime N


SodoZuria 383 145092 2 2562 6deg51prime1011Prime N

37deg45prime3949Prime E 1854 CTW andDAF 15692 148ndash252

DoyoGena 258 95393 14 13057 7deg21prime2022Prime N


NorthBench 587 126308 4 39265 6deg37prime5343Prime N

35deg33prime5683Prime E 2367 CTW 16718 16ndash333

MizanAman 565 64996 3 2445 6deg59prime3713Prime N

35deg34prime5592Prime E 1441 CTW andMAF 19637 148ndash288

Shako 617 51195 1 4808963 ha 7deg33prime4237Prime N35deg39prime1183Prime E 1800 CTW and

MAF 19069 114ndash224

Note Vegetation type DAF dry evergreen Afromontane forest and grassland complex CTW Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grasslandFLVMFS freshwater marshes and swamps floodplains and lake shore vegetation ACB Acacia-Commiphora woodland and bushland proper MAF moistevergreen Afromontane forest masl meter above sea level mm millimeter degC degree Celsius km2 kilometer square


analyze the ethnobotanical information According to RFCvalues Croton macrostachyus (01) Vernonia auriculifera(004) Clematis simensis (004) and Acmella caulirhiza(004) are the most frequently cited among all reportedplants Croton macrostachyus (016) Dorstenia barnimiana(012) and Aloe spp (008) rank 1st 2nd and 3rd in positionrespectively according to the CI reference Our result alsoshows that the Pearson correlation coefficient of RFC waspositively and negatively correlated to CI and UV re-spectively (Table 6)

Most of the reported remedies prepared from theseplants were either applied topically (50) or taken orally(417) )e remaining remedies were prepared to be ad-ministered either topically or orally (33) both topicallyand orally (17) and intranasally (17) Usually freshplants were finely chopped dried and pounded to powderform )en the powder of either one or the combination ofmore than one plant was either mixed with drinking water orpasted and applied topically In other cases fresh plant partswere decocted and taken orally or crushed and appliedtopically Water was the main medium in preparation ofmost remedies and additives like honey milk and butterwere also used To determine the amount of plant parts usedto prepare remedies traditional healers used spoon fin-gertip and number (in case of fresh leaves) Adverse effectsreported by respondents include vomiting diarrhea andskin ulcers

4 Discussion

Despite the rich biodiversity of the study areas broad ac-ceptability and centuries-old tradition of using traditionalmedicines the number of anticancer plants reported in thisstudy is far less than expected As it was reported by differentethnobotanical studies conducted in different parts ofEthiopia this could be attributed to the attitude of manytraditional healers to guard their indigenous medicalknowledge as a family secret and hence hesitant to share withthe researchers [13 32 73] Justifying the lower number offemale traditional healers (8 11) participated in this studythese studies also inferred that traditional healers usuallypass their knowledge to the first son of the family

In this study in agreement with the studies conducted inFiche district [35] Ghimbi district [20] and Hawassa city[17] of Ethiopia the predominant botanical familiesrecorded listing over 5 plant species each were AsteraceaeFabaceae and Lamiaceae )is could be due to the fact thatthese families are the largest in the flora of Ethiopia andEritrea [15 21 143] Moreover cytotoxicity studies con-ducted on different Mexican plants reported that the highestnumber of plant species with both in vitro and in vivoantineoplasic activities was from these families [20]

)e highest UVs recorded in this study include Aloe spp(6) Achyranthes aspera L (4) Albizia schimperiana (4) Sidaschimperiana (4) and Brucea antidysenterica (4) )e

Mal

e

Fem

ale

20ndash4

0

41ndash6

0

ge61

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Tert

iary

0-12

13-2

4

25-3

6

ge37

Gender Age Educational background Experience of THP

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f inf

orm

ants

Figure 2 Demographic details of the interviewed informants

Table 2 Symptoms that are used by traditional healers to diagnose cancer

Cancer types Reported symptoms Number of traditional healers

SkinLumpy growth 32

Spreading pea-sized growth 1Ulcerative growth and oozing blood 1

Breast

Lumpy growth 17Lumpy growth on one breast and progressive weight loss 1

Ulcerative wounds on breast 5Ulcerative wounds on breast and swelling on armpit and neck 1

)e patient was receiving anticancer treatment for breast cancer in hospital 12Cervical Foul-smelling bloody vaginal discharge pain during sexual intercourse and weight loss 1Colon Chronic rectal bleeding and weight loss 1Lung Coughing up blood 1)roat Coughing and swelling on the neck 1


Tabl

e3

List

ofcand

idatemedicinal

plants

tradition

ally

used

forcancer

treatm

entinthestud

yareas

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Acanthaceae

Bele-047

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Kitk

itNorth

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarecrashedandbo

iled

andthecooldecoctionisdrun

kbefore

meal

Lung

Oral

10027

0067

Bele-057

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Gulbana

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthe

juiceisappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Aloaceae

Bele-060

Aloesp

Gurta

waqota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

60014

0081

Amaranthaceae

Bele-044

Achyran

thes

aspera

LKochashite

Mizan

Aman

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

areroastedon

metal

plate

poun

dedinto

powdermixed

with

anim

albu

tterandsm

earedon

the

affectedpart

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Apiaceae

Bel-0

46Ce

ntella

asiatica(L)

Urb

Goron

goch

Sheko

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashed

andthesap

sniffed

)roat

Intranasal

20014

0027

Bel-0

02Hydrocotyleman

nii

Hoo

kf

Yersquoti

medha

nit

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashedandapplied

ontheaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Apo

cynaceae

Bel-0

03Acokanthera

schimperi

(ADC)Schw

einf

Merenz

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


Skin

Topical

05

0027

0027

Bel-0

09Ca

rissa

spinarum

LAgam

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

arecrashedandinfusedin

cold

water

overnigh

tand

drun

kbefore

meala

ndappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Oral

10027

0027

Asclepiadaceae

Bel-0

40Ca

lotropisprocera

(Aito

n)Dryand

Qum

boGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

30014

0027

Bel-0

36Pentarrhinum

insip

idum

EMey

Barohu

laGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

37Echidn

opsis

damman

nian

aSpreng

erMureli

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Stem

Stem

sarecutandthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Aspho

delaceae

Bel-0

20Kniphofi

afoliosa

Hochst

Shushu

beBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsarepo

unded

andthe

powderismixed

with

honey

Cervicala

ndbreast

Oral

10027

0027

Asteraceae


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

34Solaneciogigas(Vatke)

CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

areroastedfor2minutes

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed

andthesapisappliedon

the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarecrushed

boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium

guineenseanddryleaves

ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark

iscrashedandsqueezed

andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17

Whole plant17 Leaves and root

17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567

Figure 3 Frequency of plant parts used for the preparation of medicinal remedy

Table 4 Cross-reference of cancer treatment candidate plant species collected from the study areas with the published literature

Botanical name (family) Biological activitychemical constituents Illnessessymptoms claimed to be treated traditionally

Justicia schimperiana(Hochst ex Nees) TAnderson (Acanthaceae)

Saponins alkaloids terpenoids and flavonoids [32]In vitro cytotoxicity [33] in vitro antioxidant

activity on DPPH assay [34] in vivo suppression ofparasitaemia on Plasmodium berghei-infectedmicein the 4-day suppressive test [32] and in vivo

hepatoprotective activity in mice intoxicated withCCL4 [35]

Wound [15 21] rabies [15 18ndash20 36ndash39] jaundice[15 16 21 23 38 40] gonorrhea [17 36 39] livercirrhosis [18 26] seizure [19 41] stomach ache

[15 25 38] helminths [15 42 43] skin burnlesion[23 44] arthritis [21 23] hepatitis [45 46] evil eye[15 46] dysentery [15 21] malaria [36 39] commoncold asthma and headache [36 39 47] otitis [48]

toothache [49] and rheumatism [50]

Aloe sp (Aloaceae)

Anthrones and chromones [51] pyronescoumarins alkaloids glycoproteins naphthalenes

and flavonoids [52]7-O-methylaloeresin showed in vitro antioxidantactivity in DPPH assay [51] and methanol andethanol extract showed in vivo parasitaemia

suppression on Plasmodium berghei-infected micein the 4-day suppressive test [53 54]

Wound [21 55] eye disease [21 46 48 56] snake bite[21 48 56] malaria [20 21 44 48 54] easing labour[44] tropical ulcer colon cleaner and gallstone [48]

amoeba abdominal pain impotence and urineretention [21] dandruff [46 56] hemorrhoids andhepatitis B [46] ascariasis [21] diabetes [54] asthma

[55] foot strain [57 58] wart and anthrax [20]external injury [59] and liver swelling splenomegaly

and skin inflammation [56]

Achyranthes aspera L(Amaranthaceae)

Phytosteroids polyphenols and saponins [60]Methanol extracts have showed in vivo wound

healing activity [61]

Bleeding [21 24 26 62ndash64] retained placenta [21 62]stomach ache and external swelling [17] rhesus factorincompatibility in pregnancy [40 55] epistaxis [19]hepatitis and evil eye [24] tonsillitis [21 57] snake biteand paralysis [21] dysentery [59] herpes zoster [26]anthrax [21 49] nasal infection and ophthalmic

infection [64] excessive menstruation and tape worminfection [15] and gonorrhea [65]

Centella asiatica (L) Urb(Apiaceae)

Terpenoids (triterpenes asiaticoside centellosidemadecassoside brahmoside brahminoside

(saponin glycosides) asiaticentoic acid centellicacid centoic acid madecassic acid terminolic acidbetulic acid β-caryophyllene trans-β-farneseneand germacrene D (sesquiterpenes) α-pinene and

β-pinene [66 67]Methanol extract inhibited the proliferation ofhuman gastric adenocarcinoma (MK-1) humanuterine carcinoma (HeLa) and murine melanoma(B16F10) cells in vitro [68] aqueous extracts

induced apoptosis in colonic crypts and exertedchemopreventive effect on colon tumorigenesis in

male F344 rats [69]

Genital infection and lymphadenitis [63] topicalswelling [26 70] gastritis headache and evil eye [70]bleeding [40] wound [24] abdominal ache [71]

meningitis [72] and tinea corporis [47]

Hydrocotyle mannii Hookf(Apiaceae) No previous reports Eye infection [63] and cataract [72]


Table 4 Continued


Acokanthera schimperi(ADC) Schweinf(Apocynaceae)

In vitro cytotoxicity [73] in vitro antiviral activityagainst coxsackie B3 influenza A and herpessimplex type1 virus [74] in vitro antimicrobial

activity against Staphylococcus aureusPseudomonas aeruginosa Trichophyton

mentagrophytes [75] and in vivo parasitaemiasuppression in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

[76]

Wound [16 44 77 78] hepatitis [15 16 22 44]gonorrhea [19 25] evil eye [62] bone fracture [24]hemorrhoids [44] scabies [21] malaria and tonsillitis[48 56] psychiatric disease [55] and skin diseases [65]

Carissa spinarum L(Apocynaceae)

In vitro antioxidant activity on DPPH assay and inantiproliferative activity [79]

)roat cancer [23 80] evil eye[16 21 24 49 62 70 72 81] snake bite [23 80]

gonorrhea [20 65] stomach ache [20 70] impotenceand headache [20] tonsillitis [17 56 70] wound andfebrile illness [16] bleeding after delivery [44] musclecramps [49] toothache [47] and premature ejaculation

[56]

Calotropis procera (Aiton)Dryand (Asclepiadaceae)

Latex contains phytochemicals such as alkaloidssterols fatty acids starches sugars oils tanninsresins and gums and enzymatic proteins such asproteases chitenases lipases peptidases esterase

peroxidases papain hevein and lectins [82]In vivo hepatoprotective [83] hypoglycemic effect[84] strong anti-implantation (antifertility) [85]crude latex showed antioxidant and antiapoptoticactivities against the toxicity of 4-nonylphenol [86]

