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European Commission, DG MARE

Studies for carrying out the Common Fisheries Policy:

Lot 3 Socio-economic dimensions in EU fisheries

CAMBADOS Case study report

October 2013

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Contents 1.  Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 1 

1.1  Secondary data sources ............................................................................................................. 1 

1.2  Interviews with focus groups ....................................................................................................... 2 

1.3  Questionnaires........................................................................................................................... 2 

2.  Settings ............................................................................................................................................. 3 

2.1  Description of case study sites .................................................................................................... 3 

2.2  Demographics ........................................................................................................................... 4 

2.3  Employment opportunities/sector overview ................................................................................... 5 

2.3.1  Fleet segment 1: 0.0m - 12 m Artisanal .................................................................................. 15 

2.3.2  Fleet segment 2: 12-24 m PTS .............................................................................................. 22 

2.4  Summary of settings ................................................................................................................. 26 

3.  Linkages ......................................................................................................................................... 28 

3.1  Inter-sectoral linkages............................................................................................................... 28 

Geographical ................................................................................................................................... 28 

Labour ............................................................................................................................................ 28 

Institutions ....................................................................................................................................... 29 

Economic ........................................................................................................................................ 29 

3.2  Intra-sectoral linkages............................................................................................................... 30 

3.2.1 Between fleet segments ........................................................................................................... 30 

3.2.2 Between subsectors ................................................................................................................. 32 

3.3  Summary of linkages ................................................................................................................ 35 

4.  Role of fishing .................................................................................................................................. 36 

4.1  Fisheries as an economic activity ............................................................................................... 36 

4.1.1 Diversification .......................................................................................................................... 36 

4.2  Adaptation ............................................................................................................................... 38 

Analysis of adaptive response ........................................................................................................... 38 

4.3  Future development of the community ........................................................................................ 40 

5.  Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................................ 42 

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List of tables

Table 1. Sample size Ardan database. Cambados ........................................................................................ 2 Table 2. Stock status of key species exploited by the fleet operating from Cambados ..................................... 11 Table 3. Fleet segments present in Cambados ........................................................................................... 14 Table 4. Seasonality of fishing by species for the artisanal segment (n=92) ................................................... 15 Table 5. Demographics by employee type. Artisanal firm (n=92) ................................................................... 16 Table 6. Demographics by employee type. Cofradía .................................................................................... 17 Table 7. Level of family involvement in business. Artisanal segment (n=92) ................................................... 18 Table 8. Economic structure of the business for the artisanal segment .......................................................... 18 Table 9. Remuneration type by vessel. Artisanal segment (n=92) ................................................................ 20 Table 10. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Artisanal segment (n=92) ................................................... 20 Table 11. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Cofradía ............................................................................ 21 Table 12. Seasonality of fishing in the seiner segment in Cambados (n=44) .................................................. 22 Table 13. Demographics by employee type. Purse seiner segment fleet (n=44) ............................................. 22 Table 14. Level of family involvement in business within of the purse seiner segment (n=44) .......................... 23 Table 15. Economic structure (%) of the business for purse seiner segment .................................................. 23 Table 16. Remuneration type by vessel within purse seiner segment (n=44) .................................................. 25 Table 17. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Purse seiner segment (n=44) .............................................. 25 Table 18. Summary of settings .................................................................................................................. 27 Table 19. Analysis of adaptive response by fleet segments .......................................................................... 39 Table 20. SWOT analysis ......................................................................................................................... 41 Table 21. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2003 ................................................................................................................................... 45 Table 22. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2003 ............................................................................................................................ 45 Table 23. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2004 ................................................................................................................................... 46 Table 24. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2004 ............................................................................................................................ 46 Table 25. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2005 ................................................................................................................................... 47 Table 26. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2005 ............................................................................................................................ 47 Table 27. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2006 ................................................................................................................................... 48 Table 28. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2006 ............................................................................................................................ 48 Table 29. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2007 ................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 30. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2007 ............................................................................................................................ 49 Table 31. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2008 ................................................................................................................................... 50 

