Danube

River

River

River

River

River

Volg

a

Volga

Don

ME

DI

T

E

R

R

AN E A N S E

A

ANDORRAMONACO SAN MARINO

VATICAN CITY

Hamburg

Naples

Izmir

ISTANBUL

Perm

Nizhny NovgorodKazan

Samara

Barcelona

Lyons

Birmingham

Donets’k

Oporto

MilanTurin

Munich

Rotterdam

Odesa

Kharkiv

Ufa

St Petersburg

Marseilles

Dnipropetrovs’k

Stockholm

Copenhagen

BerlinHannover

Bremen

Bielefeld

PARIS

LONDON

MadridLisbon

Rome

Athens

Belgrade

Sofia

Bucharest

Budapest

Vienna

Prague

Warsaw

MOSCOW

Kyiv

Minsk

Ankara

LodzDresden

Stuttgart

Genoa

Palermo

Seville

Volgograd

Krasnodar

Penza

Voronezh

Tula

Valencia

Saragossa

Bordeaux

Dusseldorf

Yaroslavl

Saratov

Rostov

BursaMalaga

Zurich

Salonika

Glasgow

Poznan

Krakow

Goteborg

Leeds

Toulouse

Frankfurt

Adana

Mariupol'Kryvyy Rih

Tolyatti

Izhevsk

Konya Gaziantep

Ul’yanovsk

L’viv

Zaporizhzhya

Oslo

Duisburg EssenDortmund

Cologne

Karlsruhe

Amsterdam

Brussels

Antwerp

Sheffield

LeicesterCoventry

Stoke-on-Trent

Dublin

Zagreb

Kishinev

Vilnius

Riga

Helsinki

Mersin

UrfaMaras

Adapazari Van

Denizli

Elazig

Gebze

Orenburg

Arkhangelsk

Petrozavodsk

Bryansk

Murmansk

Smolensk

Kursk

Sterlitamak

LipetskGdansk

Severodvinsk

Cork

Luhans’k

Bergen

Orebro

PskovEdinburgh

DaugavpilsMalmo

Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Belfast

Hull

Nottingham

Brest

Southampton

Rouen

Brno

Rennes

Debrecen

Craiova

Ruse

San Sebastian

Burgas

Vigo

Plovdiv

PalmaCordoba

Gomel

Astrakhan

Vladikavkaz

Makhachkala

Sivas

Berezniki

Syktyvkar

Kirov

Tver

Orel

Chernihiv

Alicante

Corunna

Valladolid

GijonLimoges

Geneva

Nantes

Salzburg

Florence

Venice

Catania

Bari

Turku

Yoshkar Ola

Tambov

Armavir

Grodno

Kaliningrad

Kosice

Iraklion

Diyarbakir

Samsun

Cardiff

Split

Alborg

Aberdeen

LiverpoolOdense

Szczecin

Klaipeda

Trondheim

Taranto

Szeged

Strasbourg Nuremberg

Brest Le Havre

Bristol

Plymouth

Erzurum

MalatyaKayseriEskisehir

Antalya

GalatiBrasov

Cluj

Poltava

Ryazan

VologdaCherepovets

Velikiy Novgorod

Manchester

Constanta

Messina

Dijon

Tampere

Cherkasy

Vinnytsya

Sevastopol’

Patras

Reykjavik

UppsalaVasteras

Arhus

The Hague Utrecht

Luxembourg

Nice

Toulon

Montpellier

Reims

Lille

St EtienneGrenoble

Angers Le Mans

Clermont-Ferrand

Amiens

Nimes

Tours

Metz

Bilbao

MurciaGranada

Vitoria

Oviedo

Elche

Cartagena

Bologna

Verona

Padua

LjubljanaTrieste

Larissa

TiraneDurres

PodgoricaSkopje

Pristina

Sarajevo

Varna

Iasi

Timisoara

Ploiesti

Miskolc

BratislavaBasel

Bern

Linz

Graz

Vaduz

Andorra-la-VellaMonaco

San Marino

Ostrava

Katowice

Wroclaw

Kaunas

Tallinn

Tartu

Yekaterinburg

Naberezhnyye Chelny

Mykolayiv

HorlivkaKramators’k

Simferopol’

