eulat project: a proposal to enhance livestock and … · eulat - project the aim of the study was...

EULAT project: a proposal

to enhance livestock and

dairy products

MILENA BRASCA

CNR - ISTITUTO DI SCIENZE DELLE PRODUZIONI ALIMENTARI

7th European Farmhouse and Artisan Cheesemakers Congress – Milan, 15-10-15

CNR - Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari - Sezione di Milano

Milena Brasca, Giovanna Battelli, Marilù Decimo, Stefano Morandi

CRA - Centro di Ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie - Lodi

Milena Povolo

Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica

Silvana Mattiello, Elena Andreoli, Monica Battini

Università degli Studi di Milano - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia

Luciana Bava, Maddalena Zucali, Alberto Tamburini, Matteo Guerci, Anna Sandrucci

Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia

Lucio Zanini

Santangiolina Latte Fattorie Lombarde Società Agricola Cooperativa

Martin Sanna

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Programma Regionale di Ricerca in campo agricolo 2010-2012

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7th European Farmhouse and Artisan Cheesemakers Congress – Milan, 15.10.15

Find the differences!

Quality

Intrinsic quality

Nutritional

Nutraceutical

Microbiological

Extrinsic quality

Environmental sustainability

Ethical issue

Economic sustainability

New concept of quality

Consumer preferences are changing….

129 public and private sustainability-related food information schemes

available at the EU or national levels (European Commission, 2012)

Milk

High Ratio of Saturated to Unsaturated Fatty Acids Bovine milk 2.3 (Extra virgin olive oil 0.18)

High cholesterol content Low w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content


Unsaturated Fatty Acids

They contribute to lower blood cholesterol level thus preventing the atherosclerotic process


omega-3

omega-6

The interest of decreasing the w-6/w-3 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been confirmed in many studies Optimal w-6/w-3 < 4

n6

n3

w-6/w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

linoleic

linolenic


CLA - Conjugated linoleic acids

Beneficial biological effects

Anticarcinogenesis

Anti-obesity

Antidiabetic

Antiatherosclerosis

Immunomodulation

C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 (rumenic acid) trans-10,cis-12

CLA naturally enriched cheese ameliorated different inflammatory biomarkers, in comparison with a commercially available Cheese (Sofi et al. 2010) 7th European Farmhouse and Artisan Cheesemakers Congress – Milan, 15.10.15

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and w-3 FAs in milk can be increased feeding the lactating cows with fresh pastures but also increasing grass and hay intake in the total diet Forages quality (species composition, phenological stages, haymaking conditions) affects nutritional value

How to improve milk fat quality ?

Nutrition constitutes a natural and economical way for farmers to sharply and rapidly modulate milk FA composition


CLA

The dose of CLA that may prove bioactive effects for human health has been estimated as 0.7- 0.8 g/die for a 70 kg person (Watkins & Li, 2003). About 140 g of milk fat (0.5%CLA)


CLA

Chilliard et al. 2004


w6/w3 fatty acids


EULAT - project

The aim of the study was to provide to farmers and dairy factories effective tools to value milk and dairy products.

Thus, the goal was to identify the main factors characterizing the best production process and product in term of

• animal welfare • environmental sustainability • milk quality (nutritional, nutraceutical and

microbiological)


29 dairy farms involved in the study

High forage diet

intensive farms

Intermediate farms


Material and methods

At farm

• Survey for environmental (LCA) and economic sustainability

• Welfare quality indicators set up in the European Project Welfare Quality® (2009)

• Milk and feed samples

At lab

• Chemical analyses on feed (CH4 emission)

• Chemical analyses on milk (fat, protein)

• Microbiological analyses on milk (SPC, Coliforms, Lactic acid bacteria, anaerobic spore forming bacteria-MPN)

• Nutraceutical analyses on milk (CLA, omega-6, omega-3, branched chain fatty acids)


A measurable quality

From about 80 variables to 19

Animal welfare

Absence of diarrea

Absence of lameness

Normal BCS

Absence of claw

overgrowth

Environmantal sustainability

GWP

Acidification

Eutrophication

Land use

Energy use


Income over feed

Gross margin

Microbiological quality

Coliforms

Anaerobic spore

forming bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria/SPC

Nutraceutical quality

Omega-6/omega-3

Branched chain fatty

acid

CLA

Nutritional quality

Fat

Protein

Process Product

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69° Fiera Internazionale del Bovino da Latte - Cremona 23 ottobre 2014

Raw milk harbour a complex microbial community including lactic acid bacteria which can contribute to desirable fermentative reactions in cheese-making.

Differently a prevalent presence of spoilage bacteria can have

negative effect. Clostridial spores present in raw milk can create considerable loss in the production of hard and semi-hard raw milk cheeses



Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM (Fat and Protein corrected milk)

Eutrophication g PO4-eq/kg FPCM

Land use m2/kg FCPM

Acidification g SO2-eq/kg FPCM

Non-renewable energy use MJ/kg FPCM



• Body condition score

• Absence of lameness

• Absence of diarrea

• Absence of claw overgrowth

Animal welfare



Gross margin

Income over feed cost (IOFC)


• Fat • Protein • Lactose • Casein • Urea

Nutritional Nutraceutical

• Saturated/unsaturated FAs • CLA • Omega-6/ omega-3 ratio • Branched Chain Fatty Acids


Nutraceutical -1

% r

el

4,5

4,0

3,5

3,0

2,5

2,0

MantovaLodiComo-Lecco

Acidi grassi polinsaturi (PUFA)

ei e

i

ei

Polyunsaturated fatty acids


Nutraceutical - 2

% r

el0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2MantovaLodiComo-Lecco

Acido linoleico coniugato (CLA)

e i

ei

e

i


32

7

6

5

4

3

2

MantovaLodiComo-Lecco

Rapporto omega-6/omega-3

e

i ei

e

i

Nutraceutical - 3


High conversion efficiency at animal level was identified as the most effective strategy to mitigate the environmental impact.