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Table 32. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2008 ............................................................................................................................ 50 Table 33. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2009 ................................................................................................................................... 51 Table 34. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2009 ............................................................................................................................ 51 Table 35. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2010 ................................................................................................................................... 52 Table 36. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2010 ............................................................................................................................ 52 Table 37. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2003 .............................................................................................................................................. 53 Table 38. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2003 ................................................................................................................................... 53 Table 39. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2004 .............................................................................................................................................. 53 Table 40. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2004 ................................................................................................................................... 54 Table 41. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2005 .............................................................................................................................................. 54 Table 42. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2005 ................................................................................................................................... 54 Table 43. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2006 .............................................................................................................................................. 55 Table 44. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2006 ................................................................................................................................... 55 Table 45. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2007 .............................................................................................................................................. 55 Table 46. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2007 ................................................................................................................................... 56 Table 47. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 56 Table 48. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2008 ................................................................................................................................... 56 Table 49. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2009 .............................................................................................................................................. 57 Table 50. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2009 ................................................................................................................................... 57 Table 51. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2010 .............................................................................................................................................. 57 Table 52. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2010 ................................................................................................................................... 58 

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List of figures

Figure 1. Statistical organization in the General Administration of the Spanish State. ........................................ 1 Figure 2. Map of Portonovo ......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. Trends in population of Cambados over the period 2001-2011 ......................................................... 4 Figure 4. Age structure of the population of Cambados over the period 2001-2010 .......................................... 4 Figure 5. Origin of the population of Cambados for the year 2010 ................................................................... 5 Figure 6. Trends in migration in and out of Cambados over the period 2001-2010 ............................................ 5 Figure 7. Economic value by economic activity over the period 2003-2010 ...................................................... 6 Figure 8. Breakdown of economic value by economic activity in the year 2010 ................................................ 6 Figure 9. Trends in employment and unemployment in Cambados over the period 2003-2010 .......................... 7 Figure 10. Employment by activity in Cambados over the period 2003-2010 .................................................... 7 Figure 11. Number of firms operating in Cambados by economic activity over 2008-2010 ................................. 8 Figure 12. Trends in mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stock, 1995-2010 .......................................................... 10 Figure 13. Trends in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) stock, 1987-2011 ...................................................... 10 Figure 14. Trends in sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stock, 1995-2010 ............................................................. 10 Figure 15. Trends in mackerel (Scomber scombrus)stock over the period 1995-2010 ..................................... 11 Figure 16. Production area for bivalve mollusks: Central-external Ría de Arousa ........................................... 12 Figure 17. Production areas for bivalve mollusks: Northern Ría de Arousa .................................................... 12 Figure 18. Production areas for bivalve mollusks: Eastern Ría de Arousa ...................................................... 13 Figure 19. Trends in number of vessels by fleet segment over the period 2003-2010 ...................................... 14 Figure 20. Trends in total power (kW) of the fleet segments over the period 2003-2010 .................................. 14 Figure 21. Trends in fleet tonnage (GT) by fleet segment over the period 2003-20110 .................................... 15 Figure 22. Demographics of business within the artisanal segment (n=92) .................................................... 16 Figure 23. Demographics of business within the Cofradía ............................................................................ 17 Figure 24. Trends in landings volume. Artisanal segment of Cambados ........................................................ 19 Figure 25. Trends in landings value. Artisanal segment of Cambados ........................................................... 19 Figure 26. Trends in landed price. Artisanal segment of Cambados .............................................................. 19 Figure 27. Education level of actors within the artisanal fleet in Cambados (n=92).......................................... 20 Figure 28. Education level of actors within the Cofradía ............................................................................... 21 Figure 29. Demographic of business within of the purse seiner segment (n=44) ............................................. 23 Figure 30. Trends in landings volume. Purse seiner segment of Cambados ................................................... 24 Figure 31. Trends in landings value. Purse seiner segment of Cambados ..................................................... 24 Figure 32. Trends in landed prices. Purse seiner segment of Cambados ....................................................... 24 Figure 33. Education level within of the purse seiner segment (n=44) ........................................................... 25 Figure 34. Proportion employed in the fisheries sector over time .................................................................. 36 Figure 35. Economic dependence on the fisheries sector over time .............................................................. 36 Figure 36. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Artisanal segment (n=92) ........... 37 Figure 37. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Seiner segment (n=44) ............. 37 

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List of abbreviations and acronyms

FLAG Fisheries Local Action Groups (Coastal Action Group)

ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

IGE Galician Statistical Institute – Instituto Gallego de Estadística

INE Spanish Statistical Institute – Instituto Nacional de Estadística

Intecmar Technological Institute for Control of the Marine Environment – Instituto Tecnológico para el Control del Medio Marino

ITQ Individual transferable quotas

ISSGA Galician Institute of Safety and Labour Health – Instituto Galego de Seguridad y Salud Laboral

