europea ns claim muslim lands p. 352-356. objectives summarize the decline of the ottoman empire...
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EUROPEANS CLAIM MUSLIM LANDSp. 352-356
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Objectives
•Summarize the decline of the Ottoman Empire
•Describe the Crimean War
•Analyze Egypt’s Reforms
•Evaluate Persia’s response to foreign pressure
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Why it matters now …
Political events in this vital resource area are still influenced by actions from the imperialistic period.
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE LOSES POWER
Reforms Fail
Suleyman I• Died 1566• Last great sultan
• a Muslim sovereign
Followed by a succession of weak sultans• Quarreling factions• Corruption and theft caused finical
loses• Inflation• Lagged behind technologically
Salim III
• Comes to power in 1789• Attempts to modernize the army
• Overthrown by the Janissary• Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's
guard between the 14th and 19th centuries
Nationalism
• Greece – independence • Serbia – Self-ruleEuropeans try to find a way to exploit this weakness in the empire
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What part did internal corruption play in the decline of Ottoman
power?
It lead to a weakened economy and
technological stagnation
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EUROPEANS GRAB TERRITORY
Russia and the Crimean War
Geopolitics• An interest in or taking of land for its
strategic location or products Former Ottoman controlled access to the Mediterranean, Atlantic, & Black Sea was coveted
Crimean War• Conflict in which the Ottoman Empire, with
the aid of Britain & France, halted Russian expansion in the region of the Black Sea
Florence Nightingale• Led the 1st groups of army nurses
Newspapers• For the 1st time newspapers
correspondents covered the war
Ottoman Weakness• Despite of the help from their
allies, land continued to be lost.
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How did European nations take advantage of Ottoman’s weakness?
They saw it as an opportunity for
imperialism
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EUROPEANS GRAB TERRITORY
The Great Game
“Great Game”• Geopolitical struggle between England
and Russia over Muslim lands in Central Asia
India• One of Britain’s most profitable
coloniesAfghanistan• Geographically between Russian &
British Empire• 1881 – British withdraw from
Afghanistan• 1921 – Soviet Union signed non-
aggression pact
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In what way were Russian, British, and French motivations in the
Crimean War similar?
They all wanted to control Ottoman
territory
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EGYPT INITIATES REFORMS
Military and Economic Reforms
In response to the Ottoman decline, the Muslim world was put on notice• Adjust to the modern world
• Or• Be consumed by it
Mahammad Ali• Sent by the Ottomans to govern Egypt• Broke away from Ottomans and gained
control over Syria an Arabia after a series of battles
Shift to cotton• Brought Egypt into the
international market placeThe Suez Canal • Built by the grandson of Ali• 1869 – connected the Red Sea to
the Mediterranean • $450 million in debt to build• English overseeing financing and
control of the canal – 1882
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How was Muhammad Ali’s promotion of cotton production similar to European imperialists’ actions
in Africa?
Both substituted production of cash crops
for food crops
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Why was the completion of the Suez Canal cause for international celebration?
It greatly decreased the time needed to travel from Europe to East
Africa and Asia
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PERSIA PRESSURED TO CHANGE
Persia• Russian and Britain compete to put the
country in their sphere of influence
Russia• Access to the Persian Gulf and Indian
OceanEngland• Wanted Afghanistan as a buffer between
India and RussiaOil found in 1908• Persian rulers began to grant
concessions to Western business• Anglo-Persian Oil Company – British
Petroleum
Battle Over Tobacco
Tensions arose between rulers and the people
1890 – Nasir al-Din sold concessions to the British to export tobacco• Jamal al-Din al-Afghani set up a
tobacco boycott• Forced Nasir al-Din to cancel the
concession1907 – Russia and Britain take control of the country and divide into spheres of inflenece
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Why did the discovery of oil in Persia increase the value of the
Ottoman territory?
The oil had to pass through Ottoman land
to Europe
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What advantages did granting business concessions to Western countries offer Persia?
Income, development of their resources, and participation in world
events
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How did Persia’s granting of concessions eventually lead to its takeover by Britain and Russia?
Concessions allowed Western countries to establish an economic
foothold in Persia, which they exploited when the Persian
government lost control of the coutnry