Wound [16 21 81] hemorrhoids [16 19 44] wart[16 57] snake bite [23 87] kidney stone tuberculosisand scabies [16] swelling [58] skin rash [21 49] tinea

capitis [21]

Pentarrhinum insipidum EMey (Asclepiadaceae) No previous reports

Echidnopsis dammannianaSprenger (Asclepiadaceae) No previous reports Snake bite [56]

Kniphofia foliosa Hochst(Asphodelaceae)

2-Acetyl-1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methylnaphthalene 10-(chrysophanol-7prime-yl)-10-

(ξ)-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthronechryslandicin knipholone and chrysophanol [88]

10-(Chrysophanol-7prime-yl)-10-(ξ)-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone showed in vitro

antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and

knipholone selectively inhibited leukotrienemetabolism in in vitro a human blood assay [88]knipholone anthrone showed in vitro cytotoxicity[89] and antioxidant activity on DPPH assay [90]

No previous reports

Acmella caulirhiza Delile(Asteraceae)

Unsaturated alkylamides like spilanthol and N-isobutylnona-2E4E-dien-8ynamide [91]In vitro antiplasmodial activity [92]

Swelling [15] tonsillitis [20 63] and toothache [40 87]

Artemisia absinthium L(Asteraceae)

Camphor davanone ethyl (E)-cinnamate (E)-nerolidol and chamazulene [93]

Essential oils showed in vitro antiparasitic effectsagainst promastigote and axenic amastigote forms

of Leishmania donovani and Leishmaniaaethiopica and in vitro cytotoxicity on THP-1(human leukaemia) cell lines [93] and in vitrocytotoxicity on human leukaemia cell lines [94]

Hypertension stomach ache severe abdominal cramp[18] and sour throat [40]

Artemisia afra Jacq exWilld(Asteraceae)

Epoxylinalol and dihydrocostunolide [94]camphor davanone bornyl acetate 4-terpineol

and chamazulene [95]In vitro cytotoxicity on human leukaemia cell lines[73] and in vitro antioxidant effect on DPPH assay

[95]

Stomach ache [18 42] evil eye [16 17 62] headache[42 77] eye disease tinea capitis infection hematuriaand stabbing pain [77] antifertility agent [33] malaria[42 62] ascariasis [18] epilepsy and febrile illness

[46 65]


Table 4 Continued


Artemisia annua L(Asteraceae)

In vitro inhibition of immune mediators ofangiogenesis [96] the sesquiterpene (Z)-7-

acetoxy-methyl-11-methyl-3-methylene-dodeca-1610-triene showed moderate cytotoxic activitiesagainst the human tumor cell lines of HO8910(ovary) 95-D (lung) QGY (liver) and HeLa

(cervix) by MTT assay and induced apoptosis on95-D tumor cells [97] artemisinin and

quercetagetin 673prime4prime-tetramethyl ether showedsignificant cytotoxicity against P-388 A-549 HT-

29 MCF-7 and KB tumor cells [98]

No previous reports

Cineraria abyssinica SchBipex ARich (Asteraceae)

In vitro radical scavenging activity on DPPH assay[99] flavonoidal glycoside (rutin) showed in vitro

antibacterial activity [100]No previous reports

Guizotia scabra (Vis) Chiov(Asteraceae)

In vitro cytotoxicity on human leukaemia cell lines[73] and in vitro antiviral activity [101]

Wound [20] epilepsy [40] and ectoparasite infestation[47]

Solanecio gigas (Vatke) CJeffrey (Asteraceae)

In vitro antiviral activity against humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2

cytotoxicity on human T-lymphocytic MT-4 celllines [102]

Skin diseases [62] retained placenta [40] hepatitis[64] evil eye [15]

Vernonia auriculifera Hiern(Asteraceae)

Tannins flavonoids terpenoids and saponins[103] Toothache [72] snake bite [42] skin cut [47]

Cleome brachycarpa(Forssk) Vahl ex DC(Capparidaceae)

No previous reports

Commelina benghalensis L(Commelinaceae)

Phlobatannins carbohydrates tannins glycosidesvolatile oils resins balsams flavonoids and

saponins [104]Ethanol extract showed in vivo sedative and

anxiolytic activity [105]

Helminths [65] skin infection [72]

Kalanchoe petitiana A Rich(Crassulaceae)

Polyphenols alkaloids flavonoids tanninssaponins and steroids [106]

In vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichiacoli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcusaureus [75] and in vivo wound healing activity

[106]

Breast and skin cancer [107] swelling [40 77]tapeworm infection trachoma and syphilis [77]

lymphadenopathy and evil eye [22] sore muscles [108]itching skin [63] and bone fracture [23]

Croton macrostachyusHochst ex Delile(Euphorbiaceae)

Ethanol extract showed in vitro antioxidantactivity on DPPH assay [79]

Tumor rabies and wart [24] skin cancer and wound[17] gonorrhea [20 23 62] headache [18 109] snakebite [18 72] malaria [16 18ndash20 110] helminths

[18 111] tinea nigra [40] ringworm [17 62] tineaversicolor [16 25] heart failure [62] bleeding [18 24]

hepatitis [16 18 24] stomach ache [16 18 23]diarrhea [16 18] lymph adenitis and rheumatism [18]

bloat scabies and urine retention [16] retainedplacenta and leprosy [19]

Euphorbia schimperianaScheele (Euphorbiaceae)

In vitro cytotoxic effect against breast cancer(MCF7) hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) and

cervix cancer (HELA) cells [112]Syphilis [108]

Albizia schimperiana Oliv(Fabaceae) In vitro cytotoxicity on human leukaemia cells [73] Evil eye [20] kidney infection and liver cirrhosis [18]


Table 4 Continued


Calpurnia aurea (Aiton)Benth (Fabaceae)

3β4α13α-Trihydroxylupanine calpaurinelupinine and epilupinine calpurmenine andcalpurmenine pyrrolecarboxylic acid ester 13-

hydroxylupanine its tiglate and pyrrolecarboxylicacid esters (calpumine) virgiline and virgilinepyrrolecarboxylic acid ester [113] 4β-hydroxy-13α-O-(2prime-pyrrolylcarbonyl)-lupanine (digittine)and 4β13α-dihydroxylupanine [114] alkaloids

tannins flavonoids and saponins [35]Methanol extract showed in vitro antimicrobialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus Escherichiacoli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [75] and type 1and type 2 human immunodeficiency virus andshowed cytotoxicity on human T-lymphocytic

MT-4 cell lines [102] methanol anddichloromethane crude extracts showed in vitrocytotoxicity on human leukaemia cells [73] andethanol extracts showed in vitro antioxidant

activity on DPPH assay [79]

Tumor [22 26 80] stomach ache [21 62 70 81]wound and skin infection [62] Gonorrhoea and

syphilis [16] amoebiasis [16 80] ascariasis and gastriculcer [23] diarrhea [21 38 70] scabies and pubic hairlouse [40] diabetes mellitus and hypertension [19]herpes zoster hemorrhoids and tinea capitis [21] and

swelling and tuberculosis [58]

Crotalaria agatifloraSchweinf (Fabaceae)

Methanol and dichloromethane crude extractsshowed in vitro cytotoxicity on human leukaemia

cells [73]

No previous reportsCrotalaria incana L(Fabaceae)

Dihydrosenecionine isomer nemorensine isomerintegerrimine and anacrotine [115]


cell lines [73]Senna singueana (Delile)Lock (Fabaceae)

Methanol extracts showed in vitro antioxidantactivity on DPPH assay [116]

Stomach ache [58 62 70] wound and swellings [62]teeth infection and sprain [58]

Ajuga leucantha Lukhoba(Lamiaceae) No previous reports Diarrhea [70]

Leonotis ocymifolia (Burmf)Iwarsson (Lamiaceae)


cells [73]

Ascariasis [62] febrile illness [16 62] eye disease [16]headache and neck ulcer [55] and snake bite [15]

Ocimum gratissimum L(Lamiaceae)

Essential oil contains constitutes c-terpineneβ-phellandrene limonene and thymol and showedin vivo antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium

berghei infection [117]

Allergy reaction [18 20] rheumatism headache andeye disease [18] febrile illness and general malaise [40]

sun stroke [24] malaria [44]

Pycnostachys abyssinicaFresen (Lamiaceae) No previous reports

Eye disease [18 47] ascariasis and wound [18]diarrhea stomach ache amoebiasis stomach bloating

and food poisoning [70] headache [63]

Salvia nilotica Juss ex Jacq(Lamiaceae)

Essential oil contains germacrene D guaiol andtrans-caryophyllene as major constituents andshowed activity against both Gram-positive andGram-negative pathogenic bacteria the oil alsoshowed in vitro antioxidant activity on DPPH

assay [118]

Tonsillitis and constipation [62] herpes simplex[18 38] wound [40] lymphadenitis [63] and

hemorrhoids and diarrhea [65]

Aymus schimperi Ronniger(Lamiaceae)

Phenol and flavonoid compounds and aqueousmethanol extract showed in vitro radical

scavenging ability iron reducing power and totalantioxidant capacity [119]

Diabetes [62] hypertension [18 40] tonsillitis [18]toothache [18 21] abdominal pain [21] and cough

[38 55]

Sida schimperiana Hochstex A Rich (Malvaceae) No previous reports

ldquoShotelayerdquo (hydrops fetalis) [21 22] cough and fever[62] diarrhea [18] wound [25 62] bleeding and evileye [24] glandular disease and rabies [40] amoebicdysentery and liver disease [65] paralysis [21]

epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued


Bersama abyssinica Fresen(Melianthaceae)

Flavonol glycosides isoquercetrin hyperosidequercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside kaempferol-3-

O-arabinopyranoside xanthone glycosidemangiferin [115]

Ethanol water extracts showed in vitro antioxidantactivity on DPPH assay and antiproliferative

activity on human liver carcinoma cell line andnormal human fetal lung cells [79] methanolextract showed in vitro antioxidant activity onDPPH assay [115] and antiviral activity againsttype 1 human immunodeficiency virus [102]

Tumor dysentery and roundworms [107 109]ascariasis [15 38 81 109] wound [20] stomach ache[17] snake bite and liver diseases [70] tonsillitis [72]

bronchitis and febrile illness [42 43]

Dorstenia barnimianaSchweinf (Moraceae)

Phytochemical screening showed the presence ofcoumarins [34]

Cancer [26] hepatitis syphilis and rabies [25 26] skincancer dysentery wart and fever [25] pulmonarytuberculosis leprosy and stomach illness [22]

Syzygium guineense (Willd)DC (Myrtaceae)


cells [73] and antimicrobial activity [120]

Stomach ache [17ndash19 23] diarrhea [15 18 19 24]kidney infection liver cirrhosis and tonsillitis [18]syphilis [23 80] malaria hemorrhoid internal worms

snake bite and gonorrhea [65]Oxalis corniculata L(Oxalidaceae)

In vivo antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma on mice [121] Wound [17] arthritis [63] tape worm infection [21]

Rumex nervosus Vahl(Polygonaceae)

Alkaloids flavonoids terpenoids tanninsglycosides and volatile oils [122]

Breast cancer gastritis and snake bite [16] wart[15 22] hepatitis [49 55] skin rash [16 21] bleeding[15 40 81 109] wound [40 49 55 62 109 110]scabies and acne vulgaris [62] ascariasis and herpessimplex [21] stomach ache and dysentery [22]

diarrhea [49] eye problems and round worm [55]

Rumex nepalensis Spreng(Polygonaceae)

Anthraquinones naphthalenes tanninsstilbenoids [123]

Ethanol water extracts showed in vitroantiproliferative activity on human liver

carcinoma cell line and on normal human fetallung cells and antioxidant activity on DPPH assay[79] and methanol and dichloromethane crudeextracts showed in vitro cytotoxicity on human

leukaemia cells [73]

Wound ascariasis abdominal bleeding gastric ulcerand hemorrhage [23 80] gastritis [18] stomach

problems [108] leishmaniasis [25] abdominal crampand ear infection [63] tonsillitis [18 25]