Kherson

Sumy

Zhytomyr

Khmel’nyts’kyy

Rivne

Vitebsk

Mogilev

CheboksaryIvanovo

Magnitogorsk

Nizhni Tagil

Sochi

Belgorod

Stavropol

Kaluga

Vladimir

Saransk

Kostroma

Taganrog

Rybinsk

Nalchik

Nizhnekamsk

Shakhty

Stary Oskol

Novorossisk

Balakovo

Zlatoust

Syzran

Novocherkassk

Volgodonsk

Maikop

KovrovSalavat

Kolomna

Al’met’yevsk

Murom

Stavanger

LUXEMBOURG

Oulu

Braga

Coimbra

LIECHTENSTEIN

Valletta

Olympia

Gibraltar (U.K.)Ceuta (Spain)

Melilla (Spain)

Lake Onega

LakeLadoga

B a yo f

B i s c a y

Gulf ofLions

Gulf

o

f

B

othn

ia

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

W H I T ES E AN O R W E G I A N

S E A

B A LT I CS E A

N O R T H

S E A

T Y R R H E N I A N

S E A

I O N I A N

S E A

AEGEAN

SEA

B L A C K S E A

Cape Clear

Cape Finisterre

North Cape

CapeTainaron

I C E L A N D

R U S S I A

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

K A Z A K H S T A N

MOLDOVA

R O M A N I A

BULGARIA

BOSNIA andHERZEGOVINA

CROATIA

SLOVENIAH U N G A R Y

S L O V A K I A

CZECHREPUBLIC

AUSTRIASWITZERLAND

G E R M A N Y

F R A N C E

BELGIUM

NETHERLANDS

DENMARK

UNITEDKINGDOM

S P A I N

PO

RT

UG

AL

M O R O C C O

A L G E R I AMALTA

IT

AL

Y

T U N I S I A

T U R K E Y

S Y R I A

I R A QCYPRUS

LEBANON

I R A N

AZERBAIJAN

ARMENIA

P O L A N D B E L A R U S

IRELAND

KOSOVO

U K R A I N E

G R E E C E

ALBANIA

MACEDONIA*

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

GEORGIA

KaninPeninsula

K o l aP e n i n s u l a

Krym

OrkneyIslands

ShetlandIslands

Kolguyev

Oland

Naxos

Crete

Rhodes

Karpathos

Sicily

Elba

SaaremaaGotland

Ibiza

Corsica

Sardinia

Hiiumaa

LofotenIslands

Balearic Islands

MajorcaMinorca

OuterHebrides

Faroe Islands(Denmark)

N0 200 400 600 800 km

1 : 17 500 000 — 1 centimetre on the map represents 175 kilometres on the ground.

ArcticCircle

Conformal Conic Projection

40°N

10°W

1

FI

NL

AN

D

SW

ED

EN

NO

RW

AY

CA

SP

IA

N

SE

A

Loire

River

River

Tagus

Vistula

30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 60°E

60°N

50°N

70°EA B C D E F G H I J

4

2

3

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

60°N

50°N

40°N

0° 10°E 20°E 40°E30°E

4

3

2

1

D E F G HC

*

140

180

164

GeofactsLargest country: Russia 17 075 380 sq km (H4)

Smallest country: Vatican City 0.44 sq km (E2)

Largest population: Russia 143 420 309 (H4)

Smallest population: Vatican City 932 (E2)

Highest population density: Monaco 16 000 people per sq km (D2)

Lowest population density: Iceland 2.7 people per sq km (B4)

Richest country (GDP per capita): Luxembourg US$47 926 (D2)

Poorest country (GDP per capita): Moldova US$398 (F2)

Amazing placesLascaux (D2)

The world’s oldest cave paintings, created by hunters about 16 000 BC, were discovered at Lascaux in south-western France.

Berlin Wall (E3)

In 1961, the Berlin Wall was built to stop East Germans moving into West Germany. It was torn down in 1989 and, in 1990, Germany was reunited.

Olympia (F1)

Olympia in Greece is the home of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC. The modern Olympic Games was revived in 1896 in Athens, and returned again to this city in 2004.

Trans-Siberian Railway (I3)

The world’s longest railway line stretches 9288 kilometres from Moscow to Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan. The Trans-Siberian Railway appears as a dark line against a white background of snow, in this view from the space shuttle (below).

