eu vehiclemarket pocketbook 2013

8/12/2019 EU Vehiclemarket Pocketbook 2013

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EUROPEAN VEHICLEMARKET STATISTICS

Pocketbook 2013


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1 Executive Summary 2

2 Number of Vehicles 10

3 Fuel Consumption & CO2 22

4 Technologies 40

5 Key Technical Parameters 52

6 Other Emissions & On-road 72

Annex Remarks on Data Sources 80 List of Figures and Tables 82 Abbreviations 85 References 86

Tables 87

Table of Contents

An electronic version of this Pocketbook, includingmore detailed statistical data is available online:http://eupocketbook.theicct.org
http://eupocketbook.theicct.org/http://eupocketbook.theicct.org/


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EUROPEAN VEHICLE MARKET STATISTICS 2013

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The 2013 edition of European Vehicle Market Statisticsoffers a statistical portrait of passenger car andlight commercial vehicle fleets in the European Unionfrom 2001 to 2012. As in previous editions, theemphasis is on vehicle technologies, fuel consumption,and emissions of greenhouse gases and other airpollutants.

The following pages give a concise overview

of subsequent chapters, which then focus moreclosely on the Member States, manufacturers brands,and vehicle segments with the highest number ofvehicle registrations. More comprehensive tables areincluded in the annex, along with information onsources.

Number of vehiclesNew passenger car registrations continued on the

generally downward path started in 2007; since thatyear they have fallen from 15.6 million to 12.0 million,a decline of 23%. The trend reflects the closerelationship between vehicle sales and the economicclimate. Accordingly, it is most pronounced insouthern Europe, where vehicle sales have decreasedby 60% in Spain and 45% in Italy since 2007. On theother hand, in Germany the number of vehicles sold in2012 was about the same as in 2007. A brief sales

spike in 2009 did interrupt the overall downward trendof the past five years, but this is attributable toeconomic stimulus programs (scrappage schemes)established by many national governments atthat time, which encouraged citizens to buy new cars,rather than any structural change in the market.


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The European market remains centered on a handfulof countries. Some 75% of all new passenger car

registrations occur in the five largest markets (Germany,France, United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain). But fromthe point of view of makes and manufacturers,the market is much more diverse: the top seven brandscapture only about 50% of the market.

Internationally, total vehicle sales were at about77 million in 2012, a 6% increase from 2011. Thisincludes about 50 million cars and 27 million commer-cial vehicles. The top three markets are China

(19 million vehicles sold in 2012), the U.S. (15 million),and the EU (14 million). Of the top 15 markets,the fastest growing in 2012 were Thailand (+80% from2011 to 2012), Japan (+28%), Indonesia (+25%),and the U.S. (+13%). Since 2007, vehicle sales haveabout doubled in China, India, Thailand, andIndonesia. At the same time, vehicle markets in the EU,North America, and Japan remained constant ordecreased within the same time period.

Fig. 1-1

Passenger cars:Registrationsby Member State

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Registrations (million)

EU-12

Others

Austria

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Market share EU-27

in 2012 (in %)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16


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Fuel consumption and CO2emissionsThe EU legislation setting binding targets for car-

bon dioxide (CO2) emissions from passenger cars,introduced in 2009, has shown itself to be effective.The annual CO2reduction rate for new cars on themarket has increased from about 1% prior to 2008 toabout 4% since then. In 2012, the average emissionlevel was 132 g/km very close to the 130 g/km targetestablished for 2015. CO2emissions and fuelconsumption are directly linked, so that the currentlevel can be translated to about 5.3 liters/100 km

and 5.2 liters/100 km for the 2015 target.In 2012, the European Commission formally pro-

posed an average CO2emissions target for 2020of 95 g/km, which translates into a fuel consumptionof about 3.8 liters/100 km. Details of the proposalhad been under discussion in the European Parliamentand the European Council in the first half of 2013,with the European Parliament proposing some changesto the European Commission document, including

a 2025 target range of 6878 g/km of CO2. The finalvote on the issue was scheduled for June 2013, butwas delayed at the last minute and is now expected totake place later in 2013.

Under the EU regulation, CO2emission targets forevery manufacturer are adjusted for the averageweight of their specific vehicles, so that manufacturersof heavier vehicles get a less stringent target tomeet. This is why the reductions in CO2emissions (and

therefore fuel consumption) required between2015 and 2020 are the same for every manufacturer:27 percent. (The absolute reductions requireddiffer because their starting points the 2015 targets,which they have already reached are different.)Because technology potential and costs typically scaleacross vehicle segments, this means that the strin-gency of that required reduction is also about the samefor all manufacturers. Some manufacturers (in

particular PSA and Toyota) are already over-complyingwith their 2015 targets and are moving towardthe necessary improvements to meet the 2020 target.


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1 Executive Summary

The range of emissions-level performance exhibited bymanufacturers is echoed in the variation across theEU Member States. Germanys average emissions areamong the highest, while Frances are among thelowest, though both countries have about the samegross domestic product. A key reason is differencesin vehicle fleet characteristics: passenger cars sold inGermany are on average 11% heavier and 25% morepowerful. The trend in the Netherlands is particularlynoteworthy: average CO2emissions from new carshave declined there by 28% since 2007, on average of

nearly 6% per year, after a major revision of the carregistration tax system.

Fig. 1-2Average fuelconsumption inthe EU by vehiclemanufacturer

Daimler

in liters per 100 kilometer (and grams CO2per kilometer)

BMW

GM (Opel)

Volkswagen

Ford

Renault-Nissan

Toyota

PSA (Peugeot-Citron)

Fiat

EU average5.3 (132) 3.8 (95)

Target 2020Status 2012

Required reduction 20152020

4.9 (122)

-27%-20%-10%

4.7 (118)

4.9 (122)

3.8 (94)

3.7 (93)

3.4 (86)

3.7 (93)5.1 (128)

3.7 (92)5.2 (129)

3.8 (96)5.3 (133)

3.9 (97)5.4 (134)

4.0 (100)

4.0 (101)

5.5 (138)

5.7 (143)

2015 and 2020 targets calculated assuming no future change to 2012 vehicle weight.Data source: European Environmental Agency EEA (2013). Vehicle weight is mass inrunning order, i.e., the weight of an empty vehicle +75 kg.

http://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggery
http://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggeryhttp://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggeryhttp://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggeryhttp://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggeryhttp://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggeryhttp://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/midsummer-nights-skullduggery


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TechnologiesThe vast majority of Europes new cars remain

powered by gasoline or diesel motors. Diesel carsaccount for 55% of all new registrations, gasoline carsfor 42%; all other technologies hybrids, electrics,and natural gas and ethanol-fueled vehicles combineto make up the remaining 3%. This situation differsnotably from other major car markets. The U.S., China,and Japan are all dominated by gasoline-poweredcars, with diesels playing almost no role. One market ofnote that has embraced diesel technology, however,

is India, where the diesel market share rose to about50% in 2012.