Clematis simensis Fresen(Ranunculaceae)

Triterpenoids saponins alkaloids polyphenolsand unsaturated sterols [120]

In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptiveactivities [124]

Cancer and hemorrhoid [15] wart and evil eye [24 40]wound [15 24 40 63 81] tonsillitis [62] eye infection[63] leg swelling malaria and mental illness [49]

stomach ache [47]

Prunus africana (Hookf)Kalkman (Rosaceae) No previous reports

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate glandhypertrophy [20] cancer respiratory disorders badbreathe diarrhea gonorrhea tuberculosis and earproblems [22] swelling [40] wounds [19 22]

tonsillitis [23 80]

Clausena anisata (Willd)Hookf ex Benth (Rutaceae)

Carbazole alkaloids peptide derivatives sitosteroland stigmasterol [125]


cells [73]

Skin irritation [20] toothache [40] ascariasis [19] evileye [24 25 63]

Osyris quadripartita Salzmex Decne (Santalaceae)

Alkaloids phenols terpenoids tannins saponinsand flavonoids [126]

Methanol extracts showed in vitro antimicrobialactivity against Escherichia coli Pseudomonasaeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Candida

albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes [11] invitro inhibition of NO production and cytotoxicityagainst MCF-7 and NCI-H460 cell lines [127]

Cancer [62] anaphylactic shock evil eye and epilepsy[18] eczema [40] toothache [46]


highest ICF value (042) recorded for ldquoother ailmentsrdquocategory in this study suggests that informants are inagreement with the use of particular plant species to treat

ailments in this category )e lowest ICF value (0) obtainedwas for lung colon cervical and throat cancer categories)is might be due to the cultural and ecological differences

Table 4 Continued


Dodonaea viscosa subspangustifolia (Lf) JGWest(Sapindaceae)

Alkaloids terpenoids saponins tannins sugarsphenolics and flavonoids [128]

Methanol extracts showed in vivo nonsensitizereffect in mice using the mouse ear swelling testmethod [129] in vitro antiviral effect against type 1human immunodeficiency virus [102] and in vitrofree radical scavenging activity on DPPH assay

[128]

Malaria [57]

Brucea antidysentericaJFMill (Simaroubaceae)

Flavonoids amino acids and vitamin C [130]In vitro antiplasmodial activity againstPlasmodium berghei infection [131]

Cancertumor [107] wart [24] rabies [18 62] leprosy[62]

Discopodium penninerviumHochst (Solanaceae)

5α17β-Dihydroxy-6α7α-epoxy-1-oxowitha-224-dienolide withanone and withanolide A [132]

56-epoxy-16-oxygenated withanolidesjaborosalactone-L and 17-epiacnistin-A

[133 134] 6α7α-epoxy-1-oxo-5α12α17α-trihydroxywitha-224-dienolide and a coloratane

sesquiterpene 7α11α-dihydroxy-4(13)8-coloratadien-1211-olide withanone 5α17β-dihydroxy-6α7α-epoxy-1-oxowitha-224-

dienolide 7α11α-dihydroxy-8-drimen-1211-olide withasomnine and (EZ)-9-

hydroxyoctadeca-1012-dienoic acid [135]Jaborosalactone-L showed cytotoxicity only to themurine macrophage cell line RAW 2647 but the

16α-oxygenated withanolides exhibitedcytotoxicity to both human (COR-L23 and ECV

304) and murine (L929 and RAW 2647)carcinoma cell lines with IC50 values ranging from

12 to 150 μM [136] 6α7α-Epoxy-1-oxo-5α12α17α-trihydroxy-witha-224-dienolide

inhibited COX-2 and LTB4 formation 7α11α-dihydroxy-4(13)8-coloratadien-1211-olide andwithasomnine inhibited LTB4 biosynthesis butshowed minor inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2

[135]

Skin detoxification [62] and liver disease [70]

Gnidia involucrata Steud exARich ()ymelaeaceae) Flavonoids and glycosides [137] Ascariasis evil eye anthrax intestinal helminths and

gland swelling [18]

Lantana trifolia L(Verbenaceae)

Flavone glycosides (scutellarein-7-O-β-D-apiofuranoside and apigenin-7-O-β-D-

apiofuranosyl-(1⟶2)-β-D-apiofuranoside) andthe flavone celtidifoline (564050-tetrahydroxy-

730-dimethoxyflavone) [138 139]

Headache [70] malaria [71]

Lippia adoensis Hochst(Verbenaceae)

Limonene perillaldehyde piperitenone and 2-methyl-6-methylene-27-octadien-4-one [140]

sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (germacrene D) [141]Methanol extract showed in vitro cytotoxicity onhuman leukaemia cell lines [73] and antimicrobialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus Escherichiacoli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [75] water

extracts showed in vivo protectionrelieve againstacetic acid induced writhing in mice model [142]

Eczema fungal infections common cold and cough[62] intestine swelling [18] gastrointestinal disorder[40] abdominal irritation and acute stomach illness

[46]

Cyphostemma serpens(Hochst ex ARich) Desc(Vitaceae)

No previous reports


of the study sites and the difficulty to pinpoint the physicalsymptoms of lung colon cervical and throat cancer ascompared to the breast and skin cancer

)e present study also revealed that RFC and CI values ofsome reported species are similar However there is adistinct difference in species ranking using each index Cmacrostachyus is placed in the first position according toboth RFC and CI index)is could be due to the fact that thisspecies is mentioned by many informants and is the mostrecognized plant in most study areas Furthermore CI valueof C macrostachyus is also high suggesting the diversifieduse of the plant V auriculifera and C simensis ranked nextto C macrostachyus according to RFC index On the otherhand D barnimiana and Aloe spp ranked 2nd and 3rd by CIindex It has been suggested that UV value is a good measureof use diversity than the number of citations [144] Inagreement with this UV value in our study is driven byspecies with greatest number of use rather than those citedby more informants )e Pearson correlation coefficient ofminus036 between RFC and UV shows significant negativeassociation between the local importance of each medicinalplant and relative importance of use of plants )is result isin contrast to previous studies that reported a significantpositive correlation between RFC and UV [145 146] On theother hand there is a significant positive correlation betweenRFC and CI (r2 074 plt 0001) implying that their patternmatches across species )e species with larger RFC valueusually have higher CI such as Croton macrostachyus andVernonia auriculifera

Leaves and roots are the most commonly used plantparts in the preparation of remedies in the study districts

Similarly other ethnobotanical studies conducted in dif-ferent parts of Ethiopia also reported that leaves are thedominant plant part followed by root [16ndash18 20] )epreference towards leaves may be because leaves are themain photosynthetic organs in plants and the primaryreservoirs for secondary metabolites with medicinal values[36] In contrary to other ethnobotanical studies [17 18]where the common use of concoctions and oral route werereported in the current study majority of the reportedremedies are prepared from a single plant species and ap-plied topically

Comparative analysis of this study with other ethno-botanical surveys of plants used traditionally in treating andmanaging cancer in Ethiopia [18] Kenya [147] Cameroon[37] Nigeria [19 38] South Africa [39] and Bangladesh[148] revealed some similarities in the plants cited in thesesurveys Of the 30 plant species cited to be used in Ethiopia[18] 7 species are identified in our study Bersama abyssinicaFresen Brucea antidysenterica JF Mill Calpurnia aurea(Ait) Benth Dodonaea angustifolia Lf Dorstenia bar-nimiana Schweinf Kalanchoe petitiana A Rich and Prunusafricana (Hook f ) Kalkm

Although herbal remedies are believed by the generalpublic to be safe [46] some research findings suggestedotherwise For instance traditionally used )ai anticancerplants Ganoderma lucidum (Fr) Karst Houttuynia cordata)unb and Saussurea involucrata Matsum amp Koidz werereported to cause side effects such as headache insomniaconstipation and diarrhea [62] Similarly side effects such asvomiting diarrhea and skin necrosis associated with the useof traditional herbal remedies were reported in this andother ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia[149 150] Few side effects reported in this study ascompared to other ethnobotanical studies conducted inEthiopia could be attributed to the frequent use of thetopical route of administration Nevertheless consideringthe probability of underreporting adverse effects extensivetoxicological investigations should be conducted to protectthe public

In vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties of someof the plants reported in our study have also been studiedAmong these plants potent cytotoxic activity was reportedfor knipholone anthrone isolated from Kniphofia foliosawith IC50 value that ranges between 09plusmn 01 and33plusmn 04 μgmL [89] Similarly Nibret and Wink reportedthe cytotoxic activity of the crude extract of Acokanthera

Table 5 Informants consensus factor for different ailment categories

No Category No of species of all species No of use reports of all use reports ICF1 Skin 25 305 32 265 0232 Breast 20 244 29 239 0323 Cervical 1 122 1 083 04 Colon 1 122 1 083 05 Lung 1 122 1 083 06 )roat 1 122 1 083 07 Other disease 33 402 56 463 042

Total 82lowast 121lowastEach plant species may be listed in several categories

Table 6 Summary of stats for relative frequency of citation (RFC)and cultural importance index (CI)

Mean Standard deviation Minimum MaximumUV 18 11 05 6RFC 002 0015 0014 01CI 0034 0027 0014 016Association between RFC and CI by using Pearson correlationmethod

UV RFC CIUV 1RFC minus036lowast 1CI 0003 0858lowastlowast 1lowastCorrelation is significant at 005 level lowastlowastCorrelation is significant at 0001level


schimperi with IC50 value of 71 μgmL [73] Studies con-ducted on the leaves of Cineraria abyssinica [100] bark ofSenna singueana [116] and bark and leaves of Rumexnepalensis [79] also revealed potent radical scavenging ac-tivity of these plants

5 Conclusion

)e present study showed that traditional healers in elevendistricts of Ethiopia use different medicinal plants to managecancer-like symptoms Frequency of citation value rankedCroton macrostachyus Del Clematis simensis FresenDorstenia barnimiana Schweinf Vernonia auriculiferaHiern and Acmella caulirhiza Del as most cited plantspecies in study areas Hence based on these findings we arecurrently evaluating the in vitro antiproliferative activities ofreported medicinal plant species with a higher frequency ofcitation against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7)human uterine cervical adenocarcinoma (SiSo) human lungcarcinoma (A-427) and human bladder cancer (RT-4) celllines using crystal violate assay However considering therapid disappearance of the traditional knowledge of me-dicinal plants and an urgent need for new anticancer agentsadditional studies have to be conducted to document andscientifically validate traditionally used Ethiopian anticancerplants

Data Availability

)e authors declare that all data supporting the finding ofthis study are included in this article and its supplementaryinformation files

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval was obtained fromAddis Ababa UniversityCollege of Health Sciences Ethics Review Board (Ref noERBSOP126122015)

Consent

Each participant consented before the interview

Conflicts of Interest

)e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Authorsrsquo Contributions

AB EE and KA jointly conceived the study ST con-ducted the ethnobotanical study and taxonomical identifi-cation ST AB EE TG and KA enriched the draftmanuscript for its intellectual content All authors read andapproved the final manuscript

Acknowledgments

)e authors wish to thank all traditional healers individualsdata collectors and local administrative authorities in allstudy districts that made this survey possible )is research

was supported by the thematic research grant from theAddis Ababa University (grant number TR352015)

References

[1] J Zhang S S Spath S L Marjani W Zhang and X PanldquoCharacterization of cancer genomic heterogeneity by next-generation sequencing advances precision medicine incancer treatmentrdquo Precision Clinical Medicine vol 1 no 1pp 29ndash48 2018

[2] H H Heng J B Stevens S W Bremer K J Ye G Liu andC J Ye ldquo)e evolutionary mechanism of cancerrdquo Journal ofCellular Biochemistry vol 109 no 6 pp 1072ndash1084 2014

[3] G Finak N Bertos F Pepin et al ldquoStromal gene expressionpredicts clinical outcome in breast cancerrdquo Nature Medicinevol 14 no 5 pp 518ndash527 2008

