europe during the enlightenment · 2018. 9. 1. · europe during the enlightenment 18th century...
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Europe During the Enlightenment
18th Century Wars (War of Spanish Succession, War of Austrian Succession, and The Seven Years War) and Capitalism
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War of Austrian Succession
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War of Spanish Succession (1713-1714)
● Result: Quadruple Alliance to preserve peace○ Britain, Netherlands, France, Austria, and
Netherlands
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Causes
Frederick the Great challenges Habsburg power by questioning Maria Theresa's inheritance
France, Spain, and Sweden join Prussia
Results
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748): Prussia’s annexation Silesia recognized
Alliances swap: Britain - Prussia, France - Austria (but still P v A and B v F)
Prussia, France, Spain, Bavaria, and Saxony
Austria, Great Britain, and Netherlands
18th Century Wars (pg. 2)
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Seven Years War
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Leading Up to Seven Years War (1750s) Both a continental war and a colonial conflict
Austria v. Prussia (continental) England v. France (colonial)
● Frederick invaded Austria’s ally Saxony
Motivations: all against Prussia’s growing power
● Maria Theresa wants Silesia back ● Louis XV wants to make France great
colonial power● Elizabeth of Russia wants to conquer Eastern
Prussia
● British and French fighting over colonies in India and the Americas
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The Seven Years War (1756-1763)Convention of Westminster Treaty of Versailles
Great Britain and Prussia France, Austria, and Russia
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Prussia v. Austria and Russia ● Frederick II’s invasion of Saxony successful, but it
created a powerful union against Prussia
● In 1757 East Prussia invaded by Russia○ The Russians temporarily seized Berlin and
overran Pomerania ● In 1760-1761 the Austrians took back Saxony and
Silesia
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Frederick’s Victory ● Frederick II victorious because death of his
biggest enemy, Tsarina Elizabeth of Russia in 1762 ○ Peter III, her nephew, idealized
Frederick so he ordered Russian forces to stop fighting → St. Petersburg Treaty
● All alone, Austria driven out of Silesia and forced to sign Treaty of Hubertusberg in 1763○ Return to the prewar land ownership so
no border changes
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Britain v. France Focused on fighting each other via colonies than helping out allies on continent
Americas
● French and Indian War: fighting between Britain and France in the Americas ○ British take New France; prevent
France from making a comeback
India
● Louis wanted to defeat British East India Company to make French East India Company dominant in India
● British successful in 1761 because navy
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Naval WarfareWarship: centerpiece of navy
● Held firepower of an army and cost about the same● Naval warfare was vicious cycle: whoever had the most ships could defend
their trade routes which generated revenue to be used to buy ships
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Victors of the Seven Years War ● Seven Years War 2nd world war
(1st was Thirty Years War)● 4 treaties to end: Treaty of St.
Petersburg, Treaty of Hamburg, Treaty of Hubertusburg, and Treaty of Paris (British colonial victories)
● Loser: France in rapid decline culminating in French Revolution
● Victors:○ Britain: largest colonial
empire ever○ Prussia → strong European
power
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Economics
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Mercantilism (pg.1) Mercantilism: economic system used 1500s-1700s country’s wealth based on accumulation of gold and silver
To accomplish this, need favorable balance of trade (exports > imports)
Colonies provided raw materials and precious metals; also markets for consumer goods
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History of Capitalism 1304 Padua, Italy: Giotto creates a fresco that depicts Jesus driving away moneylenders from temple
● Reinforces Christian attack on immorality of money which holds back capitalism for centuries
1450 Venice, Italy: Franciscan friar Luca Pacioli writes first book on accounting
● Introduces idea of double entry bookkeeping ● Money is not divine punishment or reward, science that can be learned
1555: Geneva, Switzerland: John Calvin emphasis Protestant Virtues: hard work self denial, honesty, patience, and duty
● Being good at business is better in God’s eyes than being an aristocrat or monk → new idea that lays foundation for capitalism
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1670 Dutch Republic: first capitalist nation as aristocrats looked down up, hard working merchants revered
● Art: Vermeer’s work emphasize that living at home and running one’s business far more noble than fighting in a war or going to a monastery
1776 London, England: Wealth of Nations published by Adam Smith
● Explains how capitalist economies grow: slavery inefficient because money greater incentive than violence and cost of buying and maintaining slaves > cost of wages
● Division of labor as more efficient mode of production ● Capitalism guided by “invisible hand” by maximizing one’s own profit, benefit
society
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Evolution of Capitalism via Consumerism Consumer Revolution
● Began in northwestern Europe as wages rise ● Cycle: more consumers spend, more business grew, more wages rose
Mandeville
● New interpretation of the role of vanity in the economy ● What made countries rich was shopping for pleasure ● Posed a dichotomy: consumerism (consequence: moral decadence) or high mindedness consequence: poverty)
Rousseau
● Called for return of simpler way of life like tribes of Native Americans ● Recommended closing Geneva’s borders, upping taxes on luxury goods ● Preferred virtue to wealth
Compromise of Mandeville and Rousseau: Adam Smith
● Ultimate goal of capitalism: happiness psychologically and materially