Europe — human features

Trans-Siberian Railway

100 000 to 1 000 000

1 000 000 to 5 000 000

Over 5 000 000

50 000 to 100 000

People per square kilometre

Under 1

Urban population

1 to 19

20 to 100

Over 100

Grain farming

Horticulture andvineyards

Livestock farming

Specialisedfarming

Seasonal livestockfarming

Little or no agriculture

0 500 1000 km

Commercial crop andlivestock farming

N

Ag Silver

Gold

Copper

Iron

Natural gas

Oil

Lead Zinc

Al

Au

Cu

Fe

Ng

O

Pb

Sn

U

Zn

Bauxite Tin

Uranium

AlAl

AlAl

Al

Al

Al

C

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe Fe

Fe

Au

Au

Al

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

PbPb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

PbNg

Ng

Ng

Ng

NgNg

NgNg

Ng

Pb

O

OOO

O

O

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Sn

Sn

U

U

U

U

Zn

Zn

Zn

ZnZn

Zn

ZnZn

ZnZn

Zn Zn

FeFe

PbZnAg Fe

AgCu

Zn

AgPb

PbZn

Au AgSn

Ag

CuZnAg

Ag

Zn

Ag

U

Zn PbAg

Zn

Ag

FePbAg

U

U

Sn

Coal field

Oil and gas field

ZnAg

PARISFaroe Islands(Denmark)

ITALYCountry border

United Nationsadministrative border

Country name

Dependency

Major road

Major railway

River

Lake

Country capital Island

LONDON

Rome

Gdansk

Stavanger

500 000 to 1 000 000 people

1 000 000 to 5 000 000 people

100 000 to 500 000 people

Over 5 000 000 people

Vaduz Under 100 000 people

Danube

River

River

River

River

River

Volg

a

Volga

Don

ME

DI

T

E

R

R

AN E A N S E

A

ANDORRAMONACO SAN MARINO

VATICAN CITY

Hamburg

Naples

Izmir

ISTANBUL

Perm

Nizhny NovgorodKazan

Samara

Barcelona

Lyons

Birmingham

Donets’k

Oporto

MilanTurin

Munich

Rotterdam

Odesa

Kharkiv

Ufa

St Petersburg

Marseilles

Dnipropetrovs’k

Stockholm

Copenhagen

BerlinHannover

Bremen

Bielefeld

PARIS

LONDON

MadridLisbon

Rome

Athens

Belgrade

Sofia

Bucharest

Budapest

Vienna

Prague

Warsaw

MOSCOW

Kyiv

Minsk

Ankara

LodzDresden

Stuttgart

Genoa

Palermo

Seville

Volgograd

Krasnodar

Penza

Voronezh

Tula

Valencia

Saragossa

Bordeaux

Dusseldorf

Yaroslavl

Saratov

Rostov

BursaMalaga

Zurich

Salonika

Glasgow

Poznan

Krakow

Goteborg

Leeds

Toulouse

Frankfurt

Adana

Mariupol'Kryvyy Rih

Tolyatti

Izhevsk

Konya Gaziantep

Ul’yanovsk

L’viv

Zaporizhzhya

Oslo

Duisburg EssenDortmund

Cologne

Karlsruhe

Amsterdam

Brussels

Antwerp

Sheffield

LeicesterCoventry

Stoke-on-Trent

Dublin

Zagreb

Kishinev

Vilnius

Riga

Helsinki

Mersin

UrfaMaras

Adapazari Van

Denizli

Elazig

Gebze

Orenburg

Arkhangelsk

Petrozavodsk

Bryansk

Murmansk

Smolensk

Kursk

Sterlitamak

LipetskGdansk

Severodvinsk

Cork

Luhans’k

Bergen

Orebro

PskovEdinburgh

DaugavpilsMalmo

Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Belfast

Hull

Nottingham

Brest

Southampton

Rouen

Brno

Rennes

Debrecen

Craiova

Ruse

San Sebastian

Burgas

Vigo

Plovdiv

PalmaCordoba

Gomel

Astrakhan

Vladikavkaz

Makhachkala

Sivas

Berezniki

Syktyvkar

Kirov

Tver

Orel

Chernihiv

Alicante

Corunna

Valladolid

GijonLimoges

Geneva

Nantes

Salzburg

Florence

Venice

Catania

Bari

Turku

Yoshkar Ola

Tambov

Armavir

Grodno

Kaliningrad

Kosice

Iraklion

Diyarbakir

Samsun

Cardiff

Split

Alborg

Aberdeen

LiverpoolOdense

Szczecin

Klaipeda

Trondheim

Taranto

Szeged

Strasbourg Nuremberg

Brest Le Havre

Bristol

Plymouth

Erzurum

MalatyaKayseriEskisehir

Antalya

GalatiBrasov

Cluj

Poltava

Ryazan

VologdaCherepovets

Velikiy Novgorod

Manchester

Constanta

Messina

Dijon

Tampere

Cherkasy

Vinnytsya

Sevastopol’