[4] H-C Wu D-K Chang and C-T Huang ldquoTargeted therapyfor cancerrdquo Journal of Molecular Cancer vol 2 no 2pp 57ndash66 2010

[5] J A Roth F Fossella R Komaki et al ldquoA randomized trialcomparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery withsurgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lungcancerrdquo JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institutevol 86 no 9 pp 673ndash680 1994

[6] K Gregory and A Tutt ldquoManaging side-effects of cancertherapyrdquo in Cancer in Primary Care M E Gore andD Russell Eds pp 47ndash88 Taylor and Francis PublishersLondon UK 2003

[7] M M Gottesman ldquoMechanisms of cancer drug resistancerdquoAnnual Review of Medicine vol 53 no 1 pp 615ndash627 2002

[8] G M Cragg D J Newman and K M Snader ldquoNaturalproducts in drug discovery and developmentrdquo Journal ofNatural Products vol 60 no 1 pp 52ndash60 1997

[9] A Harvey ldquoMedicines from nature are natural products stillrelevant to drug discoveryrdquo Trends in PharmacologicalSciences vol 20 no 5 pp 196ndash198 1999

[10] K Hostettmann A Marston K Ndjoko andJ-L Wolfender ldquo)e potential of African plants as a sourceof drugsrdquo Current Organic Chemistry vol 4 no 10pp 973ndash1010 2000

[11] S Taddese K Asres and T Gebre-Mariam ldquoIn vitro an-timicrobial activities of some selected topically appliedmedicinal plants of Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian PharmaceuticalJournal vol 21 pp 39ndash46 2003

[12] S D E Kelbessa Z Woldu and S Edwards ldquoSomethreatened endemic plants of Ethiopiardquo inAe Status of SomePlants in Parts of Tropical Africa Z A S Edwards Edpp 35ndash55 Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia1992

[13] K D Kassaye A Amberbir B Getachew and Y MussemaldquoA historical overview of traditional medicine practices andpolicy in Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal of Health Develop-ment vol 20 no 2 pp 127ndash134 2007

[14] N Tuasha B Petros and Z Asfaw ldquoMedicinal plants used bytraditional healers to treat malignancies and other humanailments in Dalle District Sidama Zone Ethiopiardquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 14 no 1 p 15 2018

[15] G Chekole Z Asfaw and E Kelbessa ldquoEthnobotanical studyof medicinal plants in the environs of Tara-gedam and Ambaremnant forests of Libo Kemkem district northwestEthiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicinevol 11 no 1 p 4 2015

[16] S Araya B Abera and M Giday ldquoStudy of plants tradi-tionally used in public and animal health management in


Seharti Samre district Southern Tigray Ethiopiardquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 11 no 1 p 22 2015

[17] R Regassa ldquoAssessment of indigenous knowledge of me-dicinal plant practice and mode of service delivery inHawassa city southern Ethiopiardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 7 no 9 pp 517ndash535 2013

[18] M Agize S Demissew and Z Asfaw ldquoEthnobotany ofmedicinal plants in Loma and Gena bosa districts (woredas)of dawro zone southern Ethiopiardquo Topclass Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 9 pp 194ndash212 2012

[19] S Suleman and T Alemu ldquoA survey on utilization of eth-nomedicinal plants in Nekemte town East Wellega (Oro-mia) Ethiopiardquo Journal of Herbs Spices amp Medicinal Plantsvol 18 no 1 pp 34ndash57 2012

[20] B Abera ldquoMedicinal plants used in traditional medicine byOromo people Ghimbi district Southwest Ethiopiardquo Jour-nal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 p 402014

[21] A Teklay B Abera and M Giday ldquoAn ethnobotanical studyof medicinal plants used in Kilte Awulaelo district Tigrayregion of Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno-medicine vol 9 no 1 p 65 2013

[22] T Teklehaymanot M Giday G Medhin and Y MekonnenldquoKnowledge and use of medicinal plants by people aroundDebre Libanos monastery in Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethno-pharmacology vol 111 no 2 pp 271ndash283 2007

[23] M Ragunathan and S M Abay ldquoEthnomedicinal survey offolk drugs used in Bahirdar Zuria district NorthwesternEthiopiardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge vol 8pp 281ndash284 2009

[24] T Mekuanent A Zebene and Z Solomon ldquoEthnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants in Chilga district NorthwesternEthiopiardquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol 15 no 2pp 88ndash112 2015

[25] T Teklehaymanot ldquoEthnobotanical study of knowledge andmedicinal plants use by the people in Dek Island inEthiopiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 124 no 1pp 69ndash78 2009

[26] T Teklehaymanot and M Giday ldquoEthnobotanical study ofmedicinal plants used by people in Zegie Peninsulanorthwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth-nomedicine vol 3 no 1 p 12 2007

[27] CSA ldquo)e 2007 population and housing census of Ethiopiaadministrative reportrdquo Central Statistical Agency AddisAbaba Ethiopia 2012

[28] I Friis S Demissew and P Van Breugel ldquoAtlas of thepotential vegetation of Ethiopiardquo Det Kongelige DanskeVidenskabernes Selskab Copenhagen Denmark 2010

[29] J Tardıo and M Pardo-de-Santayana ldquoCultural importanceindices a comparative analysis based on the useful wildplants of southern cantabria (northern Spain)1rdquo EconomicBotany vol 62 no 1 pp 24ndash39 2008

[30] O Phillips and A H Gentry ldquo)e useful plants of Tam-bopata Peru I Statistical hypotheses tests with a newquantitative techniquerdquo Economic Botany vol 47 no 1pp 15ndash32 1993

[31] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O SticherldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science amp Medicine vol 47 no 11pp 1859ndash1871 1998

[32] J Abdela E Engidawork and W Shibeshi ldquoIn vivo anti-malarial activity of solvent fractions of the leaves of justiciaschimperiana hochst Ex Nees against Plasmodium berghei

in Micerdquo Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal vol 30 no 2pp 95ndash108 2014

[33] B Desta ldquoEthiopian traditional herbal drugsmdashpart III anti-fertility activity of 70 medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethno-pharmacology vol 44 no 3 pp 199ndash209 1994

[34] R A Mothana R Gruenert P Bednarski and U LindequistldquoEvaluation of the in vitro anticancer antimicrobial andantioxidant activities of some Yemeni plants used in folkmedicinerdquo Die PharmaziemdashAn International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences vol 64 no 4 pp 260ndash268 2009

[35] S Umer K Asres and C Veeresham ldquoHepatoprotectiveactivities of two Ethiopian medicinal plantsrdquo PharmaceuticalBiology vol 48 no 4 pp 461ndash468 2010

[36] H Agisho M Osie and T Lambore ldquoTraditional medicinalplants utilization management and threats in Hadiya ZoneEthiopiardquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 2 no 2pp 94ndash108 2014

[37] A Enyew Z Asfaw E Kelbessa and R Nagappan ldquoStatus ofmedico-cultural commercial plants at Fiche town marketEthiopiardquo International Journal of Pharmaceuticals andHealth Care Research vol 1 no 4 pp 227ndash236 2013

[38] Z Kassa Z Asfaw and S Demissew ldquoEthnobotanical studyof medicinal plants used by the local people in tulu kormaand its surrounding areas of ejere district western shewazone of oromia regional state Ethiopiardquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 4 no 2 pp 24ndash47 2016

[39] S Zerabruk and G Yirga ldquoTraditional knowledge of me-dicinal plants in Gindeberet district Western EthiopiardquoSouth African Journal of Botany vol 78 pp 165ndash169 2012

[40] A Kefalew Z Asfaw and E Kelbessa ldquoEthnobotany ofmedicinal plants in adarsquoa district east shewa zone of oromiaregional state Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth-nomedicine vol 11 no 1 p 25 2015

[41] T T Ayele M B Regasa and D A Delesa ldquoAntibacterialand antagonistic activity of selected traditional medicinalplants and herbs from East Wollega zone against clinicalisolated human pathogensrdquo Science Technology and ArtsResearch Journal vol 4 no 3 pp 175ndash179 2016

[42] G Bekele and P R Reddy ldquoEthnobotanical study of me-dicinal plants used to treat human ailments by Guji Oromotribes in Abaya District Borana Oromia Ethiopiardquo Uni-versal Journal of Plant Science vol 3 no 1 pp 1ndash8 2015

[43] F Mesfin S Demissew and T Teklehaymanot ldquoAn eth-nobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wonago WoredaSNNPR Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno-medicine vol 5 no 1 p 28 2009

[44] M Giday T Teklehaymanot A Animut and Y MekonnenldquoMedicinal plants of the shinasha agew-awi and Amharapeoples in northwest Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethno-pharmacology vol 110 no 3 pp 516ndash525 2007

[45] M A Eshete E Kelbessa and G Dalle ldquoEthnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants in guji agro-pastoralists blue Horadistrict of Borana zone Oromia region Ethiopiardquo Journal ofMedicinal Plants Studies vol 4 no 2 pp 170ndash184 2016

[46] H Yineger E Kelbessa T Bekele and E Lulekal ldquoPlantsused in traditional management of human ailments at Balemountains national park southeastern Ethiopiardquo Journal ofMedicinal Plants Research vol 2 no 6 pp 132ndash153 2008

[47] M Megersa Z Asfaw E Kelbessa A Beyene andB Woldeab ldquoAn ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants inWayu Tuka district east Welega zone of oromia regionalstate West Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno-medicine vol 9 no 1 p 68 2013


[48] A Belayneh Z Asfaw S Demissew and N F BussaldquoMedicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer Valley of Babile WeredaEastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno-medicine vol 8 no 1 p 42 2012

[49] T Wondimu Z Asfaw and E Kelbessa ldquoEthnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants around lsquoDheeraarsquo town Arsi ZoneEthiopiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 112 no 1pp 152ndash161 2007

[50] H Yineger D Yewhalaw and D Teketay ldquoEthnomedicinalplant knowledge and practice of the Oromo ethnic group insouthwestern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth-nomedicine vol 4 no 1 p 11 2008

[51] G Asamenew D Bisrat A Mazumder and K Asres ldquoInvitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of anthroneand chromone from the latex of Aloe harlana ReynoldsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 25 no 12 pp 1756ndash1760 2011

[52] E Dagne D Bisrat A Viljoen and B-E Van WykldquoChemistry of Aloe speciesrdquo Current Organic Chemistryvol 4 no 10 pp 1055ndash1078 2000

[53] T Deressa Y Mekonnen and A Animut ldquoIn vivo anti-malarial activities of Clerodendrum myricoides Dodoneaangustifolia and Aloe debrana against Plasmodium bergheirdquoEthiopian Journal of Health Development vol 241 pages2010

[54] A Mesfin M Giday A Animut and T TeklehaymanotldquoEthnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Shiniledistrict Somali region Ethiopia and in vivo evaluation ofselected ones against Plasmodium bergheirdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 139 no 1 pp 221ndash227 2012

[55] E drsquoAvigdor H Wohlmuth Z Asfaw and T Awas ldquo)ecurrent status of knowledge of herbal medicine and me-dicinal plants in Fiche Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 p 38 2014

[56] A Belayneh and N F Bussa ldquoEthnomedicinal plants used totreat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla andDengego valleys eastern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 p 18 2014

[57] G Yirga ldquoAssessment of indigenous knowledge of medicinalplants in central zone of Tigray northern Ethiopiardquo AfricanJournal of Plant Science vol 4 no 1 pp 6ndash11 2010

[58] G Zenebe M Zerihun and Z Solomon ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants in Asgede Tsimbila districtnorthwestern Tigray northern Ethiopiardquo Ethnobotany Re-search and Applications vol 10 pp 305ndash320 2012

[59] T Teklehaymanot and M Giday ldquoEthnobotanical study ofwild edible plants of kara and kwego semi-pastoralist peoplein lower omo river valley debub omo zone SNNPREthiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6no 1 p 23 2010