High efficiency of feed conversion is mainly associated with balanced and precise feeding and selection of high producing cows.

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From 19 variables to 6 thematic indices

(from 1 to 3)

Animal welfare index


index


index

Microbiological quality index

Nutraceutical quality index

Nutritional quality index


From 1 to 3: Higher is better is

From variable to index

3

2

1


Variable Unit Mean Std Dev 25th

Percentile

50th

Percentile

75th

Percentile

Absence of diarrhoea % of animals 97.5 3.05 94.9 99 99

Absence of lameness % of animals 89.5 12.7 86.6 93.7 99

Normal BCS % of animals 96.4 8.54 97.6 99 99

Absence of claw overgrowth % of animals 62.2 18.3 50.0 63.6 72.2

GWP* kg CO2-eq 1.29 0.25 1.15 1.24 1.40

Acidification* g SO2-eq 15.7 3.89 13.5 16.1 18.6

Eutrophication* g PO4-eq 7.58 1.68 6.14 7.74 8.97

Energy use* MJ 5.68 1.32 4.94 5.61 6.30

Land occupation* m2 1.28 0.47 0.88 1.12 1.60

IOFC+ € /cow day 6.48 1.57 5.49 6.45 7.39

Gross margin € /cow day 5.01 1.96 3.56 4.96 6.55

Process

*expressed on kg of FPCM; +income over feed cost

Product

Variable Unit Mean Std Dev 25th

Percentile

50th

Percentile

75th

Percentile

Coliforms Log10 cfu/mL 2.65 1.43 1.78 2.27 3.33

Lactic acid bacteria/standard plate

count

% 83.4 13.0 76.2 85.4 94.5

Anaerobic spore forming bacteria Log10 MPN/L 2.23 0.65 1.90 2.15 2.59

Protein % 3.44 0.14 3.37 3.44 3.52

Fat % 3.95 0.16 3.84 3.94 4.06

CLA % 0.39 0.07 0.33 0.37 0.44

Branched fatty acids % 1.84 0.27 1.65 1.80 1.97

ω6/ω3 4.48 1.32 3.43 4.47 5.20


Possible applications of quality scheme: 1. Evaluating tool

SCOREEVALUATING TOOL

Income over feed cost

€ / cow day

> 7.39

Gross margin

€ / cow day

> 6.55

MILK MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY

Coliforms

Log10 CFU/mL

< 1.78

Anaerobic spore forming bacteria

Log10 MPN/L

< 1.90

Lactic acid bacteria/Standard Plate Count

%

> 94.5

GWP

kg CO2-eq

< 1.15

Acidification

g SO2-eq

< 13.5

Eutrophication

g PO4-eq

< 6.14

Energy use

MJ

< 4.94

Land use

m2

< 0.88

MILK NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

MILK NUTRACEUTICAL QUALITY

Protein

%

> 3.52

Fat

%

> 4.06

CLA

% Fatty Acids

> 0.44

Branched Chain Fatty Acids

% Fatty Acids

> 1.97

Omega-6/Omega-3

(ratio)

< 3.43

ANIMAL WELFARE

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

Absence of diarrhoea

%

> 99.99

Absence of lameness

%

> 99.99

Normal body condition

%

> 99.99

Absence of claw overgrowth

%

= 72.2


Example

SCORE

MILK NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

50Protein

%

> 3.52

Fat

%

> 4.06

MILK NUTRACEUTICAL QUALITY

100CLA

% Fatty Acids

> 0.44

Branched Chain Fatty Acids

% Fatty Acids

> 1.97

Omega-6/Omega-3

(ratio)

< 3.43

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

0Income over feed cost

€ / cow day

> 7.39

Gross margin

€ / cow day

> 6.55

MILK MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY

33Coliforms

Log10 CFU/mL

< 1.78

Anaerobic spore forming bacteria

Log10 MPN/L

< 1.90

Lactic acid bacteria/Standard Plate Count

%

> 94.5

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

0GWP

kg CO2-eq

< 1.15

Acidification

g SO2-eq

< 13.5

Eutrophication

g PO4-eq

< 6.14

Energy use

MJ

< 4.94

Land use

m2

< 0.88

EVALUATING TOOL

ANIMAL WELFARE

100Absence of diarrhoea

%

> 99.99

Absence of lameness

%

> 99.99

Normal body condition

%

> 99.99


%

= 72.2


GWP

Absence of diarrhoea Absence of lameless BCS

CLA BCFA

Income over feed cost, €/ cow day Gross Margin €/cow day


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Animal welfare




2. Claim - 1

Animal welfare




Nutritional quality


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2. Claim - 2

Animal welfare




Nutritional quality


Conclusions

• A tool for analysis and improvement of farm management and product quality

• Tool to enhance (€ ??) milk quality and the management ability of the farmer

The proposed scheme can be useful for:

Farmers and technicians

Cheese factory

Consumers

Something already exists…!

Socio-economic impact

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eulat project: a proposal to enhance livestock and … · eulat - project the aim of the study was...

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