Alternative powertrains mostly remain nicheproducts for now. Hybrids account for about 1%of registrations in EU Member States; in the Nether-lands, the clear front-runner, they make up 4.5%of total passenger car sales, and that anomalouslyhigh proportion can be attributed to generous

Fig. 1-3Passenger cars:Market share,gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles byMember State

EU-27

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

United Kingdom

France

Germany

0

1

2

3

4

5

Market share, gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles (in %)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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Other emissionsIn 2014, the Euro 6 emission standard will enter

into force, setting limits that range from 68%(gasoline carbon monoxide) to 96% (diesel particulates)lower than those established under Euro 1 in 1992.In 2012, less than 1% of new vehicles already compliedwith the Euro 6 standard, while 91% of all cars soldcomplied with the Euro 5 standard. Real-world emis-sions that is, emissions as measured outside avehicle laboratory have not yet decreased to theextent suggested by the Euro standards. This is

particularly true for NOxemissions from diesel cars.The limits for these emissions decreased by 64%between Euro 3 in 2000 and Euro 5 in 2009. But real-world emissions over this period improved by only18% (Carslaw et al., 2011). A consequence of that dispa-rity is persistent air-quality problems, especially inurban areas.

Fig. 1-4

Passenger cars:Vehicle massin running orderby Member State

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

1500

1550

1600

Mass in running order (kg)

EU-27

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Sweden

Germany

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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2 NUMBER OF VEHICLES

Heavy-duty vehicle stock (in million vehicles)

Light-duty vehicle stock (in million vehicles)2010

2010

The proportions of regions/countries illustrate the respective number of vehicles incomparison to the total vehicle stock worldwide. Data source: ICCT Global TransportationRoadmap Model (ICCT, 2013b) and (NREL, 2013)

http://www.theicct.org/global-transportation-roadmap-model

Africa21 Middle East

26Brazil28

EU-27239

Latin Americaexcl. Brazil20

Mexico22

U.S.231

Canada19

Non-EU Europe28

Japan58

South Korea15

Russia34

China59

Rest of Asia40

Australia12

India15

Africa10

MiddleEast7Brazil

2

EU-2735

Latin Americaexcl. Brazil8

Mexico3

U.S.12

Canada3

Non-EU Europe6

Japan17

South Korea5

Russia6

China17

Rest of Asia18

Australia3

India5
http://www.theicct.org/global-transportation-roadmap-modelhttp://www.theicct.org/global-transportation-roadmap-model


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In 2010, there were about 1 billion cars and trucks on the road worldwide.For 2030, it is expected that number will reach about 1.7 billion, with the

strongest growth taking place in Asia and the Middle East. Motorcyclesmade up another 0.4 billion vehicles in 2010, and it is estimated thattheir number will reach 0.9 billion in 2030 (not shown here).

Heavy-duty vehicle stock (+/- variation 2010 and 2030)

Light-duty vehicle stock (+/- variation 2010 and 2030)2030

2030

Africa+ 56 %

Middle East+ 161 %Brazil

+ 80 %

EU-27+ 31 %

Latin America excl. Brazil+ 83 %

Mexico+ 75 %

U.S.+ 21 %

Canada+ 59 %

Non-EU Europe+ 116 %

Japan- 1 %

South Korea+ 95 %

Russia+ 136 %

China+ 221 %

Rest of Asia+ 122 %

Australia+ 61 %India

+ 600 %

Africa+ 49 %

Middle East+ 142 %

Brazil+ 33 %

EU-27+ 17 %

Latin America excl. Brazil+ 74 %

Mexico+ 60 %

U.S.+ 27 %

Canada+ 23 %

Non-EU Europe+ 40 %

Japan- 6 %

South Korea+ 116 %

Russia+ 17 %

China+ 87 %

Rest of Asia+ 89 %

Australia+ 16 %India

+ 276 %


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New car registrations in the EU fell to about 12 millionin 2012, continuing a sharp downward trend thatstarted in 2007. Registrations are dominated by thelarger Member States; fully 75% take place in the fivelargest countries (Germany, France, United Kingdom,Italy, Spain), and the three largest alone accountfor over 55% of the total (Fig. 2-1).

Germany is the largest market, with 25% marketshare. Registrations in Germany dropped in 20062008, then rose in 2009 thanks to a governmentscrappage scheme. 2010 sales reached 2.9 million

vehicles, then increased again to 3.2 million in2011 and 3.1 million in 2012. In contrast, sales in otherMember States continue to decrease. In Spain,Europes fifth largest vehicle market, only 0.7 millionnew cars were registered in 2012, compared to1.6 million in 2007.

The European market is very diverse, with themost registered brand, VW, commanding only13% of the market, and no other brand managing

more than 10%. The other category, containingall brands outside the top ten, is remarkably large more than 35% of all registrations (Fig. 2-5).

At 1.4 million, new light commercial vehicle (LCV)registrations account for approximately 11% of thetotal light-duty vehicle market. Overall the same fivecountries dominate LCV registrations, commandingmore than 70% of the total. But France, whereLCVs capture 17% of overall light-duty registrations,

is the leading national market; the LCV share of theGerman market is only 15% (Fig. 2-7and Fig. 2-9).

The VW Golf remains the most popular car modelin Europe. It accounted for about 3.4% of all newvehicle sales in the EU in 2012. On the LCV side, FordTransit leads, with about 9.4% market share (Fig. 2-10and Fig. 2-11).


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Fig. 2-1

Passenger cars:Registrationsby Member State

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012


EU-12

Others

Austria

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Market share EU-27

in 2012 (in %)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2 Number of Vehicles

Fig. 2-2Passenger cars:Registrationsby Member State(2001 = 100%)

Market share (in %)

2001 = 100%

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

EU-27

EU-12

Austria

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

United Kingdom

France

Germany

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012


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Fig. 2-3

Passenger cars:Registrations byvehicle segment

Fig. 2-4Passenger cars:Registrationsby vehicle segment(2001 = 100%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Registrations (million)Market share EU-27

in 2012 (in %)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Others

SUV/Off-Road

Van

Sport

Luxury

UpperMedium

Medium

LowerMedium

Small

Mini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Market share (in %)

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

SUV/Off-Road

EU-27

VanSportLuxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower MediumSmall

Mini


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Fig. 2-5

Passenger cars:Registrationsby brand

Fig. 2-6Passenger cars:Registrationsby brand(2001 = 100%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Market share EU-27

in 2012 (in %)

Mercedes-Benz

Others

BMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

FiatPeugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

While in reality many brands are part of a larger group (for example VW, Audi, koda,Seat and others are part of the Volkswagen Group), for this report it was decidedto show each of the brands individually. The reason for this is that brand affiliationshave changed in the past (as for example in the case of Daimler and Chrysler)and may change in the future.

Market share (in %)

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

EU-27

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW



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Fig. 2-7Light-commercialvehicles:Registrations byMember State

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.0

1.4

1.6

2009 2010 20122011

Market share EU-27

in 2012 (in %)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


EU-12

Sweden

Portugal

Others

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

Light-commercial vehicles (N1 category) in the EU are defined as vehicles designedand constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding

3.5 metric tons. They can be further classified into three sub-categories: N1 class Ivehicles with a reference mass (mass in running order plus 25 kg) not exceeding1305 kg; N1 class II vehicles with a reference mass between 1305 and 1760 kg andN1 class III vehicles with a reference mass above 1760 kg.