[60] W Shibeshi E Makonnen L Zerihun and A DebellaldquoEffect of Achyranthes aspera L on fetal abortion uterineand pituitary weights serum lipids and hormonesrdquo AfricanHealth Sciences vol 6 no 2 pp 108ndash112 2006

[61] A Fikru E Makonnen T Eguale A Debella and G AbieMekonnen ldquoEvaluation of in vivo wound healing activity ofmethanol extract of Achyranthes aspera Lrdquo Journal of Eth-nopharmacology vol 143 no 2 pp 469ndash474 2012

[62] A Enyew Z Asfaw E Kelbessa and R Nagappan ldquoEth-nobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants in andaround Fiche district Central Ethiopiardquo Current ResearchJournal of Biological Sciences vol 6 no 4 pp 154ndash167 2014

[63] M Giday Z Asfaw and ZWoldu ldquoEthnomedicinal study ofplants used by Sheko ethnic group of Ethiopiardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 132 no 1 pp 75ndash85 2010

[64] E Lulekal Z Asfaw E Kelbessa and P Van DammeldquoEthnoveterinary plants of Ankober district north Shewazone Amhara region Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 10 no 1 p 21 2014

[65] F Mesfin T Seta and A Assefa ldquoAn ethnobotanical study ofmedicinal plants in Amaro Woreda Ethiopiardquo EthnobotanyResearch and Applications vol 12 pp 341ndash354 2014

[66] J Barnes L A Anderson J D Phillipson and C A NewallHerbal Medicines Pharmaceutical Press London LondonUK 2007

[67] S S Jamil Q Nizami and M Salam ldquoCentella asiatica(Linn) Urban a reviewrdquo Natural Product Radiance vol 6no 2 pp 158ndash170 2007

[68] M Yoshida M Fuchigami T Nagao et al ldquoAntiproliferativeconstituents from Umbelliferae plants VII active triterpenesand rosmarinic acid from Centella asiaticardquo Biological ampPharmaceutical Bulletin vol 28 no 1 pp 173ndash175 2005

[69] P Bunpo K Kataoka H Arimochi et al ldquoInhibitory effectsof Centella asiatica on azoxymethane-induced aberrant cryptfocus formation and carcinogenesis in the intestines of F344ratsrdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 42 no 12pp 1987ndash1997 2004

[70] B Kidane T van Andel L van der Maesen and Z AsfawldquoUse and management of traditional medicinal plants byMaale and Ari ethnic communities in southern EthiopiardquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1p 46 2014

[71] K Tolossa E Debela S Athanasiadou A Tolera G Gangaand J G Houdijk ldquoEthno-medicinal study of plants used fortreatment of human and livestock ailments by traditionalhealers in south Omo southern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Eth-nobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 9 no 1 p 32 2013

[72] M Giday Z Asfaw and Z Woldu ldquoMedicinal plants of theMeinit ethnic group of Ethiopia an ethnobotanical studyrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 124 no 3 pp 513ndash5212009

[73] E Nibret and M Wink ldquoTrypanocidal and cytotoxic effectsof 30 Ethiopian medicinal plantsrdquo Zeitschrift fur Natur-forschung C vol 66 no 11-12 pp 0541ndash0546 2011

[74] T Gebre-Mariam R Neubert P Schmidt P Wutzler andM Schmidtke ldquoAntiviral activities of some Ethiopian me-dicinal plants used for the treatment of dermatologicaldisordersrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 104 no 1-2pp 182ndash187 2006

[75] H Tadeg E Mohammed K Asres and T Gebre-MariamldquoAntimicrobial activities of some selected traditional Ethi-opian medicinal plants used in the treatment of skin dis-ordersrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 100 no 1-2pp 168ndash175 2005

[76] T Mohammed B Erko and M Giday ldquoEvaluation of an-timalarial activity of leaves of Acokanthera schimperi andCroton macrostachyus against Plasmodium berghei in Swissalbino micerdquo BMC Complementary and Alternative Medi-cine vol 14 no 1 p 314 2014

[77] D Abebe and A Ayehu Medicinal Plants and EnigmaticHealth Practices of Northern Ethiopia Berhanina SelamPrinting Press Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1993

[78] G Meaza B Tadesse A S Maria B Piero and Y GideyldquoTraditional medicinal plants used by Kunama ethnic groupin northern Ethiopiardquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Researchvol 9 no 15 pp 494ndash509 2015


[79] J Tauchen I Doskocil C Caffi et al ldquoIn vitro antioxidantand anti-proliferative activity of Ethiopian medicinal plantextractsrdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol 74 pp 671ndash6792015

[80] Z Birhanu ldquoEthno-botanical survey on medicinal plantsused by ethnic groups of Denbia district north-westernEthiopiardquo Journal of Natural Remedies vol 11 no 2pp 119ndash123 2011

[81] G Seyoum and G Zerihun ldquoAn ethnobotanical study ofmedicinal plants in Debre Libanos Wereda Central Ethio-piardquo African Journal of Plant Science vol 8 no 7pp 366ndash379 2014

[82] H Heli M Amani A A Moosavi-Movahedi A JabbariG Floris and A Mura ldquoElectroactive centers in Euphorbialatex and lentil seedling amine oxidasesrdquo Bioscience Bio-technology and Biochemistry vol 72 no 1 pp 29ndash36 2008

[83] S R Setty A A Quereshi A V Swamy et al ldquoHep-atoprotective activity of Calotropis procera flowers againstparacetamol-induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquo Fitoterapiavol 78 no 7-8 pp 451ndash454 2007

[84] S Roy R Sehgal B M Padhy and V L Kumar ldquoAnti-oxidant and protective effect of latex of Calotropis proceraagainst alloxan-induced diabetes in ratsrdquo Journal of Eth-nopharmacology vol 102 no 3 pp 470ndash473 2005

[85] J V Kamath and A C Rana ldquoPreliminary study on anti-fertility activity of Calotropis procera roots in female ratsrdquoFitoterapia vol 73 no 2 pp 111ndash115 2002

[86] A E-D H Sayed N H Mohamed M A IsmailW M Abdel-Mageed and A A M Shoreit ldquoAntioxidantand antiapoptotic activities of Calotropis procera latex onCatfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to toxic 4-nonylphenolrdquoEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety vol 128 pp 189ndash194 2016

[87] T Flatie T Gedif K Asres and T Gebre-Mariam ldquoEth-nomedical survey of Berta ethnic group Assosa zoneBenishangul-Gumuz regional state mid-west EthiopiardquoJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 5 no 1p 14 2009

[88] A A Wube F Bucar K Asres S Gibbons L Rattray andS L Croft ldquoAntimalarial compounds from Kniphofia foliosarootsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 19 no 6 pp 472ndash4762005

[89] S Habtemariam ldquoKnipholone anthrone from Kniphofiafoliosa induces a rapid onset of necrotic cell death in cancercellsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 81 no 8 pp 1013ndash1019 2010

[90] S Habtemariam ldquoAntioxidant activity of Knipholoneanthronerdquo Food Chemistry vol 102 no 4 pp 1042ndash10472007

[91] N R Crouch A Langlois D A Mulholland J J Nair andP Houghton ldquoA novel alkylamide from the leaves ofAcmellacaulirhiza (Asteraceae) a traditional surface analgesicrdquoSouth African Journal of Botany vol 71 no 2 pp 228ndash2302005

[92] B O Owuor J O Ochanda J O Kokwaro et al ldquoIn vitroantiplasmodial activity of selected Luo and Kuria medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 144 no 3pp 779ndash781 2012

[93] Y Tariku A Hymete A Hailu and J Rohloff ldquoIn vitroevaluation of antileishmanial activity and toxicity of essentialoils of Artemisia absinthium and Echinops keberichordquoChemistry amp Biodiversity vol 8 no 4 pp 614ndash623 2011

[94] E Nibret and M Wink ldquoVolatile components of fourEthiopian Artemisia species extracts and their in vitro

antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activitiesrdquo Phytomedicinevol 17 no 5 pp 369ndash374 2010

[95] M Burits K Asres and F Bucar ldquo)e antioxidant activity ofthe essential oils of Artemisia afra Artemisia abyssinica andJuniperus procerardquo Phytotherapy Research vol 15 no 2pp 103ndash108 2001

[96] X X Zhu L Yang Y J Li et al ldquoEffects of sesquiterpeneflavonoid and coumarin types of compounds from Artemisiaannua L on production of mediators of angiogenesisrdquoPharmacological Reports vol 65 no 2 pp 410ndash420 2013

[97] D-D Zhai K Supaibulwatana and J-J Zhong ldquoInhibitionof tumor cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis inhuman lung carcinoma 95-D cells by a new sesquiterpenefrom hairy root cultures ofArtemisia annuardquo Phytomedicinevol 17 no 11 pp 856ndash861 2010

[98] G-Q Zheng ldquoCytotoxic terpenoids and flavonoids fromArtemisia annuardquo Planta Medica vol 60 no 1 pp 54ndash571994

[99] T Teshome B Sintayehu H Yohannes et al ldquoRadicalscavenging activity and preliminary phytochemical screen-ing on aerial part extracts of Cineraria abyssinica sch biprdquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 3 no 6pp 239ndash243 2015

[100] B Sintayehu K Asres and Y Raghavendra ldquoRadicalscavenging activities of the leaf extracts and a flavonoidglycoside isolated from Cineraria abyssinica Sch Bip ExaRichrdquo Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science vol 2no 4 pp 44ndash49 2012

[101] P Cos N Hermans T De Bruyne et al ldquoFurther evaluationof Rwandan medicinal plant extracts for their antimicrobialand antiviral activitiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 79 no 2 pp 155ndash163 2002

[102] K Asres F Bucar T Kartnig M WitvrouwC Pannecouque and E De Clercq ldquoAntiviral activity againsthuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2(HIV-2) of ethnobotanically selected Ethiopian medicinalplantsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 15 no 1 pp 62ndash692001

[103] B Albejo M Endale B Kibret and M Anza ldquoPhyto-chemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of leavesextract of Vernonia auriculifera Hiernrdquo Journal of Pharmacyamp Pharmacognosy Research vol 3 no 6 pp 141ndash147 2015

[104] J Ibrahim V C Ajaegbu and H O Egharevba ldquoPhar-macognostic and phytochemical analysis of Commelinabenghalensis Lrdquo Ethnobotanical Leaflets vol 2010 no 5 p 72010

[105] S Hasan M Hossain R Akter et al ldquoSedative and anxiolyticeffects of different fractions of the Commelina benghalensisLinnrdquo Drug Discoveries amp Aerapeutics vol 3 no 5 2009

[106] A Mekonnen T Sidamo K Asres and E Engidawork ldquoInvivo wound healing activity and phytochemical screening ofthe crude extract and various fractions of Kalanchoepetitiana A Rich (Crassulaceae) leaves in micerdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 145 no 2 pp 638ndash646 2013

[107] D Abebe A Debella and K Urga Medicinal Plants andother Useful Plants of Ethiopia Camerapix Publishers In-ternational Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2013

[108] R W Bussmann P Swartzinsky A Worede andP Evangelista ldquoPlant use in odo-bulu and demaro Baleregion Ethiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno-medicine vol 7 no 1 p 28 2011

[109] Z Birhanu ldquoTraditional use of medicinal plants by the ethnicgroups of Gondar Zuria district north-western EthiopiardquoJournal of Natural Remedies vol 13 no 1 pp 46ndash53 2011


[110] Y Limenih S Umer and M Wolde-Mariam ldquoEthnobo-tanical study on traditional medicinal plants in Dega damotworeda Amhara region north Ethiopiardquo InternationalJournal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry vol 5pp 258ndash273 2015

[111] G Belay Y Tariku T Kebede A Hymete andY Mekonnen ldquoEthnopharmacological investigations of es-sential oils isolated from five Ethiopian medicinal plantsagainst eleven pathogenic bacterial strainsrdquo Phytopharma-cology vol 1 no 5 pp 133ndash143 2011