MERCAS Spanish central wholesale markets

MSC Marine Stewardship Council

MSY Maximum sustainable yield

n Number of questionnaires

RAC Regional Advisory Committee

SSB Spawning stock biomass

SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

TAC Total allowable catch

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1. Methods

1.1 Secondary data sources The main source of secondary data for this study is the Galician Statistical Institute (IGE), which is similar to the National Statistical Institute and more regional level, although the work of the two is coordinated, and, where possible, integrated. Both sources have adopted the Code of Practice for European Statistics, thereby undertaking to comply with its provisions on general principles for regulating the production of statistics for state purposes. In the Spanish Autonomous Communities, the executive statistical bodies are made up of a central office and services producing statistics in Autonomous Councils/departments, in a similar manner to the statistical organization in the General Administration of the State (GAS; See Figure 1). These organic units perform the functions of coordinating and planning statistics for each region, as well as contributing, together with the statistical services of the boards, to the production of the aforementioned statistics, on their own or in partnership with the GAS.

IGE provides data on the economy, demographics and Galician society, among other general data. For this study, data on population, age structure, origin of population, migration trends, employment, number of firms, and social services were used from this database in particular,.

Figure 1. Statistical organization in the General Administration of the Spanish State. Source: National Statistical Institute.

However, this source provides economic data that is too aggregated at LAU2 level and data for economic activities are not available, so the Ardan Database was used instead for this topic. The Ardan database is elaborated by the Free Economic Zone of Vigo and provides annual data on income and employment by economic activity for all LAU2 of Galicia. This database is fee based and its reliability is high; the sample size used is higher than 10 % (see Table 1) – a statistically significant level.

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Table 1. Sample size Ardan database. Cambados Number of firms (IGE) Ardan sample % Ardan/Total firms

Cambados 1,133 270 23.83

Source: Own compilation from IGE and Ardan database. 2011.

In addition to the above sources, the Galician Institute of Safety and Labor Health (ISSGA) was used for collecting data of job accidents in the sea. This institution manages and coordinates policies on the prevention of labour risks and it provides annual data on accident rates by main economic activity.

Lastly, the Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar (Xunta de Gallica-pescadegalicia) provides annual information on the Galician fleet and its landings by port, although with any lag in the former. This source was used for collecting data on fleet characteristics (number of vessels, tonnage, and power by fleet segment), landings (volume and value) and average prices by species.

1.2 Interviews with focus groups For wider community meetings, contacts were made with the FLAG (Grupo de Acción Costera Ría de Arosa), the City Hall, the consumers’ association (Burgans Asociation), marketers associations (through Conxemar Association), and the business association (through Cambados’ Chamber of Commerce). Finally, and bearing in mind that meetings would coincide with a holiday month and with two-day break that week, six persons participated in the meeting - selected by their own institution. The participants were:: the Mayor of Cambados, a worker of city council, two FLAG representatives (the president and a biologist-ecologist), a businessman from a marketing firm, and a small business man . The presentation of results of secondary data sources was very useful for contrasting and validating that information. All participants expressed their opinion, although the Mayor and the businessman of the marketing firm dominated the discussions.

Regarding the segment representatives and the fishermen, the Cofradía San Antonio represents the two fleet segments involved in the study: artisanal and purse seine. It was contacted for representatives and fishers focus groups. The participants, both representatives and skippers and crews, were selected by this organization. The final sample size was: one manager from the Cofradía (Patrón Mayor); 36 skippers (from a population of 252) and 69 crew (out of an approximately 500) for artisanal segment; and seven skippers (of 27 people) and 33 crew (of an approximate figure of 225 people). A focus group took place for fleet segment representatives and all participants were able to express their opinion regarding all the issues raised in the meeting. Lastly, four focus groups for owners/skippers and crews took place; and, although some fishermen dominated the discussions, all participants expressed their opinion sufficiently in relation to the issues that we raised in the meetings.

1.3 Questionnaires With respect to the study questionnaires, for the Cofradia’s representatives and the fishermen, the sample was same as for the focus groups. The questionnaires were completed at the end of each meeting.

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2. Settings Cambados, with 279 vessels, represented close to 5.9 % of Galician fleet and 2.7 % of Spanish fleet in 2011.

2.1 Description of case study sites Cambados is a local administrative unit. It has two ports (one for fishing and one for recreational boats), and it is a LAU2 area. It has an area of 23.44 km2 and a population density of 594.97 inhabitants.km-2. Cambados is 67 km from the regional capital (Santiago de Compostela).