Patras

Reykjavik

UppsalaVasteras

Arhus

The Hague Utrecht

Luxembourg

Nice

Toulon

Montpellier

Reims

Lille

St EtienneGrenoble

Angers Le Mans

Clermont-Ferrand

Amiens

Nimes

Tours

Metz

Bilbao

MurciaGranada

Vitoria

Oviedo

Elche

Cartagena

Bologna

Verona

Padua

LjubljanaTrieste

Larissa

TiraneDurres

PodgoricaSkopje

Pristina

Sarajevo

Varna

Iasi

Timisoara

Ploiesti

Miskolc

BratislavaBasel

Bern

Linz

Graz

Vaduz

Andorra-la-VellaMonaco

San Marino

Ostrava

Katowice

Wroclaw

Kaunas

Tallinn

Tartu

Yekaterinburg

Naberezhnyye Chelny

Mykolayiv

HorlivkaKramators’k

Simferopol’

Kherson

Sumy

Zhytomyr

Khmel’nyts’kyy

Rivne

Vitebsk

Mogilev

CheboksaryIvanovo

Magnitogorsk

Nizhni Tagil

Sochi

Belgorod

Stavropol

Kaluga

Vladimir

Saransk

Kostroma

Taganrog

Rybinsk

Nalchik

Nizhnekamsk

Shakhty

Stary Oskol

Novorossisk

Balakovo

Zlatoust

Syzran

Novocherkassk

Volgodonsk

Maikop

KovrovSalavat

Kolomna

Al’met’yevsk

Murom

Stavanger

LUXEMBOURG

Oulu

Braga

Coimbra

LIECHTENSTEIN

Valletta

Olympia

Gibraltar (U.K.)Ceuta (Spain)

Melilla (Spain)

Lake Onega

LakeLadoga

B a yo f

B i s c a y

Gulf ofLions

Gulf

o

f

B

othn

ia

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

W H I T ES E AN O R W E G I A N

S E A

B A LT I CS E A

N O R T H

S E A

T Y R R H E N I A N

S E A

I O N I A N

S E A

AEGEAN

SEA

B L A C K S E A

Cape Clear

Cape Finisterre

North Cape

CapeTainaron

I C E L A N D

R U S S I A

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

K A Z A K H S T A N

MOLDOVA

R O M A N I A

BULGARIA

BOSNIA andHERZEGOVINA

CROATIA

SLOVENIAH U N G A R Y

S L O V A K I A

CZECHREPUBLIC

AUSTRIASWITZERLAND

G E R M A N Y

F R A N C E

BELGIUM

NETHERLANDS

DENMARK

UNITEDKINGDOM

S P A I N

PO

RT

UG

AL

M O R O C C O

A L G E R I AMALTA

IT

AL

Y

T U N I S I A

T U R K E Y

S Y R I A

I R A QCYPRUS

LEBANON

I R A N

AZERBAIJAN

ARMENIA

P O L A N D B E L A R U S

IRELAND

KOSOVO

U K R A I N E

G R E E C E

ALBANIA

MACEDONIA*

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

GEORGIA

KaninPeninsula

K o l aP e n i n s u l a

Krym

OrkneyIslands

ShetlandIslands

Kolguyev

Oland

Naxos

Crete

Rhodes

Karpathos

Sicily

Elba

SaaremaaGotland

Ibiza

Corsica

Sardinia

Hiiumaa

LofotenIslands

Balearic Islands

MajorcaMinorca

OuterHebrides

Faroe Islands(Denmark)

N0 200 400 600 800 km

1 : 17 500 000 — 1 centimetre on the map represents 175 kilometres on the ground.

ArcticCircle

Conformal Conic Projection

40°N

10°W

1

FI

NL

AN

D

SW

ED

EN

NO

RW

AY

CA

SP

IA

N

SE

A

Loire

River

River

Tagus

Vistula

30°W 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 60°E

60°N

50°N

70°EA B C D E F G H I J

4

2

3

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

60°N

50°N

40°N

0° 10°E 20°E 40°E30°E

4

3

2

1

D E F G HC

*

140

180

165

Population

Agriculture

Minerals and energy

KEY