[112] H Almehdar H M Abdallah A-M M Osman andE A Abdel-Sattar ldquoIn vitro cytotoxic screening of selectedSaudi medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Natural Medicinesvol 66 no 2 pp 406ndash412 2012

[113] K Asres W A Gibbons J D Phillipson and P MascagnildquoAlkaloids of Ethiopian Calpurnia aurea subsp aureardquoPhytochemistry vol 25 no 6 pp 1443ndash1447 1986

[114] K Asres J Phillipson and P Mascagni ldquoTwo novel minoralkaloids from Ethiopian Calpurnia aurea spaureardquo PlantaMedica vol 52 no 4 pp 302ndash304 1986

[115] K Asres F Sporer and M Wink ldquoPatterns of pyrrolizidinealkaloids in 12 Ethiopian Crotalaria speciesrdquo BiochemicalSystematics and Ecology vol 32 no 10 pp 915ndash930 2004

[116] M Gebrelibanos K Asres and C Veeresham ldquoIn vitroradical scavenging activity of the leaf and bark extracts ofSenna singueana (Del) Lockrdquo Ethiopian PharmaceuticalJournal vol 25 pp 77ndash84 2008

[117] F Tchoumbougnang P H Zollo E Dagne andY Mekonnen ldquoIn Vivo antimalarial activity of essential oilsfrom Cymbopogon citratus andOcimum gratissimumonmiceinfected with Plasmodium bergheirdquo Planta Medica vol 71no 1 pp 20ndash23 2005

[118] K Asres H Asfaha A Mazumder and F Bucar ldquoLeafessential oils of Salvia nilotica and Salvia schimperi theirantimicrobial and antioxidant activitiesrdquo Ethiopian Phar-maceutical Journal vol 26 no 1 pp 49ndash58 2008

[119] D Engeda B Geremew D H Gulelat and P V R HldquoAntioxidant and -amylase inhibition activities in vitro ofvarious solvent extracts of )ymus schimperi RonnigerrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 9 no 15pp 515ndash524 2015

[120] A Geyid D Abebe A Debella et al ldquoScreening of somemedicinal plants of Ethiopia for their anti-microbial prop-erties and chemical profilesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 97 no 3 pp 421ndash427 2005

[121] A Kathiriya K Das E Kumar and K Mathai ldquoEvaluationof antitumor and antioxidant activity of oxalis corniculatalinn against ehrlich ascites carcinoma on micerdquo IranianJournal of Cancer Prevention vol 34 pages 2010

[122] B B Kasimala V R Anna and U R Mallu ldquoReverse phaseliquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous esti-mation of antibiotic drugs metronidazole nalidixic acidtinidazole and norfloxacinrdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 6pp 411ndash419 2014

[123] A Vasas O Orban-Gyapai and J Hohmann ldquo)e genusrumex review of traditional uses phytochemistry andpharmacologyrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 175pp 198ndash228 2015

[124] A Tadele K Asres D Melaku and W Mekonnen ldquoIn vivoanti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the leafextracts of Clematis simensis Fresenrdquo Ethiopian Pharma-ceutical Journal vol 27 pp 33ndash41 2010

[125] J Songue E Kouam E Dongo T Mpondo and R WhiteldquoChemical constituents from stem bark and roots of

Clausena anisatardquo Molecules vol 17 no 11pp 13673ndash13686 2012

[126] M Abebaw B Mishra and D A Gelayee ldquoEvaluation ofanti-ulcer activity of the leaf extract ofrdquo Journal of Experi-mental Pharmacology vol 9 pp 1ndash11 2017

[127] W Rached R C Calhelha A Fernandes et al ldquoPhyto-chemical characterization and bioactive properties of Osyrisquadripartita Salzm ex Decne leaves from Algeriardquo RSCAdvances vol 6 no 76 pp 72768ndash72776 2016

[128] T RiazM A Abbasi T Shahzadi M Ajaib and KM KhanldquoPhytochemical screening free radical scavenging antioxi-dant activity and phenolic content of Dodonaea viscosardquoJournal of the Serbian Chemical Society vol 771 pages 2012

[129] K Teshome T Gebre-Mariam K Asres and E EngidaworkldquoToxicity studies on dermal application of plant extract ofDodonaea viscosa used in Ethiopian traditional medicinerdquoPhytotherapy Research An International Journal Devoted toPharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of NaturalProduct Derivatives vol 24 no 1 pp 60ndash69 2010

[130] A Amuamuta Z Mekonnen and E Gebeyehu ldquoTraditionaltherapeutic uses and phytochemical screening of some se-lected indigenous medicinal plants from Northwest Ethio-piardquo African Journal of Pharmacology and Aerapeuticsvol 4 no 3 2015

[131] A Kefe M Giday H Mamo and B Erko ldquoAntimalarialproperties of crude extracts of seeds of Brucea anti-dysenterica and leaves of Ocimum lamiifoliumrdquo BMCComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 16 no 1p 118 2016

[132] S Habtemariam and A I Gray ldquoWithanolides from theroots of Discopodium penninerviumrdquo Planta Medica vol 64no 3 pp 275-276 1998

[133] S Habtemariam A I Gray and P G Waterman ldquo16-ox-ygenated withanolides from the leaves of Discopodiumpenninerviumrdquo Phytochemistry vol 34 no 3 pp 807ndash8111993

[134] S Habtemariam B W Skelton P G Waterman andA H White ldquo17-Epiacnistin-A a further withanolide fromthe leaves of discopodium p enninerviumrdquo Journal ofNatural Products vol 63 no 4 pp 512-513 2000

[135] A A Wube E-M Wenzig S Gibbons K Asres R Bauerand F Bucar ldquoConstituents of the stem bark of Discopodiumpenninervium and their LTB4 and COX-1 and-2 inhibitoryactivitiesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 69 no 4 pp 982ndash987 2008

[136] S Habtemariam ldquoCytotoxicity and immunosuppressiveactivity of withanolides from Discopodium penninerviumrdquoPlanta Medica vol 63 no 1 pp 15ndash17 1997

[137] J Ferrari C Terreaux S Sahpaz J D MsonthiJ-L Wolfender and K Hostettmann ldquoBenzophenone gly-cosides from Gnidia involucratardquo Phytochemistry vol 54no 8 pp 883ndash889 2000

[138] P S Imbenzi Y-Z He Z-X Yan E K Osoro andP K Cheplogoi ldquoChemical constituents in extracts fromleaves of Lantana trifolia and their in vitro anti-oxidativeactivityrdquo Chinese Herbal Medicines vol 6 no 3 pp 242ndash246 2014

[139] A Valerino T Gonzalez and I Spengler ldquoBio-directedphytochemical study of the allelopathic activity of Lantanatrifolia L leaves Part Irdquo in Proceedings of the XVII Congresode la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM) ICongreso Iberoamericano de Ciencia de las Malezas IVCongreso Nacional de Ciencia de Malezas Asociacion Lat-inoamericana de Malezas (ALAM) Matanzas Cubapp 652ndash660 November 2005


[140] B Abegaz N Asfaw and W Lwande ldquoConstituents of theessential oils from wild and cultivated Lippia adoensisHochst ex Walprdquo Journal of Essential Oil Research vol 5no 5 pp 487ndash491 1993

[141] K Asres and F Bucar ldquoLippia adoensis var adoensis studieson the essential oil composition and antioxidant activityrdquoEthiopian Pharmaceutical Journal vol 20 pp 32ndash38 2002

[142] A Debella E Makonnen D Abebe F Teka andA Kidanemariam ldquoPain management in mice using theaqueous and ethanol extracts of four medicinal plantsrdquo EastAfrican Medical Journal vol 80 no 8 pp 435ndash439 2004

[143] A Tesfaye E Makonnen and S Gedamu ldquoHypoglycemicand antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of JusticiaSchimperiana leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induceddiabetic micerdquo International Journal of Pharma Sciences andResearch vol 7 no 2 pp 110ndash113 2016

[144] V A Da Silva L D H C Andrade andU P De Albuquerque ldquoRevising the cultural significanceindex the case of the Fulni-o in northeastern Brazilrdquo FieldMethods vol 18 no 1 pp 98ndash108 2006

[145] K S Ahmad A Hamid F Nawaz et al ldquoEthno-pharmacological studies of indigenous plants in Kel villageNeelum Valley Azad Kashmir Pakistanrdquo Journal of Eth-nobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 13 no 1 p 68 2017

[146] A Bano M Ahmad T B Hadda et al ldquoQuantitative eth-nomedicinal study of plants used in the skardu valley at highaltitude of Karakoram-Himalayan range Pakistanrdquo Journalof Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 p 43 2014

[147] Z Birhanu A Endale and Z Shewamene ldquoAn ethno-medicinal investigation of plants used by traditional healersof Gondar town north-western Ethiopiardquo Journal of Me-dicinal Plants Studies vol 3 no 2 pp 36ndash43 2015

[148] B Kebu K Ensermu and A Zemede ldquoIndigenous medicinalutilization management and threats in Fentale area EasternShewa Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciencesvol 3 no 1 pp 37ndash58 2015

[149] O Ryding ldquoLamiaceaerdquo in Flora of Ethiopia and EritreaE K I Hedberg S Edwards S Demissew and E PerssonEds pp 516ndash604 )e National Herbarium Addis AbabaUniversity Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2006

[150] M Tadesse ldquoAsteraceae (compositae)rdquo in Flora of Ethiopiaand Eritrea I F I Hedberg and S Edwards Edspp 222-223 Addis Ababa and Uppsala )e NationalHerbarium Addis Ababa University and Uppsala UniversityAddis Ababa Ethiopia 2004


In order to address these limitations tapping nature as amajor source of chemically diverse novel anticancer com-pounds is a consistently proven track [8] Screening naturalproducts yield more hit with more ldquodrug-likerdquo character-istics (absorption andmetabolism) as compared to screeningof rationally designed compounds [9] Furthermorescreening medicinal plants based on traditional use providesa higher chance of finding active plants relative to therandom approach [10]

Ethiopia has a rich and diverse heritage of traditionalmedical practices known for using plants to prepare morethan 90 of the remedies [11] In addition the country hasmore than 6500 higher plant species of which around 12are endemic [12] Reports indicate that up to 80 of thepopulation relies on traditional remedies as a primary sourceof health care [13] Only few ethnobotanical reports fromdifferent agroecological zones of Ethiopia are available in theliterature regarding medicinal plants used for cancertreatment )ese include Bersama abyssinica Buddlejapolystachya Clerodendrum myricoides Dovyalis abyssinicaEkebergia capensis Myrsine melanophloeos Olea capensisPentas lanceolata Sideroxylon oxyacanthum and Zingiberofficinale [14] Bidens macroptera Clematis simensis Ferulacommunis and Punica granatum [15] Rumex abyssinicus[16] Zanthoxylum chalybeum [17] Phytolacca dodecandraand Vinca rosea [18] Kalanchoe lanceolata Stephaniaabyssinica and Vernonia hymenolepis [19] Plumbago zey-lanica [20ndash22] Acalypha acrogyna Carissa spinarumMaytenus ovatus and Salvia nilotica [23] Croton macro-stachyus [24] and Dorstenia barnimiana [25 26]

In view of this fact and considering the weak traditionalrecording and knowledge transfer system and an alarmingrate of environmental degradation finding anticancer plantsand documenting their ethnobotanical information con-stitute an urgent and indispensable task)erefore the mainaim of this study was to establish an inventory of medicinalplants traditionally used to treat cancer in eleven districts ofEthiopia

2 Materials and Methods

21Descriptionof the StudyAreas )is ethnobotanical studywas conducted in four national regional states of EthiopiaOromia Amhara Afar and Southern Nations Nationalitiesand People)e survey included different districts from eachregion namely Bale Robe and Goba from Oromia BahirDar Zuria and Filiklik fromAmhara Gewane fromAfar andWondo Genet Sodo Zuria Doyo Gena North Bench MizanAman and Shako from Southern Nations Nationalities andPeople Regional State (Figure 1) )ese geographicallyculturally and agroecologically different study areas (Ta-ble 1) were selected mainly based on the availability oftraditional healers and recommendations from healthworkers