Cambados is a natural harbour in one of the Rias Baixas (Figure 2) - the Ria de Arosa. It has a warm, humid maritime climate with moderate temperatures (averaging from 2°C to 23°C annually) and heavy rainfall (averaging approximately 1,500 mm per annum). There were 2,251 hours of sunshine in 2011 (for the whole area as far as Pontevedra). These climate characteristics, along with its soil characteristics, make this area one of those most suitable for growing one of Spain’s highest-quality white wines. Made from the Albariño grape, it has allowed this area to become the capital of the ‘designation of origin’ for this product. The area is predominantly rural; 86 % of the land is rural and only 14% is urban. There are 45 population centres grouped in five parishes. The coastal areas are mainly sandy with a few rocky areas.

The first settlements in this area date from the fourth and fifth centuries BC, when the Celts populated the mountains of Castelo and A Pastora. There are some remains of these early settlements. The Phoenicians later took advantage of the wealth of the salt marshes, settling in the vicinity of the mouth of the River Umia and mining tin and copper (axes and other weapons attesting to this have appeared in various excavations). Like all peoples of the estuary, they suffered attacks by Vikings and Saracens beginning in the ninth century. In recognition of the struggle by its inhabitants, in the twelfth century King Ferdinand II dubbed the area ‘Very Royal Villa’, marking the beginning of a period of splendour that is reflected in the many country manors in the municipality.

Figure 2. Map of Portonovo Source: Google Maps.

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2.2 Demographics

According to data from the Galician Institute of Statistics1, the population of Cambados stood at approximately 14,000 in 2011, after a slight increase of 0.5 % between 2001 and 2011 (Figure 3). As in Galicia overall, the majority of the population (51 %) is female. The majority of the population (Figure 4) is between 19 and 65 years of age, with the over-65 population group experiencing a positive increase (2.70%) – well above the 1 % experienced by Galicia as a whole – while the younger age groups have undergone negative changes (−1.13 % in the 0-18 group and − 0.77 % in the group of in the 19-40 age group. These variations are similar to those of the region as a whole). However, there is a greater percentage of the 0-18 age group (about 19 % in 2010) compared to Galicia overall (15.7 %). Most of the population (over 98 %) is of local origin (see Figure 5).

There are no available data on life expectancy (this information is only available for the seven largest Galician cities: A Coruña, Ferrol, Santiago, Lugo, Ourense, Pontevedra and Vigo). However, the stakeholders did not perceive any significant differences with the average in Galicia.

Figure 3. Trends in population of Cambados over the period 2001-2011 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics.

Figure 4. Age structure of the population of Cambados over the period 2001-2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics.

                                                            1 Data source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística (Galician Institute of Statistics) (www.ige.eu)

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Figure 5. Origin of the population of Cambados for the year 2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics.

The migration balance is positive throughout the period 2001-10 (Figure 6) but, unlike in Galicia, the difference between arrivals and departures is negligible during most of this period. However, the trend began to change in 2009, after which time arrivals (as in Galicia as a whole) decrease significantly and departures remain relatively stable. We have no information on the migration balance by age group at the local level.

Figure 6. Trends in migration in and out of Cambados over the period 2001-2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics.

2.3 Employment opportunities/sector overview Cambados’ production structure is characterised by an elevated percentage of the tertiary (over 45 % in 2010) and primary sectors (nearly 40 %)2. The service sector has lost importance over the last two years, as has the industrial sector (especially construction). The primary sector, however, has gained importance over the last years taken. Tourism is important in Cambados, which has approximately 600,000 visitors per year, 200,000 of them for the annual Albariño party. According to data collected by Turgalicia, there were fewer visitors in 2011. Data supplied by the Galician Architects Society indicates that the number of new houses built in Cambados fell from 336 in 2007 to only 18 in 2011. This is due to the crisis in the building sector and a prohibition on building less than 500 metres from the sea in some areas. Overall in the area, 75 % of homes are main residences, 9 % are second residences and 16 % are vacant (821 in 2011).