Tab. 2-1

Vehicle segmentclassification usedfor this report

Segment Example vehicles

Mini Smart fortwo, Fiat Panda, Citron C1Small VW Polo, Mini Cooper, Fiat Punto

Lower Medium VW Golf, Audi A3, Volvo C30, Alfa Romeo 147

Medium BMW 3-series, Mercedes-Benz C-Class, Audi A4, VW Passat

Upper Medium BMW 5-series, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, Audi A6

Luxury BMW 7-series, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Audi A8

Sport BMW Z4, Porsche 911, Mercedes-Benz SLK, Honda S2000

Van Mercedes-Benz Viano, Ford S-MAX, VW Sharan

Sport Utility Vehicle Mitsubishi L200, Nissan Navara, VW Amarok(SUV)/Off-Road

Others VW Transporter-T5, Opel Vivaro, Mercedes-Benz Vito


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Fig. 2-8

Light-commercialvehicles: Registra-tions by brand

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.0

1.4

1.6

2009 2010 20122011

Market share EU-27

in 2012 (in %)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Others

NissanToyota

OpelMercedes-Benz

VW

Ford

Peugeot

Fiat

Citron

Renault

Fig. 2-9Market share,passenger cars /light-commercialvehicles (2012)

Germany

France

EU-27

Passengercars (PC)

(89%)

Light-commercialvehicles (LCV)

(11%)

3,682,000

vehicles

2,224,000

vehicles

13,377,000

vehicles

PC (84%)

PC (93%)

LCV (17%)

LCV (7%)



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Fig. 2-10

Top-sellingpassengercar modelsin EU-27 (2012)

Model/ Sales numbers and market share, EU-27

VW Golf410,961 / 3.4%

184,561 / 1.5%

VW Passat

167,317 / 1.4%

Opel Astra

189,471 / 1.6%

Renault Mgane170,875 / 1.4%

Opel Corsa

232,226 / 2.1%

Ford Focus

199,375 / 1.7%Nissan Qashqai

236,085 / 2.0%

Renault Clio

299,607 / 2.5%

Ford Fiesta

277,528 / 2.3%VW Polo

19.9%

Top-selling models

80.1%

all other models


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59,191 / 4.3%

Citron Berlingo

Fig. 2-11

Top-sellinglight-commercialvehicle modelsin EU-27 (2012)

50.7%

Top-selling models49.3%

all other models

Model/ Sales numbers and market share, EU-27

Ford Transit129,214 / 9.4%

46,712 / 3.4%Renault Trafic

58,284 / 4.3%

Peugeot Partner

59,674 / 4.4%

Renault Master60,096 / 4.4%

Fiat Ducato61,839 / 4.5%

VW Caddy69,539 / 5.1%

VW Transporter69,644 / 5.1%

Renault Kangoo

79,946 / 5.8%

Mercedes Sprinter



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1 car represents100,000 registrations

20112007

2011

2007

2011

2011

20112007 20112007

Germany Italy EU-12 SpainFrance United Kingdom Belgium Netherlands

2007

2011

2011

2007

2007

2007

Fig. 2-12

From the 2012Pocketbook:New passengercar registrations


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2007 2011

2011

2007

2007 2011

2007 2011

Finland GreeceAustria IrelandSweden LuxembourgDenmark Portugal

1 car represents1,000,000 registrations

India

2007 2011

Japan

2007

2011

USA

2007

2011

China

2007

2011

EU-27

2011

2007

2007 20112011

2007

2011

2007 2007

2011



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3 FUEL CONSUMPTION & CO2

60

120

CO2[g/km]

180

Fuel*[l/100 km]

1000

500

6

4

2

1500

Cost*[year]

VW Golf

VW Golf

0

200 40 60 80 100engine power [kW]

BMW 5-series

BMW 1-series

ToyotaPrius

Toyota YarisRenault

Clio

Ford Fiesta

VW Golf

Audi A3

FiatPanda

Citron C3

VW eco up!

VW up!

VW Golf

Toyota Prius

VW Golf

Nissan LeafRenault Fluence

Renault Zoe

VW e-up!smart fortwo

Peugeot iOnRenaultTwizy

2013 EU fleet average:132 g/km (~5.3 l/100 km)

2015 EU fleet target:130 g/km (~5.2 l/ 100 km)

2020 EU fleet target:95 g/km (~3.8 l/ 100 km)

2025 EU fleet target

(European Parliament proposal):6878 g/km (~2.73.1 l/100 km)

top-sellingversion 2006

top-sellingversion 2006

top-sellingversion 2012 top-selling

version 2012

* Assuming gasoline fuel, 15,000 km/year of driving and 1.5 /l fuel price;only tank-to-wheel emission

Data source: (DAT, 2013), manufacturers websites.Only a selection of available vehicles is shown.

GasolineGasoline hybridDieselDiesel hybrid

Natural gasPlug-in hybrid

Full electric


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60

120

CO2[g/km]

180

Fuel*[l/100 km]

1000

500

6

4

2

1500

Cost*[year]

Opel Ampera

Volvo V60

0

120 140 160 180engine power [kW]

300 320

BMW i3

Peugeot 3008

Mercedes-BenzE-class

Mercedes-BenzE-class

PorschePanamera

Fuel consumption, CO2emissions, and annual fuel costs of driving

are directly linked to each other. Today we see a broad variety oftechnologies on the market. However, the models currently in showroomsoffer only a glimpse of what is in development for 2020 and beyond.


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Average CO2emissions of newly registered carsin the EU, normalized to the NEDC test cycle,was 132.2 g/km in 2012.* This is already very closeto the EUs overall 2015 target of 130 g/km.But emission levels vary widely among MemberStates, with Germany at the upper end (143 g/km)and France at the lower end (125 g/km) of thespectrum. Denmark, Portugal and the Netherlandshave the lowest emission levels, with a noticeablysharp decline in the Netherlands since 2007(Fig. 3-6).

In July 2012, the European Commissioncame forward with a regulatory proposal to set a2020 target of 95 g/km for newly registeredcars. This represents a 27% reduction for all manu-facturers, based on their individual 2015 targets.Final adoption of the 2020 regulation is expectedfor late-2013 (Tab. 3-1).

While average CO2emissions have droppedfor all engine technologies, the decrease in emission

levels since 2005 has been particularly strongfor gasoline vehicles. This is in part due to shifts inmarket structure, but also to the fact that theefficiency gap between gasoline and diesel enginescontinues to narrow (135 g/km vs. 133 g/km in 2012).Hybrid-electric vehicles show a lower CO2emissionlevel (97 g/km in 2012) (Fig. 3-9).

* ICCT data on CO2emissions deviates slightly from the official European CommissionCO2monitoring data compiled by EEA and the European Commission (EEA, 2013). Thedeviation is typically about 1% and is due to differences in data collection and definitions.The provisional EU-27 2012 average CO2emission according to EEA was 132.2 g/km.


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Even within the same vehicle model family, CO2emissions can vary significantly. For the VW Golf,the most efficient model version emits 85 g/kmof CO2(equivalent to 3.2 l/100 km), comparedto 190 g/km (8.2 l/100 km) for the least efficientversion (Fig. 3-10).

Changes since 2001 in key vehicle parameterssuch as engine power, displacement and vehicleweight illustrate significant developments in auto-motive design over the past decade. CO2emissionshave decreased significantly, even as average

mass has increased. At the same time, manufacturersare extracting more and more power from smallerengines. Both of these developments imply that lowerCO2emissions would be possible if vehicle weightand engine size were reduced (Fig. 3-18).

