eu-china organic food standards comparison. 1. comparison of eu and chinese organic standards...
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EU-China Organic Food Standards Comparison
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1. Comparison of EU and Chinese organic standards
• Notable similarities and differences between the two systems
• Information derived from Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No. 1235/2008
• Seven categories of substantial importance
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A. Unprocessed Plant Products
• Includes products such as peat, mushroom culture wastes, composted bark and wood ash
• China regulations less stringent than EU regulations
• Products are specifically legislated to be from their natural origin
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Similarities:• Chinese regulations on wood products (bark, wood ash)
similar to EU law
Differences:• More unprocessed plant products used in fertilizers, soil
conditioners and nutrients under Chinese law• Chinese regulations state products should not contain
synthetic chemical substances or receive chemical treatment • Plant ash (product of fuel-wood) allowed for fertilizers under
Chinese law but not under EU law
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EU Legislation Chinese Legislation
Sawdust/ woodchips Wood not chemically treated after felling
Sawdust/ woodchips Obtained from wood not chemically treated
Composted bark Wood not chemically treated
Composted bark Obtained from wood not chemically treated
Peat Use limited to horticulture (floriculture, arboriculture)
Peat Contains no synthetic additive. Only used as potting medium and not to be applied to soil amelioration
No regulation Borax Obtained without chemical treatment or synthetic chemical substances
No regulation Pulp Obtained without chemical treatment
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B. Live Animals/ Unprocessed Animal Products
Legislation relating to wool and fur less stringent under Chinese law than EU law – no adherence to official guidelines under Chinese regulation
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Similarities:• Minimum surface areas indoors, outdoors and characteristics of housing
Differences: • Wool, fur, hair and dairy products used in fertilizers, soil conditioners and
nutrients under Chinese regulations • No indoor or door space regulations in China for fatting pigs over 110 Kg• In China regulations there is: • No difference in minimum indoor space required for guinea fowls while
fattening in fixed housing • No specific square meter per 100 KG space required for bovine and
equidae over 350 Kg while breeding and fattening • No minimum perch length given for laying hens (poultry) • No Regulation in Chinese organic legislation for maximum number of
animals per ha equivalent to 170 Kg N/ha/year
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EU Legislation Chinese Legislation Breeding and fattening bovine
Up to 100 Kg < 100 Kg
Equidae Up to 200 Kg < 200 Kg
Piglets Over 40 days and up to 30 Kg > 40 days or <30Kg
Poultry
Fattening poultry in movable housing
6 in mobile poultry houses not exceeding 150 m2 floor space with a maximum of30 kg liveweight/ m21
16 (Live weight ≤30kg/m2)
Class/species Maximum no of animals per ha equivalent to 170 kg N/ha/year
Equines over 6 months
2 No regulation
Calves for fattening
5 No regulation
Female breeding rabbits
100 No regulation
Table chickens 548 No regulation Laying hens 230 No regulation
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C. Aquaculture Products and Seaweeds
• EU law more comprehensive than China regulations
• State clearly requirements for aquaculture products and seaweeds
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Similarities: • Seaweeds and Seaweed products – must be obtained from
physical process including dehydration, freezing and grinding
Differences: • No Chinese legislation on production and use of fish and other
aquaculture species i.e. organic production of salmonids in sea water
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EU Legislation Chinese Legislation Seaweed/ seaweed products
As far as directly obtained by physical processes including: dehydration, freezing and grinding; extraction with water or aqueous acid and/or alkaline solution; fermentation
Seaweed/ seaweed products
Obtained only by physical processes including: dehydration, freezing and grinding; Extraction with water or acid and (or) alkali solution; Fermentation
Organic production of salmonids in freshwater Brown trout (Salmo trutta), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) etc.