                                                            2 According to Ardán database. This is the source used in this epigraph, unless otherwise indicated.

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Economic activity in Cambados has decreased since 2007, as in the rest of Galicia. Within the service sector, fish commercialization, hotel and restaurant and retail industries are of the most important, while fishing activities and the cultivation of vineyards being the most noteworthy among the primary sector activities. Specifically, and among the eight main activities in economic value terms (see Figures 7 and 8), the dominant economic activities in the period 2003-2010 were, in order: fish commercialization, processing winemaking, aquaculture, and building. Activities with positive trends over the years are winemaking and fish commercialisation (although this last activity showed a decrease in 2010). Fishing increased until 2008, but it has slightly decreased in the last two years. Aquaculture’s trend has oscillated due to red tides, which had effects on the mussel collection (the main species in the aquaculture from Cambados). Finally, seafood processing and building were on a negative trend in the last three years considered.

Figure 7. Economic value by economic activity over the period 2003-2010 Source: Ardan database.

Figure 8. Breakdown of economic value by economic activity in the year 2010 Source: Ardan database. Local employment showed a general upward trend until 2007 (Figure 9), when a negative trend set in up to 2010. Unemployment rose throughout the period, but intensified in the last two years shown. These trends are similar to those in the whole of Galicia.

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Figure 9. Trends in employment and unemployment in Cambados over the period 2003-2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics. Service sector activities generated the most employment, although they were of lower economic value by activity (IGE, 2011). Among them, the number of full-time jobs in trade (wholesale and retail) is of note (Ardan, 2011). Primary sector activities related to fishing and aquaculture were the second most important generators of employment, while the secondary (industrial and building) sector as a whole generated the least employment. However, when analysed by economic activity – in addition to the commercial activities commented above – fishing, construction-related activities and the preparation of seafood products provided the highest number of jobs.

 

Figure 10. Employment by activity in Cambados over the period 2003-2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics and Ardan database.

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Figure 11. Number of firms operating in Cambados by economic activity over 2008-2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics and the Regional Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Sea.

The employment trend (Figure 10) reflects a migration of jobs from construction to trade – which has doubled (IGE, 2011) despite this activity losing importance over the last three years. There has also been an important increase in the number of jobs in aquaculture and in the preparation of seafood products. Overall, activities related to fisheries as a whole (fishing, aquaculture, processing, and fish commercialization) generated over 1,600 jobs in the three last years. Despite this rising from 2003 to 2010 the average annual wage in the area is lower – at just above EUR 15,000 - than the average Galician and Spanish wage.

The majority of companies operating in Cambados are in the construction sector (see Figure 11), and in the opnion of the stakeholders’ met there is interest in developing and diversifying the economic activities in Cambados. While continuing to support and encourage fishing and wine-making activities (support for the construction of treatment facilities for scallops and support for wine exports, among other examples), Cambados City Council, in collaboration with local associations and the Fisheries Local Action Group (FLAG), is carrying out economic diversification strategies focused on tourism - and combining this with maritime and winemaking activities. Some examples of the types of activity that are being developed include guided tours of wineries, beaches and fish markets and gastronomic workshops on both types of products. Among them, the Guimatur initiative is highlighted; this is organized by the Cultural Association of shellfish women and net makers from Cambados for developing mariculture. They organize guided tours to the beaches, port and first sale market showing how the shellfish is harvested, how fish are sold and how nets are repaired by the women. At the moment no vessel is participating in this initiative due to the boats not being ready and authorized to take onboard groups of people; however some fishermen have showed an interest in this initiative to make up activity and income in the closed seasons. Cambados City Council has also promoted improvements in environmental treatment and monitoring of the impacts of nearby construction and sewerage works. However, there are quite a few councils involved in the estuary and interactions between the activities in each. During the community stakeholder meeting, people were evidently sensitive about these kinds of problems, notably in relation to aquaculture and local water quality.

The wider community’s representatives highlighted the importance of fishing – as well as that of the wine industry – to the local economy. Together with hotel and restaurant activity, both are seen as the cornerstones of local economic development. The representatives see both activities as dynamic, with fishing following are more stable trend. Aquaculture has also been growing, with the cultivation of mussels and scallops and a small turbot farm. The representatives also highlighted the social and cultural heritage of fisheries, and their interest in transmitting these values to younger generations through, for example, education on marine environmental conservation. In general, they expressed an upbeat perception of the possibilities of sea-related activities creating jobs in the future. In their opinion,

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the fisheries sector is attractive in terms of stable employment and economic profitability in the medium term, and it is critically important in times of high unemployment currently being experienced. In such times, the fisheries sector is seen as a buffer to unemployment, particularly to youth unemployment.