3 Fuel Consumption & CO2


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Fig. 3-2Passenger cars:CO2emissionsand market shareby brand (2012)

2015 target2012 average

Average CO2emissions (g/km)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cumulative market share, EU-27 (in %)

Smart

Lancia

Fiat

SeatToyota

Citron

AlfaRom

eo

Mini

Peugeot

Renault

Suzuki

Hyu

nda

i

Ford

Opel

Kia

VWSkoda

Va

uxhall

Chevrole

t

Dac

ia

Nissa

n

Honda

MazdaA

udi

Mitsubishi

BMW

Volvo

Mercedes-Benz

Others

Land Rover

100

90

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

Fig. 3-1

Passenger cars:CO2emissionsand market shareby Member State(2012)

EU-12

Luxembourg

FinlandSw

edenAustria

Netherlands

Belgium

Greece

Spain

Italy

Ireland

UnitedKingdom

France

Germ

any

Denm

ark

Portugal


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


2015 target

2012 average

110

120

130

140

150


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Fig. 3-3

Light-commercialvehicles: CO2emissions andmarket share byMember State(2012)

Fig. 3-4Light-commercialvehicles: CO2emissions andmarket shareby brand (2012)

EU-12

Spain

Greece

Denm

ark

Ireland

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Portugal

Belgium

Sweden

Netherlands

Austria

Finland

Luxembourg Germany

2017 target

2012 average


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


150

160

170

180

190

200

2017 target

2012 average


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Mercedes-Benz

Others

Toyota

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Nissan

Renault

V

W

Vauxhall

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230



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Fig. 3-6

Passenger cars:CO2emissionsby Member State

Fig. 3-7Passenger cars:CO2emissionsby vehicle segment

Spain

Italy

United Kingdom

France

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


Netherlands

EU-272015 average target

Germany


100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

SUV/Off-Road

All segments

2015 average target

Van

Sport

Luxury

Upper MediumMedium

Lower MediumSmall

Mini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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30


Fig. 3-9Passenger cars:CO2emissions byengine technology


Diesel (PC)

Gasolinehybrid-electric (PC)

Gasoline (PC)All (PC)

2015 averagetarget (PC)

All (LCV)2017 averagetarget (LCV)

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 3-8

Passenger cars:CO2emissionsby brand


120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

All brands

2015 average target

Mercedes-Benz

BMWAudi

Opel

CitronFiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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31

Mercedes-Benz E 63 AMG 4MATIC(highest-CO2version)10.5 l/100 km (gasoline)

246Mercedes-Benz E 300 Hybrid(lowest-CO2version)4.1 l/ 100 km (diesel-hybrid)

107

Fig. 3-10

Selected passengercar models in 2012

CO2emissions (g/km)/ Model and fuel consumption

Bugatti Grand Sport24.9 l/100 km (gasoline)596

VW Golf 2.0 R TSI(highest-CO2version)8.2 l/100 km (gasoline)

190VW Golf 1.3 TDI BlueMotion(lowest-CO2version)3.2 l/ 100 km (diesel)

85

Smart fortwo 75 kW BRABUS(highest-CO2version)5.2 l/ 100 km (gasoline)

119 Smart fortwo cdi 40 kW(lowest-CO2version)3.3 l/ 100 km (diesel)

87Data source: (DAT, 2013), manufacturers websites



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32


Fig. 3-11

Light-commercialvehicles: CO2emissions byMember State

Fig. 3-12Light-commercialvehicles: CO2emissions by brand

2009 2010 20122011


France

United Kingdom

Italy

Spain

Belgium

Netherlands

EU-27

Germany

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

Portugal

2017 averagetarget

Sweden

EU-12


All brands

Mercedes-Benz

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

ToyotaNissan

2017 averagetarget

2009 2010 20122011


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Fig. 3-13

New vehicles:Market share byCO2emissions(2005 and 2012)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Market share (%)


Passengercars 2012

Passengercars 2005

Light-commercialvehicles 2012



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Fig. 3-15Passenger cars:Sales-weightedcorrelation CO2emissions andvehicle footprint


70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

Marketaverage

scatter-plot

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Footprint (m2)

2008200920102011

2012

The footprint of a vehicle is defined as the product of track width and wheelbase.

Data for footprint is only available for 2008 to 2012. The dots in Figure 3-14 andFigure 3-15 represent vehicle model families.

Fig. 3-14

Passenger cars:Sales-weightedcorrelationCO2emissionsand vehicle mass


70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500


2001

2002200320042005

2012

20062007200820092010

Marketaverage

scatter-plot

2011

The sales-weighted correlation between CO2and vehicle mass is flattening over time,so that a vehicle with the same mass tends to produce less CO2in 2012 than in 2001.At the same time the average vehicle mass has increased from 2001 to 2012. If vehiclemass had stayed constant at about 1270 kg the average CO2emission in 2012 wouldlikely have been close to 120 g/km instead of 132 g/km, according to the correlationshown in Figure 3-14.


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Fig. 3-16

Passenger cars:CO2emissionsvs. vehicle mass

Fig. 3-17Passenger cars:CO2emissions vs.engine displace-ment

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

AverageCO2emissions (g/km)


2011

2012

2009

2008

2007

2006

2002

2001

2010

20052004

2003

1250 1275 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400 1425

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

AverageCO2emissions (g/km)

1600 1625 1650 1675 1700 1725 1750

Engine displacement (cm3)

2011

2012

2009

2008

2007

2001

2005

2003

2010

2006

2004

2002



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36


Fig. 3-18

Passenger cars:CO2emissions andtechnical parame-ters (2001 = 100%)

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

All passenger cars (in %)

CO2

weight

engine power

enginedisplacement2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Segment: Mini (in %)

CO2

weight

engine power

enginedisplacement

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Segment: Small (in %)

CO2

weight

engine power

enginedisplacement

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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37

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Segment: Lower Medium (in %)

CO2

weight

engine power

enginedisplacement

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Segment: Medium (in %)

CO2

weight

engine power

enginedisplacement

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Segment: Upper Medium (in %)

CO2

weight

engine power

enginedisplacement

2001 = 100%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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38


Fig. 3-19

From the 2012Pocketbook:Average CO

2

emissions byMember State

Unite

dKingdom

France

Spain

EU-12

Belgium

Netherland

s

Italy

Swed

en

Austria

Greec

e

Portu

gal

Irelan

d

Denmark

Finland

Lu

xe

mbou

rg

Germ

any

20%

ofth

emarke

t

2007

EU-27 2015 Target

130 g/km

EU-27 2007 Average159 g/km

Highest CO2value

183 g/km

Lowest CO2value143 g/km

CO2emission (in g/km)

100

50

200

150


40/117

39

Germany

24%

ofth

em

arket

Ireland

Unite

dKing

dom

France

Spain

EU-12

Belgium

Netherland

s

Italy

Sweden

Austria

G

reece

P

ortug

al

Denmark

F

inland

Lu

xe

m

bou

rg

2011

Highest CO2value147 g/kmLowest CO2value

126 g/km

EU-27 2015 Target

130 g/km

EU-27 2011 Average136 g/km

CO2emission (in g/km)

100

50

200

150



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40


4 TECHNOLOGIES

Toyota Honda Lexus Peugeot Opel Citroen Audi Porsche Mercedes-Benz

Porsche Cayenne

1% 1%Audi Q5

1%Mercedes-Benz E-series

1%Lexus GS 450

1%Honda CR-Z

Citroen DS52%

Honda Insight2%

Opel Ampera4%

Honda Jazz4%

Lexus RX 4505%

Peugeot 30085%

6%Peugeot 508

Toyota Prius Alpha7%

Lexus CT-series11%

Toyota Auris15% Toyota Prius

16%Toyota Yaris

16%

Honda Insight5%

Toyota Prius95%

1%Mercedes-Benz S-series Lexus GS 450

1%

Lexus RX 4005%

Lexus RX 4507%

Toyota Prius53%

Honda Insight20%

Honda Civic12%

2012: 131,700

2001: 2,200

New hybrid cars in the EU

2009: 72,500


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41

25%

50%

75%

100%

25%

50%

75%

100%

25%

50%

75%

100%

25%

50%

75%

100%

While in 2001 only two hybrid vehicle models were offered in the EU, and

only about 2,000 were sold, more than 30 hybrid models are now onoffer and more than 130,000 are sold. Still, hybrid vehicles make up only1 % of new vehicle sales in the EU. In Japan, every fifth car sold is a hybrid.