Production system On growing farm systems must be fed from open systems. Flow rate must ensure a minimum of 60 % oxygen saturation for stock
No particular regulation in Chinese legislation
Maximum stocking density
Salmonid species not listed below 15 kg/m 3. Salmon 20 kg/m 3 Brown trout and Rainbow trout 25 kg/m 3
No particular regulation in Chinese legislation
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D. Processed Agricultural Products for use as feed
• Regulations between EU and China same with some dissimilarities
• Few Chinese regulations that correspond to EU law regarding some products
• Chinese law less stringent than EU law
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Similarities: • Regulations relating to vitamins added to feed as nutritional additives
Differences: • Few Chinese regulations control the use of processed agricultural
products for use as feed• No Chinese regulations relating to use of antioxidants in feed for animal
nutrition• Emulsifying and stabilizing agents, thickeners and gelling agents
(Lecithin) only derive from organic raw materials in EU• No Chinese regulation governing flavoring compounds and where they
can be derived from • Chinese regulations state what additives can be used, unlike EU
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EU Legislation Chinese Legislation A. Emulsifying and stabilizing agents
ID Number Substance Conditions for use
1 E 322 Lecithin Only if derived from organic raw material
No regulation
Sensory additives
2b Flavoring Compounds
Only extracts from agricultural products
No regulation
B. Feed materials of agricultural origin
Substance
No regulation Propionic acid Used only when weather conditions fail to meet sufficient fermentation
No regulation Citric acid Used only when weather conditions fail to meet sufficient fermentation
C. Silage additives
Yeasts and bacteria Use restricted to production of silage when weather conditions do not allow for fermentation
No regulation
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E. Processed Agricultural Products For Use As Food
• Chinese legislation less stringent • Note – instances where Chinese legislation
articulated in clear and definite terms
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Similarities: • Products for processing ingredients of agricultural origin (hazelnut
shells, rice meal) not regulated in China nor EU
Differences: • All gums, locust, guar, Arabic and Xanthan have specified uses
under China Regulations but not EU regulations• Other additives (vegetable carbon) have no corresponding
Chinese legislation • Products for production of yeast and yeast products (potato,
starch) not regulated in China
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F. Vegetative Propagating Material and Seeds for Cultivation
No reference to vegetative propagating material and seeds for cultivation within current Chinese legislation
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G. Pesticides
Products allowed for pesticide under Chinese Regulations highlight key differences between EU and China
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Similarities: • Regulations regarding micro-organisms use for biological pest and
disease control,• Substances used in traps/ dispensers• Preparations to be surface-spread between cultivated plants
Differences: • Significant amount of crop or animal origin permitted in China, more
limited in EU • They include: osthole, berberine, emodin monomethyl, natural
acids… • Of 26 substances for traditional use in organic farming permitted for
use in pesticides, only 14 used in EU• Copper salts (copper sulfate, oxychloride) only used as fungicides
under China regulations
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EU Legislation Chinese Legislation 1. Substance of crop or animal origin
Hydrolyzed proteins Only in authorized applications in combination with other appropriate products
Hydrolyzed Proteins Used in combination with proper products stated in this Appendix only under the approved application conditions
No regulation Osthole Insecticide and bactericide
No regulation Emodin Bactericide
No regulation Milk Bactericide
2. Micro-organisms used for biological pest and disease control
Spinosad Only where measures are taken to minimize the risk to key parasitoids
No regulation
3. Substances to be used in traps and/ or dispensers
Diammonium phosphate
Only used in traps Diamonium phosphate Only used in traps
4. Other substances from traditional use in organic farming
No regulation Calcium hydroxide Fungicide
No regulation Carbon dioxide Insecticide
No regulation Ethyl Alcohol Bactericide
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2. Control systems
• China and EU have equivalent procedures for accreditation and certification of control bodies and operators
• China’s procedures are in places more stringent and detailed
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Supervision of Control Bodies
• EU Competent Authorities carry out audits or invite external audits, subject to external review
• CNCA in China– performs annual site audits market supervision– Entry Export Inspection and uarantine Services
(CIQs) check product quality and labelling in the market
– Same inspector cannot visit same unit more than 3 consecutive years
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Risk-based Control Systems
• EU in addition to annual checks, further checks on risk basis– 10 percent minimum units receive random
additional inspections• China after annual inspections further checks
according to risk profile– 5 percent minimum units receive random
additional inspections
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Non-compliance and Sanctions
• EU: non-compliance results in disqualification of complete production run– Severe infringement control body and competent
Authority agree to suspend for an agreed period– Sanctions ‘effective, proportionate and dissuasive’
• China: detailed list of reasons for cancellation, suspension and revocation of certificate – Sanctions operators fined from rmb10,000 –
rmb30,000
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Traceability
• EU traceability for organic food follows EU traceability regulations for all food– Operators must be able to trace and follow a
food . . through all stages of production, processing and distribution
• China has, as of I July 2012, implemented a 17-digit electronic traceability system for all organic food packaging that traces from origin to distribution.