22 Data Collection A team comprising a botanist andresearchers from Addis Ababa University was set up andhealth authorities were contacted for permission and

identification of traditional herbalists living in each studyarea Altogether 117 traditional healers were approachedusing the snowball technique and 74 traditional healers whoused herbs to manage cancer-like symptoms were selectedEthnobotanical data were collected between January andAugust 2016 mainly through individual interviews with theselected traditional herbalists using a semistructured in-terview questionnaire )e questionnaire was prepared inAmharic language and translated to different local languagesfor traditional healers who do not speak Amharic )isquestionnaire was designed to obtain information in thefollowing areas (i) general data on the informant (ii) schoolattendance (iii) use of plants for cancer treatment (iv)source of the plant material (v) part of the plant used (vi)method of medicinal preparation (vii) route of adminis-tration and (viii) side effects

A traditional healer for the purpose of this study is ldquoaperson who is recognized by the community in which shelives as competent to provide healthcare by using plants andplant productsrdquo Each traditional healer was approachedbriefed about the purpose of the research and asked for hisher verbal consent in talking about cancer and its treatment)ey were assured of the confidentiality of the informationthey provided If plants were mentioned for their anticancerpurposes a botanical sample was collected )ese specimenswere pressed and preserved for later identification at theNational Herbarium Addis Ababa University Addis Ababaand a voucher specimen of each plant was deposited in theinstitute All botanical names have been transcribedaccording to the nomenclature system used by the Plant List(httpwwwtheplantlistorg)

23 Data Analysis )e relative importance of medicinalplants used in the management of cancer-like symptoms instudy areas was assessed using the relative frequency ofcitation (RFC) use value (UV) informants consensus factor(ICF) and cultural importance index (CI)

231 Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) )e RFC wascalculated by dividing the number of informants that cite aparticular plant species (FC) by the total number of infor-mants in the survey (N) [29]

RFC FCN

(1)

232 Use Value (UV) )e use value demonstrates therelative importance of plant species to treat particular ail-ment and it is determined by the following formula [30]

UV 1113944Ui

Ni

(2)

where ldquoUVrdquo stands for the use value of a species ldquoUirdquo standsfor the number of use reports cited by informants for thatplant species and ldquoNirdquo is the total number of informers whoreported the particular plant species i




(3)



CIi 1113944

uNC

uu1

1113944

iN

ii1

URui

N (4)


3 Results



13deg30prime0PrimeN

11deg15prime0PrimeN

9deg0prime0PrimeN

6deg45prime0PrimeN

4deg30prime0PrimeN

0 75 150 300 450 600

North bench

Mizan aman

Sheko

9

10

11

Bahir Dar Zuria

Filiklik

Gewane

Robe town

Goba town

1

2

3

4

5

Doyogena town

Region boundary


Wondo Genet

Sodo zuriya

7

8

6

N


km








District

Distancefromcapital

city (km)



Area size(km2)



level(masl)

Vegetationtype



Annualaverage





BahirDarZuria


CTW DAFand FLV






568 ACB 5867 195ndash367












MAF 19069 114ndash224





4 Discussion




Mal

e

Fem

ale

20ndash4

0

41ndash6

0

ge61

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Tert

iary

0-12

13-2

4

25-3

6

ge37


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f inf

orm

ants




SkinLumpy growth 32


Breast





Tabl

e3

List

ofcand

idatemedicinal

plants

tradition

ally

used

forcancer

treatm

entinthestud

yareas

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Acanthaceae

Bele-047

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Kitk

itNorth

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Roots


iled


kbefore

meal

Lung

Oral

10027

0067

Bele-057

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Gulbana

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthe

juiceisappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Aloaceae

Bele-060

Aloesp

Gurta

waqota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

60014

0081

Amaranthaceae

Bele-044

Achyran

thes

aspera

LKochashite

Mizan

Aman

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

areroastedon

metal

plate

poun

dedinto

powdermixed

with

anim

albu

tterandsm

earedon

the

affectedpart

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Apiaceae

Bel-0

46Ce

ntella

asiatica(L)

Urb

Goron

goch

Sheko

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashed

andthesap

sniffed

)roat

Intranasal

20014

0027

Bel-0

02Hydrocotyleman

nii

Hoo

kf

Yersquoti

medha

nit

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


ontheaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Apo

cynaceae

Bel-0

03Acokanthera

schimperi

(ADC)Schw

einf

Merenz

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


Skin

Topical

05

0027

0027

Bel-0

09Ca

rissa

spinarum

LAgam

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Leaves


cold

water

overnigh

tand

drun

kbefore

meala

ndappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Oral

10027

0027

Asclepiadaceae

Bel-0

40Ca

lotropisprocera

(Aito

n)Dryand

Qum

boGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

30014

0027

Bel-0

36Pentarrhinum

insip

idum

EMey

Barohu

laGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

37Echidn

opsis

damman

nian

aSpreng

erMureli

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Stem

Stem


Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Aspho

delaceae

Bel-0

20Kniphofi

afoliosa

Hochst

Shushu

beBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsarepo

unded

andthe

powderismixed

with

honey

Cervicala

ndbreast

Oral

10027

0027

Asteraceae


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0


CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed


the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References



































































































































































(3)



CIi 1113944

uNC

uu1

1113944

iN

ii1

URui

N (4)


3 Results



13deg30prime0PrimeN

11deg15prime0PrimeN

9deg0prime0PrimeN

6deg45prime0PrimeN

4deg30prime0PrimeN

0 75 150 300 450 600

North bench

Mizan aman

Sheko

9

10

11

Bahir Dar Zuria

Filiklik

Gewane

Robe town

Goba town

1

2

3

4

5

Doyogena town

Region boundary


Wondo Genet

Sodo zuriya

7

8

6

N


km








District

Distancefromcapital

city (km)



Area size(km2)



level(masl)

Vegetationtype



Annualaverage





BahirDarZuria


CTW DAFand FLV






568 ACB 5867 195ndash367












MAF 19069 114ndash224





4 Discussion




Mal

e

Fem

ale

20ndash4

0

41ndash6

0

ge61

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Tert

iary

0-12

13-2

4

25-3

6

ge37


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f inf

orm

ants




SkinLumpy growth 32


Breast





Tabl

e3

List

ofcand

idatemedicinal

plants

tradition

ally

used

forcancer

treatm

entinthestud

yareas

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Acanthaceae

Bele-047

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Kitk

itNorth

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Roots


iled


kbefore

meal

Lung

Oral

10027

0067

Bele-057

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Gulbana

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthe

juiceisappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Aloaceae

Bele-060

Aloesp

Gurta

waqota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

60014

0081

Amaranthaceae

Bele-044

Achyran

thes

aspera

LKochashite

Mizan

Aman

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

areroastedon

metal

plate

poun

dedinto

powdermixed

with

anim

albu

tterandsm

earedon

the

affectedpart

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Apiaceae

Bel-0

46Ce

ntella

asiatica(L)

Urb

Goron

goch

Sheko

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashed

andthesap

sniffed

)roat

Intranasal

20014

0027

Bel-0

02Hydrocotyleman

nii

Hoo

kf

Yersquoti

medha

nit

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


ontheaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Apo

cynaceae

Bel-0

03Acokanthera

schimperi

(ADC)Schw

einf

Merenz

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


Skin

Topical

05

0027

0027

Bel-0

09Ca

rissa

spinarum

LAgam

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Leaves


cold

water

overnigh

tand

drun

kbefore

meala

ndappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Oral

10027

0027

Asclepiadaceae

Bel-0

40Ca

lotropisprocera

(Aito

n)Dryand

Qum

boGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

30014

0027

Bel-0

36Pentarrhinum

insip

idum

EMey

Barohu

laGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

37Echidn

opsis

damman

nian

aSpreng

erMureli

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Stem

Stem


Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Aspho

delaceae

Bel-0

20Kniphofi

afoliosa

Hochst

Shushu

beBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsarepo

unded

andthe

powderismixed

with

honey

Cervicala

ndbreast

Oral

10027

0027

Asteraceae


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0


CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed


the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References






































































































































































District

Distancefromcapital

city (km)



Area size(km2)



level(masl)

Vegetationtype



Annualaverage





BahirDarZuria


CTW DAFand FLV






568 ACB 5867 195ndash367












MAF 19069 114ndash224





4 Discussion




Mal

e

Fem

ale

20ndash4

0

41ndash6

0

ge61

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Tert

iary

0-12

13-2

4

25-3

6

ge37


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f inf

orm

ants




SkinLumpy growth 32


Breast





Tabl

e3

List

ofcand

idatemedicinal

plants

tradition

ally

used

forcancer

treatm

entinthestud

yareas

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Acanthaceae

Bele-047

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Kitk

itNorth

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Roots


iled


kbefore

meal

Lung

Oral

10027

0067

Bele-057

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Gulbana

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthe

juiceisappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Aloaceae

Bele-060

Aloesp

Gurta

waqota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

60014

0081

Amaranthaceae

Bele-044

Achyran

thes

aspera

LKochashite

Mizan

Aman

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

areroastedon

metal

plate

poun

dedinto

powdermixed

with

anim

albu

tterandsm

earedon

the

affectedpart

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Apiaceae

Bel-0

46Ce

ntella

asiatica(L)

Urb

Goron

goch

Sheko

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashed

andthesap

sniffed

)roat

Intranasal

20014

0027

Bel-0

02Hydrocotyleman

nii

Hoo

kf

Yersquoti

medha

nit

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


ontheaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Apo

cynaceae

Bel-0

03Acokanthera

schimperi

(ADC)Schw

einf

Merenz

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


Skin

Topical

05

0027

0027

Bel-0

09Ca

rissa

spinarum

LAgam

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Leaves


cold

water

overnigh

tand

drun

kbefore

meala

ndappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Oral

10027

0027

Asclepiadaceae

Bel-0

40Ca

lotropisprocera

(Aito

n)Dryand

Qum

boGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

30014

0027

Bel-0

36Pentarrhinum

insip

idum

EMey

Barohu

laGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

37Echidn

opsis

damman

nian

aSpreng

erMureli

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Stem

Stem


Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Aspho

delaceae

Bel-0

20Kniphofi

afoliosa

Hochst

Shushu

beBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsarepo

unded

andthe

powderismixed

with

honey

Cervicala

ndbreast

Oral

10027

0027

Asteraceae


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0


CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed


the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References



































































































































































4 Discussion




Mal

e

Fem

ale

20ndash4

0

41ndash6

0

ge61

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Tert

iary

0-12

13-2

4

25-3

6

ge37


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

ber o

f inf

orm

ants




SkinLumpy growth 32


Breast





Tabl

e3

List

ofcand

idatemedicinal

plants

tradition

ally

used

forcancer

treatm

entinthestud

yareas

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Acanthaceae

Bele-047

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Kitk

itNorth

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Roots


iled


kbefore

meal

Lung

Oral

10027

0067

Bele-057

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Gulbana

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthe

juiceisappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Aloaceae

Bele-060

Aloesp

Gurta

waqota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

60014

0081

Amaranthaceae

Bele-044

Achyran

thes

aspera

LKochashite

Mizan

Aman

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

areroastedon

metal

plate

poun

dedinto

powdermixed

with

anim

albu

tterandsm

earedon

the

affectedpart

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Apiaceae

Bel-0

46Ce

ntella

asiatica(L)