EU-27 Netherlands

USA Japan

2001

2009

2012

Gasoline Diesel Hybrid Natural gas Electric

(highest share of hybridvehicles in the EU)


43/117


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43

Fig. 4-1

Passenger cars:Market share,diesel vehicles byMember State

Fig. 4-2Passenger cars:Market share,gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles byMember State

EU-27

Austria

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

United Kingdom

France

Germany

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Market share, diesel vehicles (in %)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

EU-27

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Italy

United Kingdom

France

Germany

0

1

2

3

4

5


2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

4 Technologies


45/117

44


Fig. 4-3

Passenger cars:Market share,natural gas vehicles(mono- andbivalent) byMember State

Fig. 4-4Passenger cars:Market share,ethanol vehiclesby Member State

EU-27

Belgium

Spain

Italy

United KingdomFrance

Germany

0

5

10

15

20

25

Market share, natural gas vehicles (in %)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

EU-27

SpainItalyUnited Kingdom

France

Germany

0

5

10

15

20

25

Market share, ethanol vehicles (in %)

Sweden

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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45

4 Technologies

Fig. 4-6Passenger cars:Market share,gasoline hybrid-electric vehiclesby brand

Mercedes-Benz

BMWAudi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

FordRenault

VW

Toyota

All brands


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 4-5

Passenger cars:Market share,diesel vehiclesby brand

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Mercedes-Benz

BMWAudi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

RenaultVWAll brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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46


Fig. 4-7

Passenger cars:Market share,natural gas vehicles(mono- andbivalent) by brand

Mercedes-BenzBMWAudi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

RenaultVW

All brands

0

4

8

12

16

20

Market share, natural gas vehicles (in %)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 4-8Passenger cars:Market share,ethanol vehiclesby brand

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

Volvo

All brands

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Market share, ethanol vehicles (in %)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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47

4 Technologies

Fig. 4-9

Passenger cars:Market share,diesel vehiclesby segment


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

SUV/Off-Road

Van

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower Medium

All segments

Small

Mini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 4-10Light-commercialvehicles: Marketshare, fuelsby Member State

EU-27

Italy

Diesel(97%)

Diesel(91%)

Gasoline(2%)

Gasoline(4%)

Natural Gas(1%)

Natural Gas(5%)

1,368,000

sales

101,800

sales


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48


Fig. 4-11

Passenger cars:Market share,vehicles withautomatic trans-mission bysegment

Market share, vehicles with automatic transmission (in %)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

SUV/Off-Road

Van

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower MediumAll segments

SmallMini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 4-12Passenger cars:Market share,vehicles with rear-wheel drive bybrand

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Market share, vehicles with rear wheel drive (in %)

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

AudiOpel

CitronFiat

PeugeotFord

RenaultVW

All brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


50/117

49

4 Technologies

Fig. 4-14Passenger cars:Market share ofgasoline vehicleswith direct injectionby brand

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

Audi

CitronPeugeot

Ford

OpelFiatRenault

VW

All brands

Market share, gasoline vehicles with direct injection (in %)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 4-13

Passenger cars:Market share,vehicles withall-wheel driveby segment

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Van

Sport

SUV/Off-RoadLuxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower Medium

All segments

SmallMini

Market share, vehicles with all-wheel drive (in %)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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50


Fig. 4-15

From the 2012Pocketbook:New vehiclesmarket share oftechnologies/fuels

United KingdomItaly

Belgium France

Portugal

Ireland

Spain

Austria

Sweden

75%

5%


52/117

51

India China

JapanUSA

EU-27

Hybrid

Gasoline

40%

16%

1%


53/117

52


5 KEY TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Size (footprint)

4 m2

4.2 m2(+5%)

Passenger Cars

EU

US

Market share

Weight*

1330 kg

1440 kg (+8%)

* Normalized to curb weight. For a detailed explanation of vehicle weightdefinitions see: http://www.theicct.org/inertia-classes-proposal Data source: (EPA, 2013), ICCT
http://www.theicct.org/inertia-classes-proposalhttp://www.theicct.org/inertia-classes-proposal


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53

Cars in the US are about 8 % heavier on average than in the EU. At thesame time they are about 5 % larger. As a result, the weight per m2

is about the same. Light-commercial vehicles make up only 10 % of thevehicle fleet in the EU, while light trucks (the closest U.S.-equivalentvehicle category), represent 35 % of the market in the U.S.

5.1 m2

5.1 m2

Size (footprint)

Light-commercial vehicles/light trucks

Market share

EU

US

Weight*

1680 kg

2030 kg (+ 21 %)


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54


The years 2001 to 2012 saw a consistent rise inaverage engine power across all countries,brands, and segments that amounts to a significantchange over time. Statistics on vehicle mass andCO2emissions show that those countries and brandswith bigger, heavier fleets also have the mostpowerful fleets, and vice versa. Germanys fleet issignificantly more powerful than the EU average(101 kW vs. 89 kW), while BMW, Mercedes-Benz,and Audi produce cars even further above the averageat 138 kW, 127 kW and 122 kW respectively (all sales

weighted averages). At the other end of the scale, theFrench, Italian and Dutch fleets all come in aroundor below 80 kW, while Fiats average barely exceeds60 kW. The power figures also display the effects ofthe economic crisis, with almost all countries averagepower dipping significantly between 2008 and 2010(Fig. 5-1and Fig. 5-2).


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55

Both engine displacement and average number ofcylinders are decreasing, especially since 2007.Partly this is another effect of the economic crisis,but it also signals an underlying technical trend:improved combustion processes and turbochargingallow manufacturers to extract more power fromsmaller engines. Thus, manufacturers are able tosubstitute a 4-cylinder engine for a 6-cylinder, and togenerally reduce engine displacement (Fig. 5-5toFig. 5-12).

Increases in passenger car mass over the last

decade, led by Sweden (1580 kg in 2012) and Germany(1489 kg), echo the pattern set by engine power(Fig. 5-13). Overall, the rate of increase in mass is lowerthan that of engine power, resulting in a trend ofincreased power-to-weight ratio across the board, andthus higher acceleration and top speed performance(Fig. 5-21).

