ethnographic action research jo tacchi queensland university of technology
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Ethnographic Action Research
Jo TacchiQueensland University of Technology
EAR: Ethnographic Action Research
Combines three research approaches1. ETHNOGRAPHY: traditionally used to understand
different cultures in detail. It is long term and requires researcher to be embedded in local cultures.
2. PARTICIPATORY TECHNIQUES help both researchers and participants understand complex issues in an inclusive and participatory manner.
3. ACTION RESEARCH used to bring about new activities through new understandings of situations.
EAR: key features
• Embedded researcher• Ongoing• Social mobilisation• Research culture• Participatory• Action research cycle
Reflect Do
Plan
Observe
The Changing Communication Environment
• Vertical patterns of communication – from government to people
• Unipolar communication systems
• Few information sources
• Easy to control – for good (generating accurate information to large numbers of people) and ill (government control and censorship)
• Send a message
• Horizontal patterns of communication – from people to people
• Communication networks
• Many information sources
• Difficult to control – for good (more debate, increased voice, increased trust) and ill (more complex, issues of accuracy)
• Ask a question
Tra
inin
g w
orks
hop,
Lap
ulu
James Deane ‘The Context of Communication for Development, 2004’. http://www.communicationforsocialchange.org/pdf/roundtable.pdf
Communicative ecologies approach• Reflects ‘ethnographic’ goal of holism, importance of
context• Tool for grounding everyday communication• Assumes ICT joins pre-existing communication systems
beyond mass / community media• Transport infrastructure
– roads, buses, trains
• Social communication practices– public and private gossip
• Local people often do not use or think about an individual medium in isolation from other media
• Communication takes place within an existing ‘communicative ecology’ specific to each community/group/place… culture …
Hearn, G., Tacchi, J., Foth, M., & Lennie, J. (2009). Action Research and New Media: Concepts, Methods and Cases. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
ComEco1Subject: Firali33yo female householder
Location: Jhuwani, NepalDate: 24 March 2007
Communicative Ecologymapping
ComEco2
ComEco3
Consequences
Constraints Conditions /contexts
ICT innovation
Com
mun
icat
ive
ecol
ogy
of
ICT
for
Dev
elop
men
t inn
ovat
ions
Geography
Infrastructure
Economy
Community profile
Media
Religion
Politics
NGO/agency
Embedded research - challenges
• Organisational flexibility
• Hierarchies of knowledge
• Perceptions of research
• Difficulties in developing a research culture
• Breaking the cycle
• M&E and impact assessment
Assessing communication for social change: a new agenda in impact assessment
• Equal Access Nepal – communication for social change
• Radio programs and outreach• Participatory impact assessment• Adapting EAR as an embedded methodology in
the organisation• Participation at many levels – content, M&E,
communities, managers, partners, stakeholders• Community Researchers
the ‘prove:improve’ dichotomy
existing M&E practices are often top-down and donor-driven, and based on pressures to ‘prove’ impacts, rather than bottom up, participatory and based on ‘improving’ programs in ways that meet community needs and aspirations
Lennie et al (2008) ‘Challenges, issues and contradictions in a participatory impact assessment project in Nepal’ AES conference paper presented in Perth, Western Australia, September 2008
Sankar, M. & Williams, B. (2008). Editorial – Evaluation matters. In Williams, B. and Sankar, M. (Eds.). Evaluation South Asia. (pp.1-3). Kathmandu: UNICEF.
Challenges, issues and contradictions
• Communication for social change (CFSC) approach seeks to ground communication activities in local realities (not top down)
• This is where meaningful social change happens• Micro-level data, national initiatives• Community-based research/ers in case study
sites• Setting up appropriate systems and processes
extremely difficult…
Challenges, issues and contradictions• Evaluation capacity building considered
important but has a number of recognised problems, including:– Organisational culture, dynamics and context– Development of a wide range of skills – Expectations of funding agencies– Need for good quality data and data systems– Loss of champions and key staff– Communication and evaluation language issues– Differences in power, knowledge and status– Feedback mechanisms– Literacy and language issues– Time, energy and resources
Challenges, issues and contradictions• Evaluation capacity building considered
important but has a number of recognised problems, including:– Organisational culture, dynamics and context– Development of a wide range of skills – Expectations of funding agencies– Need for good quality data and data systems– Loss of champions and key staff– Communication and evaluation language issues– Differences in power, knowledge and status– Feedback mechanisms– Literacy and language issues– Time, energy and resources