Urb

Goron

goch

Sheko

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashed

andthesap

sniffed

)roat

Intranasal

20014

0027

Bel-0

02Hydrocotyleman

nii

Hoo

kf

Yersquoti

medha

nit

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


ontheaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Apo

cynaceae

Bel-0

03Acokanthera

schimperi

(ADC)Schw

einf

Merenz

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


Skin

Topical

05

0027

0027

Bel-0

09Ca

rissa

spinarum

LAgam

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Leaves


cold

water

overnigh

tand

drun

kbefore

meala

ndappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Oral

10027

0027

Asclepiadaceae

Bel-0

40Ca

lotropisprocera

(Aito

n)Dryand

Qum

boGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

30014

0027

Bel-0

36Pentarrhinum

insip

idum

EMey

Barohu

laGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

37Echidn

opsis

damman

nian

aSpreng

erMureli

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Stem

Stem


Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Aspho

delaceae

Bel-0

20Kniphofi

afoliosa

Hochst

Shushu

beBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsarepo

unded

andthe

powderismixed

with

honey

Cervicala

ndbreast

Oral

10027

0027

Asteraceae


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0


CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed


the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Tabl

e3

List

ofcand

idatemedicinal

plants

tradition

ally

used

forcancer

treatm

entinthestud

yareas

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Acanthaceae

Bele-047

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Kitk

itNorth

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Roots


iled


kbefore

meal

Lung

Oral

10027

0067

Bele-057

Justicia

schimperia

na(H

ochstex

Nees)

TAnd

erson

Gulbana

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthe

juiceisappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Aloaceae

Bele-060

Aloesp

Gurta

waqota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

60014

0081

Amaranthaceae

Bele-044

Achyran

thes

aspera

LKochashite

Mizan

Aman

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Leaves

areroastedon

metal

plate

poun

dedinto

powdermixed

with

anim

albu

tterandsm

earedon

the

affectedpart

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Apiaceae

Bel-0

46Ce

ntella

asiatica(L)

Urb

Goron

goch

Sheko

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arecrashed

andthesap

sniffed

)roat

Intranasal

20014

0027

Bel-0

02Hydrocotyleman

nii

Hoo

kf

Yersquoti

medha

nit

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


ontheaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Apo

cynaceae

Bel-0

03Acokanthera

schimperi

(ADC)Schw

einf

Merenz

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves


Skin

Topical

05

0027

0027

Bel-0

09Ca

rissa

spinarum

LAgam

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Leaves


cold

water

overnigh

tand

drun

kbefore

meala

ndappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Oral

10027

0027

Asclepiadaceae

Bel-0

40Ca

lotropisprocera

(Aito

n)Dryand

Qum

boGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

30014

0027

Bel-0

36Pentarrhinum

insip

idum

EMey

Barohu

laGew

ane

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsa

recrashed

andthesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

37Echidn

opsis

damman

nian

aSpreng

erMureli

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Stem

Stem


Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Aspho

delaceae

Bel-0

20Kniphofi

afoliosa

Hochst

Shushu

beBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsarepo

unded

andthe

powderismixed

with

honey

Cervicala

ndbreast

Oral

10027

0027

Asteraceae


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0


CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed


the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

45Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Kusta

sht

Mizan

Aman

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Youn

gleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Breast

Topical

067

004

0054

Bel-0

49Acm

ella

caulirh

iza

Delile

Bitisa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rashed

andinfusedin

cold

water

Breast

Oral

Bel-0

30Artem

isiaabsin

thium

LNatrara

Sodo

Zuria

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

29Artem

isiaafra

Jacqex

Willd

Agufa

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Dried

leaves

aregrou

ndand

macerated

incoffeeor

tea

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

31Artem

isiaan

nuaL

Artem

isia

Sodo

Zuria

Tree

Cultiv

ated

Leaves

Dried

leaves

will

begrou

ndand

decocted

inho

twater

Breast

Oral

10014

0014

Bel-0

21Cineraria

abyssin

ica

SchBip

exARich

Unk

nown

BaleRo

beHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

15

0027

0054

Bel-0

58Guizotia

scabra

(Vis)

Chiov

Sheshota

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0


CJeffrey

Arbaba

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

25Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Barawa

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

133

0041

0081

Bel-0

56Verno

niaau

riculifera

Hiern

Reji

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arechew

edby

thehealer

andspiton

Skin

Topical

Capparidaceae

Bel-0

39Cleomebrachycarpa

(Forssk)Vahle

xDC

Berbere

Gew

ane

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arepo

unded

andthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

30014

0014

Com

melinaceae

Bel-0

26Co

mmelina

bengha

lensisL

Laluncha

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Cultiv

ated

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Crassulaceae

Bel-0

19Kalan

choe

petitiana

A

Rich

Anchu

raBa

leGob

aSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

15

0027

0041

Euph

orbiaceae

Bel-0

12Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Bisana

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

orstem

Freshleaves

orsucculents

temsare

crashed


the

affectedarea

Breast

and

skin

Topical

075

01

016

Bel-0

35Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Besena

Doyo

Gena

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

ispo

unded

andthepo

wder

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

Bel-0

48Cr

oton

macrostachyus

Hochstex

Delile

Masichoo

Won

doGenet

Tree

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Bel-0

32Eu

phorbia

schimperia

naScheele

Gendalelata

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Roots

Freshrootsarepo

undedandthesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Fabaceae

Bel-0

14Albizia

schimperia

naOliv

Sessa

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

)emixture

offreshleaves

ofAlbizia

schimperia

naandCa

rissa

spinarum

ismacerated

incoldwaterfor2

daysand

themacerated

liquidisdrun

k

Breast

intestinal

andskin

Oral

40014

0014

Bel-0

04Ca

lpurniaau

rea

(Aito

n)Be

nth

Digita

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

orseeds

Dry

leaves

orseedsaregrou

nd

macerated

incold

waterand

drun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

23Cr

otalaria

agatiflora

Schw

einf

Unk

nown

Bale

Gob

aSh

rub

Wild

Seeds

Dry

seedsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

28Cr

otalaria

incana

LCh

elke

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arec

rashedand

thesapis

appliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

07Senn

asin

gueana

(Delile)Lo

ckGefa

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

anddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Lamiaceae

Bel-0

43Ajuga

leucan

tha

Lukh

oba

Tiks

asht

North

Bench

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Topical

10014

0014

Bel-0

24Leon

otisocym

ifolia

(Burmf)Iw

arsson

Arm

agusa

Bale

Gob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

arecrashed

macerated

overnigh

tanddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Bel-0

54Ocimum

gratissim

umL

Mekedesisa

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Roots


boiled

and

drun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Bel-0

59Pycnostachys

abyssin

icaFresen

Tonton

aDoyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Leaves

Freshleavesarec

rushedand

thesap

isappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Skin

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

42Salvia

niloticaJussex

Jacq

Barnbanch

North

Bench

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Dry

plantpartsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andapplied

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Bel-0

22A

ymus

schimperi

Ronn

iger

Tosig

neBa

leGob

aHerb

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aredecocted

anddrun

kBreast

Oral

20014

0027

Malvaceae

Bel-0

51Sida

schimperia

naHochstex

AR

ich

Kotijebessa

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Roots

and

leaves

Freshleaves

androotsarecrashed

macerateda

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

40014

0027

Melianthaceae

Bel-0

01Bersam

aabyssin

ica

Fresen

Azamir

BahirD

arZu

ria

Shrub

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndm

acerateda

nddrun

kbefore

meal

Breast

Oral

10014

0014


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Moraceae

Bel-0

08Dorstenia

barnim

iana

Schw

einf

Work

Bemeda

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

water

andho

ney

anddrun

kor

dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedon

theaff

ectedarea

Breast

Oralo

rtopical

06

0068

012

Myrtaceae

Bel-0

06Syzygium

guineense

(Willd)DC

Dokim

aBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Dry

leaves

androotsof

Syzygium


ofOsyris

quadrip

artitaaregrou

ndm

ixed

decocteda

nddrun

k

Skin

Oral

20014

0027

Oxalid

aceae

Bel-0

52Oxalis

corniculataL

Qinta

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Leaves

and

roots

Freshleaves

androotsa

recrashedand

appliedwith

aband

age

Breast

Topical

20014

0027

Polygonaceae

Bel-0

18Ru

mex

nervosus

Vahl

Emboacho

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

aceratedand

drun

kSkin

Oral

30014

0041

Bel-0

33Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Goecho

Doyo

Gena

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndandtakenwith

food

Colon

Oral

15

0027

0041

Bel-0

53Ru

mex

nepalensis

Spreng

Sharibicho

Won

doGenet

Herb

Wild

Bark

Freshbark


andthesapisapplied

Skin

Topical

Ranu

nculaceae

Bel-0

10Clem

atissim

ensis

Fresen

YeazoHareg

BahirD

arZu

ria

Clim

ber

Wild

Leaves

Freshrootsof

Dorstenia

barnim

iana

mixed

with

freshleaves

ofClem

atis

simensisp

ound

eda

ndapplied

Breast

Topical

067

0041

0054

Rosaceae

Bel-0

11Prun

usafric

ana

(Hoo

kf)

Kalkm

anTiku

renchet

BahirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Bark

Dry

bark

isgrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

30014

0014

Rutaceae

Bel-0

16Clau

sena

anisa

ta(W

illd)Hoo

kfex

Benth

Limich

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

20014

0027

Santalaceae

Bel-0

13Osyris

quadrip

artita

SalzmexDecne

Keret

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndd

ecocted

and

drun

kBreast

Oral

20027

0027


Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Tabl

e3

Con

tinued

Vou

cher

number

Botanicaln

ame

(fam

ily)

Vernacular

name

Districts

Growth

form

Habita

tPa

rts

used

Preparation

Type

ofcancer

treated

App

lication

UV

RFC

CI

Sapind

aceae

Bel-0

05Dodon

aeaviscosa

subsp

angustifo

lia(Lf)JG

West

Kitk

itaBa

hirD

arZu

ria

Tree

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andappliedor

dryrootsare

grou

ndd

ecocted

anddrun

k

Breastskin

andcervical

Topicalo

roral

10014

0041

Simarou

baceae

Bel-0

17Brucea

antid

ysenteric

aJF

Mill

Abalo

Filik

likTree

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndp

astedwith

cold

waterand

applied

Skin

Topical

40014

0054

Solanaceae

Bel-0

27Discopodium

penn

inervium

Hochst

Checha

nga

Doyo

Gena

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves


Skin

Topical

10014

0014

)ym

elaeaceae

Bel-0

55Gnidiainvolucrata

Steud

exARich

Bito

BahirD

arZu

ria

Herb

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndm

ixed

with

honey

andeaten

Breast

Oral

05

0027

0027

Verbenaceae

Bel-0

50La

ntan

atrifo

liaL

Han

shebello

Won

doGenet

Shrub

Wild

Leaves

Freshleaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

spring

watera

nddrun

kBreast

and

skin

Oral

20014

0014

Bel-0

15Lippia

adoensis

Hochst

Kessie

Filik

likSh

rub

Wild

Leaves

Dry

leaves

aregrou

ndm

acerated

incold

watera

nddrun

kSkin

Oral

20014

0027

Vita

ceae

Bel-0

38Cy

phostemmaserpens

(Hochstex

ARich)

Desc

Eiriti

Gew

ane

Clim

ber

Wild

Roots

Dry

rootsaregrou

ndp

astedwith

honeyandeaten

andapplied

Skin

Orala

ndtopical

10014

0014

UV

usevalueRF

Crelativ

efrequencyof

citatio

nCI

cultu

ralimpo

rtance

index


Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Seed17Stem

17


17

Bark67

Root217

Leaves567











Aloe sp (Aloaceae)


















male F344 rats [69]





Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Table 4 Continued






[76]






[56]





capitis [21]









No previous reports












[95]


[46 65]


Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Table 4 Continued








No previous reports














No previous reports









[106]














Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Table 4 Continued













cells [73]










cells [73]












assay [118]







[38 55]



epilepsy [43]


Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































Table 4 Continued

































stomach ache [47]



tonsillitis [23 80]




cells [73]










Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References



































































































































































Table 4 Continued





[128]

Malaria [57]















[135]



gland swelling [18]











[46]


No previous reports

















5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References
















































































































































































5 Conclusion


Data Availability


Ethical Approval


Consent






Acknowledgments



References

































































































































































ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by ... · 38°14′27.65″e 1853 ctwand daf 880.2...

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