5 Key Technical Parameters


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56


Fig. 5-1

Passenger cars:Engine powerby Member State

Fig. 5-2Passenger cars:Engine powerby brand

Engine power (kW)

EU-27

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

PeugeotFord

Renault

VWAll brands

Engine power (kW)

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


58/117


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58


Fig. 5-5

Passenger cars:Engine displace-ment by MemberState

Fig. 5-6Passenger cars:Engine displace-ment by brand

EU-27

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900


2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

1300

1500

1700

1900

2100

2300

2500

Mercedes-BenzBMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VWAll brands


2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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59

Fig. 5-7

Passenger cars:Engine displace-ment by segment

Fig. 5-8New vehicles:Engine displace-ment by type ofvehicle and enginetechnology

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

SUV/Off-Road

Van

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium


Small

Mini


2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

Diesel (PC)


Gasoline (PC)

All (PC)

Diesel (LCV)


2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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60


Fig. 5-9

Passenger cars:Number ofcylinders byMember State

Fig. 5-10Passenger cars:Number ofcylinders by brand

3.8

3.9

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

Number of cylinders

EU-27

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Number of cylinders

3.5

3.7

3.9

4.1

4.3

4.5

4.7

4.9

5.1

5.3

5.5

Mercedes-Benz

BMWAudi

Opel

CitronFiatPeugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

All brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


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61

Fig. 5-11

Passenger cars:Number ofcylinders bysegment

Fig. 5-12New vehicles:Number ofcylinders by typeof vehicle andengine technology

Number of cylinders

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

SUV/Off-Road

Van

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower Medium

All segments

SmallMini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Number of cylinders

3.8

3.9

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

Diesel (PC)


Gasoline (PC)

All (PC)Diesel (LCV)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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62


Fig. 5-13

Passenger cars:Vehicle massin running orderby Member State

Fig. 5-14Passenger cars:Vehicle massin running orderby brand

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

1500

1550

1600


EU-27

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Sweden

Germany

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700 Mercedes-BenzBMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

PeugeotFord

Renault

VWAll brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Vehicle mass in running order in the EU is defined as mass of the empty vehicle plus75 kg of weight for the driver and some luggage, 90% of the fuel capacity and 100 %of the capacity of other liquid containing systems (like water or oil). The weight ofoptional equipment for the vehicle is not included.


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63

Fig. 5-15

Passenger cars:Vehicle massin running orderby segment

Fig. 5-16Passenger cars:Vehicle mass inrunning order bytype of vehicle andengine technology


800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

SUV/Off-RoadVan

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium


Small

Mini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

Diesel (PC)


Gasoline (PC)

All (PC)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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64


Fig. 5-17

Passenger cars:Vehicle pan-areaby brand

Fig. 5-18Passenger cars:Vehicle pan-areaby segment

6.00

6.25

6.50

6.75

7.00

7.25

7.50

7.75

8.00

8.25

8.50

Pan-area (m2)

Mercedes-BenzBMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

All brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Pan-area (m2)

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

10.5

11.0

SUV/Off-RoadVan

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium


Small

Mini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Pan-area is defined as length x width of a vehicle. It is also called shadow of a vehicleand an indicator for the size of a vehicle. Another indicator is footprint, defined astrack width x wheelbase of a vehicle.


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Fig. 5-19

Passenger cars:Average footprintby brand

Fig. 5-20Passenger cars:Average footprintby segment

Average footprint (m2)

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

RenaultVWAll brands

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Average footprint (m2)

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

SUV/Off-Road

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower Medium

All segments

Small

Mini

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Power-to-weight ratio (kW/metric ton)

SUV/Off-Road

Van

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium

Lower Medium

All segments

SmallMini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Power-to-weight ratio (kW/metric ton)

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

Diesel (PC)


Gasoline (PC)All (PC)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 5-21

Passenger cars:Power-to-weightratio by segment

Fig. 5-22Passenger cars:Power-to-weightratio by enginetechnology

The power-to-weight ratio is an indicator of the amount of engine power of a vehiclein comparison to its weight.


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Fig. 5-23

Passenger cars:Number of gearsby segment


Market share, number of gears (in %)

25

0

50

75

100

2008

2012

2008

2012

2008

2012

2008

2012

2008

2012

2008

2012

All

segments Mini Small

Lower

Medium Medium

Upper

Medium

8

7

6

5

4

0


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Fig. 5-24

Passenger cars:Vehicle price (incl.tax, unadjustedfor inflation) bybrand

Fig. 5-25Passenger cars:Vehicle price (incl.tax, unadjustedfor inflation) bysegment

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

Vehicle price incl. tax, unadjusted for inflation (EUR)

Mercedes-BenzBMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

PeugeotFord

Renault

VWAll brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

110,000

SUV/Off-RoadVan

Sport

Luxury

Upper Medium

Medium


SmallMini

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Sales taxes in the EU are between 18% and 27%. In addition to the general tax, someMember States have also introduced a special sales or registration tax for newcars. For more details, see the ACEA tax guide (ACEA, 2012). The data in this reportwere not adjusted for differences in the level of taxation between Member States.Furthermore, the data were not adjusted for inflation.


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Fig. 5-26

Passenger cars:Vehicle price (incl.tax, unadjusted forinflation) by enginetechnology

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000


Diesel (PC)


Gasoline (PC)

All (PC)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011



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China

Italy

FranceDenmark

PortugalEU-12

EU-27

Netherlands

Japan

Greece

India



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6 OTHER EMISSIONS & ON-ROAD

on-road7.3 l/100 km or 1,650 /year

official6.8 l/100 km or 1,500 /year

+7%

Fuel consumption 2001

2020 target3.8 l/100km or 850 /year

http://www.theicct.org/laboratory-roadAssuming a conversion factor of 2.5 kg CO

2/l (50% gasoline/diesel),

15,000 km/year of driving and 1 .5 /l fuel price
http://www.theicct.org/laboratory-roadhttp://www.theicct.org/laboratory-road


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The average official fuel consumption of new cars in the EU decreasedfrom about 6.8 l/100 km in 2001 to 5.4 l/100 km in 2011. Recent analysis(ICCT, 2013a) of nearly half a million vehicles shows that on-road fuel

consumption did not decrease to the same extent. Instead, the gapbetween official (laboratory tested) values and the real-world drivingexperience of vehicle owners increased from about 7 % to 23 %.

Fuel consumption 2011

on-road6.7 l/100 km or 1,500 /year

official5.4 l /100 km or 1,200 /year

+23%

2020 target3.8 l/100km or 850 /year


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Market share (in %)

0

20

40

60

80

100 Euro 6

Euro 5

Euro 4

Euro 3

Euro 2

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

About 91% of all new cars sold in the EU in 2012 wereEuro 5 vehicles. A limited number of vehicle modelsare already in compliance with Euro 6 (to enterinto force in 2014), but their market share remainsbelow 1% (Fig. 6-1).

The progression from Euro 3 to Euro 5 resultedin significantly lower emission limits for nitrogen oxide(NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Emissions,as measured in the NEDC test cycle, are generally incompliance with these limits (Fig. 6-4to Fig. 6-6).But recent studies have found evidence that real-world

(i.e., on-road, not inside vehicle testing laboratories)measured emissions, and NOxdiesel emissionsin particular, have not decreased to the same extent(Carslaw et al., 2011). For fuel consumption and CO2a similar development can be seen, with a discrepancybetween laboratory and on-road fuel consumptionof around 23% in 2011 (ICCT, 2013a).

Fig. 6-1Passenger cars:Market shareemission standards


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Fig. 6-3Passenger cars:Market share,Euro 5 vehiclesby brand

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Market share, Euro 5 vehicles (in %)

Mercedes-Benz

BMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

All brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Fig. 6-2

Passenger cars:Market share,Euro 4 vehiclesby brand

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Market share, Euro 4 vehicles (in %)

Mercedes-BenzBMW

Audi

Opel

Citron

Fiat

Peugeot

Ford

Renault

VW

All brands

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

All emission levels as tested in the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC). Emissions levels

in real-world driving may differ from the test cycle values. CO:Carbon monoxide;HC:Hydrocarbon; NMHC:Nonmethane hydrocarbon; NOx:Nitrogen oxide; HC+NOx:Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide; PM:Particulate matter

6 Other Emissions & On-road


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Fig. 6-4

Passenger cars:NOxemission level,diesel vehiclesby Member State

Fig. 6-5Passenger cars:NOxemission level,gasoline vehiclesby Member State

0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

NOxemission levels, diesel vehicles

EU-27

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

FranceGermany

Euro 3 limit

Euro 3 vehicles

Euro 4 vehicles

Euro 4 limit

Euro 5 limit

Euro 5 vehicles

Euro 6 vehicles

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

EU-27

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

France

Germany

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

NOxemission levels, gasoline vehicles

Euro 3 limit

Euro 4 limit

Euro 5 limit

Euro 3 vehicles

Euro 4 vehicles Euro 5/6 vehicles

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Vehicles with a previous emission standard registered in the years after a new

standard is introduced were excluded from the analysis.


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Fig. 6-6

Passenger cars:PM emission level,diesel vehiclesby Member State

EU-27

Spain

Italy

UnitedKingdom

FranceGermany

PM emission levels, diesel vehicles (g/km)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05Euro 3 limit

Euro 3 vehicles

Euro 4 limit

Euro 5 limit

Euro 5/6 vehicles

Euro 4 vehicles

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

2011

Tab. 6-1EU emission limitsfor gasoline anddiesel passengercars

EU emission limits for gasoline passenger cars (in g/km)

Effective date* CO HC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM PN

Euro 3 Jan 2000 2.30 0.20 0.15

Euro 4 Jan 2005 1.00 0.10 0.08

Euro 5 Sep 2009 1.00 0.10 0.068 0.06 0.0050

Euro 6 Sep 2014 1.00 0.10 0.068 0.06 0.0045 6.0 x 1011**

EU emission limits for diesel passenger cars (in g/km)

Effective date* CO HC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM PN

Euro 3 Jan 2000 0.64 0.50 0.56 0.0500

Euro 4 Jan 2005 0.50 0.25 0.30 0.0250

Euro 5 Sep 2009 0.50 0.18 0.23 0.0050

Euro 6 Sep 2014 0.50 0.08 0.17 0.0045 6.0 x 1011**

* For new vehicle types** 6.0 1012within first three years from Euro 6 effective dates.Applies only to diesel and direct-injection gasoline cars.

Emission limits for light-commercial (N1) vehicles class I are identical to passenger car

limits listed in Tab. 6-1. N1 class II and N1 class III emission limits are not listed here.

http://www.transportpolicy.net

http://www.transportpolicy.net/http://www.transportpolicy.net/http://www.transportpolicy.net/http://www.transportpolicy.net/


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Fig. 6-7

From the 2012Pocketbook:Nitrogen oxideemissions Gasoline Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (in g/km)

Euro 3

2000

0.2

0.15

Euro 4

2005

0.1

0.08

Euro 52009

0.050.06


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Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (in g/km)Diesel

Euro 3

2000

1.0

0.5

Euro 4

2005

0.8

0.25

Euro 52009

0.8

0.18

On-road measured value(Carslaw, 2011)

Euro emission limit



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Remarks on Data Sources

With the adoption of the EU regulation setting CO2emission performance standards for new passengercars (Regulation (EC) No. 443/2009) and light-commercial vehicles (Regulation (EC) No. 510/2011)Member States are required to report certain detailsfor each new vehicle registered in their territory.The information is then compiled and published bythe European Environmental Agency (EEA) on behalf

of the European Commission. The first statisticalreport for passenger cars was published in 2011,and the first report for light-commercial vehicles in2013. Before the adoption of Regulation (EC) No.443/2009, Decision No. 1753/2000/EC was in place,which established the scheme for monitoring theaverage specific CO2emissions from new passengercars. Therefore, official EU CO2monitoring datafor new passenger cars is available from the year

2000 onwards. While these data collectionsare an important step forward in making transparentand detailed vehicle market statistics for Europeavailable to the general public, the amount ofinformation included is limited to a few parameters,such as number of registrations, manufacturer,fuel type, CO2emission, and vehicle mass.


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The basis for the statistics shown in this report is adatabase compiled by the ICCT. It includes technicalinformation, emission levels, and registration vol-umes at a car variant level. Sources of informationinclude data obtained by R. L. Polk from variousregistration authorities, as well as car manufacturersand importers associations, data from the UnitedKingdom Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA),

the German Kraftfahrtbundesamt (KBA),AutomobilRevue, and information provided directly bymanufacturers and suppliers. The kopol-Instituteprovided assistance to the ICCT in processing rawdata, linking various data sources, carrying outquality checks and filling data gaps. Data includedin this report are aggregated to a great extentand only intended to illustrate high-level trends.It is not to be considered official data and does not

provide the same level of precision as the EC CO2monitoring data.

For light-commercial vehicles only 2009 to 2012data are available.

For the United States, the Environmental Protec-tion Agency (US EPA) is in charge of releasing a similarannual publication that includes trends on vehicletechnologies, CO2emissions and fuel economy from1975 onward (EPA, 2013).

Annex


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Annex

Fig. 3-10 31Selected passenger car models in 2012

Fig. 3-11 32Light-commercial vehicles:CO2emissions by Member State

Fig. 3-12 32Light-commercial vehicles:CO2emissions by brand

Fig. 3-13 33New vehicles: Market shareby CO2emissions (2005 and 2012)

Fig. 3-14 34

Passenger cars: Sales-weighted correlationCO2emissions and vehicle mass

Fig. 3-15 34Passenger cars: Sales-weighted correlationCO2emissions and vehicle footprint

Fig. 3-16 35Passenger cars: CO2emissionsvs. vehicle mass

Fig. 3-17 35Passenger cars: CO2emissions

vs. engine displacementFig. 3-18 36Passenger cars: CO2emissions andtechnical parameters (2001 = 100%)

Fig. 3-19 38From the 2012 Pocketbook:Average CO2emissions by Member State

Fig. 4-1 43Passenger cars: Market share,diesel vehicles by Member State

Fig. 4-2 43Passenger cars: Market share, gasolinehybrid-electric vehicles by Member State

Fig. 4-3 44Passenger cars: Market share,natural gas vehicles (mono- and bivalent)by Member State

Fig. 4-4 44Passenger cars: Market share,ethanol vehicles by Member State

Fig. 4-5 45Passenger cars: Market share,diesel vehicles by brand

Fig. 4-6 45Passenger cars: Market share,gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles by brand

Fig. 4-7 46Passenger cars: Market share, natural gasvehicles (mono- and bivalent) by brand

Fig. 4-8 46Passenger cars: Market share,ethanol vehicles by brand

Fig. 4-9 47Passenger cars: Market share,diesel vehicles by segment

Fig. 4-10 47Light-commercial vehicles: Market share,fuels by Member State

Fig. 4-11 48Passenger cars: Market share, vehicleswith automatic transmission by segment

Fig. 4-12 48Passenger cars: Market share,vehicles with rear-wheel drive by brand

Fig. 4-13 49

Passenger cars: Market share,vehicles with all-wheel drive by segment

Fig. 4-14 49Passenger cars: Market share of gasolinevehicles with direct injection by brand

Fig. 4-15 50From the 2012 Pocketbook: New vehiclesmarket share of technologies/fuels

Fig. 5-1 56Passenger cars: Engine powerby Member State

Fig. 5-2 56Passenger cars: Engine power by brand

Fig. 5-3 57Passenger cars: Engine power by segment

Fig. 5-4 57New vehicles: Engine power by typeof vehicle and engine technology

Fig. 5-5 58Passenger cars: Engine displacement

by Member StateFig. 5-6 58Passenger cars: Engine displacementby brand


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Fig. 5-7 59Passenger cars: Engine displacementby segment

Fig. 5-8 59New vehicles: Engine displacementby type of vehicle and engine technology

Fig. 5-9 60Passenger cars: Number of cylindersby Member State

Fig. 5-10 60Passenger cars: Number of cylindersby brand

Fig. 5-11 61Passenger cars: Number of cylindersby segment

Fig. 5-12 61New vehicles: Number of cylindersby type of vehicle and engine technology

Fig. 5-13 62Passenger cars: Vehicle mass in runningorder by Member State

Fig. 5-14 62

Passenger cars: Vehicle mass in runningorder by brand

Fig. 5-15 63Passenger cars: Vehicle mass in runningorder by segment

Fig. 5-16 63Passenger cars: Vehicle mass in runningorder by type of vehicle and enginetechnology

Fig. 5-17 64Passenger cars: Vehicle pan-area by brand

Fig. 5-18 64Passenger cars: Vehicle pan-areaby segment

Fig. 5-19 65Passenger cars: Average footprintby brand

Fig. 5-20 65Passenger cars: Average footprintby segment

Fig. 5-21 66Passenger cars: Power-to-weight ratioby segment

Fig. 5-22 66Passenger cars: Power-to-weight ratioby engine technology

Fig. 5-23 67Passenger cars: Number of gearsby segment

Fig. 5-24 68Passenger cars: Vehicle price (incl. tax,unadjusted for inflation) by brand

Fig. 5-25 68Passenger cars: Vehicle price (incl. tax,unadjusted for inflation) by segment

Fig. 5-26 69Passenger cars: Vehicle price (incl. tax,unadjusted for inflation) by enginetechnology

Fig. 5-27 70From the 2012 Pocketbook:Average weight of new cars in 2011

Fig. 6-1 74Passenger cars: Market share emissionstandards

Fig. 6-2 75Passenger cars: Market share,Euro 4 vehicles by brand

Fig. 6-3 75Passenger cars: Market share,Euro 5 vehicles by brand

Fig. 6-4 76Passenger cars: NOxemission level,diesel vehicles by Member State

Fig. 6-5 76Passenger cars: NO

xemission level,

gasoline vehicles by Member State

Fig. 6-6 77Passenger cars: PM emission level,diesel vehicles by Member State

Tab. 6-1 77EU emission limits for gasolineand diesel passenger cars

Fig. 6-7 78From the 2012 Pocketbook:Nitrogen oxide emissions


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ACEA Association des Constructeurs Europens dAutomobiles(European Automobile Manufacturers Association)

BEV Battery Electric Vehicles

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

EC European Commission

EEA European Environment Agency

EU European Union

EU-12 All 12 EU Member States having joined the EU between 1995 and 2007

EU-27 All 27 EU Member States

HC Hydrocarbon

KBA Kraftfahrtbundesamt

LCV Light-commercial vehicles

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas

PC Passenger carsNEDC New European Driving Cycle

NMHC Non-methane hydrocarbon

NOx Nitrogen oxides

PM Particulate matter

SUV Sports Utility Vehicle

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

VCA Vehicle Certification Agency

WLTP Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure

Abbreviations

Annex


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Association des Constructeurs Europens d'Automobiles (ACEA)(2012).ACEA tax guide 2012.

Carslaw et al. (2011). Recent evidence concerning higher NOxemissions from passenger cars and light duty vehicles.

Journal of Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011) 7053-7063.

Deutsche Automobil Treuhand GmbH (DAT) (2013).Leitfaden ber den Kraftstoffverbrauch, die CO2-Emissionen

und den Stromverbrauch aller neuen Personenkraftwagen-modelle, die in Deutschland zum Verkauf angeboten werden.Ausgabe 2013, 3. Quartal.

European Environmental Agency (EEA) (2013). Monitoring CO2emissions from new passenger cars in the EU: Summary of data

for 2012.Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/monitoring-co2-emissions-from-new-cars

European Environmental Agency (EEA) (2013). Monitoring CO2emissions from vans in the EU: Data for 2012.Retrieved from

http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/vans

International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2011).Evaluation of parameter-based vehicle emissions targets in the

EU.Retrieved from http://www.theicct.org/evaluation-parameter-based-vehicle-emissions-targets-eu

International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2013a).From Laboratory to Road.Retrieved from http://www.theicct.org/laboratory-road

International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2013b).Global transportation roadmap.Retrieved fromhttp://www.theicct.org/global-transportation-roadmap-model

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (2013).Transportation Energy Futures Project.Retrieved fromhttp://www.nrel.gov/analysis/transportation_futures/index.html

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2013).Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions,

and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2012.EPA-420-R-13-001.

Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm

References
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/monitoring-co2-emissions-from-new-carshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/monitoring-co2-emissions-from-new-carshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/vanshttp://www.theicct.org/evaluation-parameter-based-vehicle-emissions-targets-euhttp://www.theicct.org/evaluation-parameter-based-vehicle-emissions-targets-euhttp://www.theicct.org/laboratory-roadhttp://www.theicct.org/laboratory-roadhttp://www.theicct.org/global-transportation-roadmap-modelhttp://www.nrel.gov/analysis/transportation_futures/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/analysis/transportation_futures/index.htmlhttp://www.theicct.org/global-transportation-roadmap-modelhttp://www.theicct.org/laboratory-roadhttp://www.theicct.org/laboratory-roadhttp://www.theicct.org/evaluation-parameter-based-vehicle-emissions-targets-euhttp://www.theicct.org/evaluation-parameter-based-vehicle-emissions-targets-euhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/vanshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/monitoring-co2-emissions-from-new-carshttp://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/monitoring-co2-emissions-from-new-cars


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2012Passenger cars

EU-27 12,008,247 100 25,584 55 1.1 1.9 0.2 0.16 19 80 7 11 25 91 0.7 89 1642 4.0 10.5 16.6 5.6 12.0 10.9 1402 1864

Germany 3,082,352 26 28,483 48 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.12 26 73 12 15 41 90 1.3 101 1756 4.1 10.4 16.5 5.8 11.3 9 .9 1489 1950

United Kingdom 2,039,986 17 26,267 51 1.2 0 0 0.09 25 79 11 10 17 88 0.4 93 1673 4.0 10.7 16.5 5.7 11.9 10.4 1396 1858

France 1,860,524 15 24,139 73 1.3 0.1 0.4 0.32 16 89 3 8 12 94 0.6 81 1592 4.0 10.5 16.6 5.5 12.5 11.6 1342 1822

Italy 1,396 ,079 12 21,514 53 0.5 12.9 0 0.04 11 85 5 11 6 95 0.7 77 1511 3.9 10.7 16.6 5.5 13.4 11.5 1313 1745

EU-12 758,774 6 20,600 42 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.09 8 73 2 12 22 92 0.5 87 1620 4.0 10.4 16.6 5.5 12.1 10.9 1389 1864

Spain 699,589 6 23,786 69 1.4 0 0 0.07 9 86 5 9 19 85 0.6 85 4.0 10.6 16.6 5.6 12.4 11.3 1410 1869

Netherlands 502,541 4 24,123 28 4.5 1.8 0.1 0.76 21 92 5 3 29 94 0.2 79 1438 3.8 10.6 16.4 5.5 11.9 11.6 1252 1714

Belgium 486,736 4 25,215 69 1.0 0.1 0 0.17 12 84 8 8 16 85 1.0 84 1634 4.0 10.6 16.6 5.6 12.6 11.6 1430 1907

Aust

eu vehiclemarket pocketbook 2013

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