In terms of social services – in addition to universal free health care for citizens and for immigrants with work permits, the minimum wage, and pensions for permanent disability, retirement, widowhood and orphanage – Cambados has specialised centres comprising an eldercare residence (with 70 places available in 2011) and a child-care centre for children under three years of age (with 128 places). There are also two social service centres specialising in children (with 69 places). In Cambados, 26 people receive the minimum income aimed at social integration and inserting them into the labour force (RISGA), and about 15 people receive emergency social assistance. These numbers have doubled since 2009. On the other hand, the number of beneficiaries of non-contributory pensions (disability/retirement) was estimated to 275 in 2011 –a decrease from 2005 (IGE, 2011).

Fisheries

Fishing in Cambados is predominantly artisanal or small-scale (for example vessels less than 12 m in length and using minor gears), with 90 % of the local fleet (252 out a total 279) falling into this category. These artisanal vessels use mainly gillnets and shellfish, dredging simultaneously, and they operate close to the coast. The remaining 10 % (27 vessels) are purse- seine fishing boats. The main species caught by the artisanal fleet are sardine (Sardina pilchardus), spider crab (Maja squinado), grooved carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus), pullet carpet shell clams (Venerupis corrugata) and Japanese carpet shell clams (Venerupis philippinarum). The catch of each species usually surpasses 100 tonnes/year with an annual value of EUR 1 million. The most important species for the purse seiner fleet (in terms of both volume and economic value) are small pelagic fish: sardine (Sardina pilchardus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). After the end of the five-year (2005-10) ban on anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) fishing in the Bay of Biscay3, about ten Cambados purse seiners resumed their former seasonal anchovy harvesting off the coast of the Basque Country. This is a seasonal activity that nonetheless has provided a significant income during the three months of work. With the exception of these 40-45-hour trips to a fishing area, the rest of the fishing activity in Cambados takes place in local coastal waters, with trips lasting less than one day, five days a week. All fleet segments are represented by the Cofradía San Antonio: a fishermen’s organization for coastal fishers.

Regarding the status of stocks of the main target species (see Figures 12 to 15 and Table 2), and starting with mackerel, the spawning stock biomass (SSB) has increased since 2002, although fishing mortality is greater than that associated with maximum sustainable yield (MSY); ICES biologists have advised that the 2013 total allowable catch (TAC) be kept low at 2012 level (the TAC for 2012 was drastically reduced). For anchovy, after a period of sharp stock decline and the establishment of a five-year moratorium, fishing recovered (recruitment in 2011 was the highest in the last 10 years) and reopened in 2011. With respect to horse mackerel, the confidence intervals of the ICES estimates are quite broad. Lastly, with regard to octopus (Octopus vulgaris), there is no biological information on stock status, but fishermen report that they have witnessed a decrease in abundance over the last two years. They associate this with the thermal currents of the past winters (absence of northeast winds)

                                                            3 The main target species of the purse seine segment have traditionally been the anchovy and the sardine, as well as other small and medium-sized pelagic species. Given the poor situation in which the anchovy at the end of 90s as a consequence of the overfishing, a precautionary TAC was implemented in the first 2000s for several years and lastly a moratorium for this species was established in the Bay of Biscay. The closure of this fishery was funded by national government (over EUR 28 million in total for owners and crews; Spanish Council of Ministers, 23 December 2010).

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after the recovery seen following the sinking of the MV Prestige in late 2002 and the subsequent halting of the activity.   

Figure 12. Trends in mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stock, 1995-2010 Source: ICES

Figure 13. Trends in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) stock, 1987-2011 Source: ICES

Figure 14. Trends in sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stock, 1995-2010 Source: ICES

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Figure 15. Trends in mackerel (Scomber scombrus)stock over the period 1995-2010 Source: ICES With regard to the shellfish species targeted by the artisanal segment (see Figures 16 to 18 in relation to the fishing areas), there is insufficient biological data to determine the status of the spider crab (Maja squinado), although a ban is in force during the summer months, coinciding with their period of reproduction.

Table 2. Stock status of key species exploited by the fleet operating from Cambados

Declining Stable Increasing Unknown

Mackerel X*

Anchovy X

Sardine X

Horse mackerel X

Octopus X

Spider crab X

*Although with biomass < MSY. Source: ICES.

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Figure 16. Production area for bivalve mollusks: Central-external Ría de Arousa Source: Intecmar (Technological Institute for Control of the Marine Environment) (www.intecmar.org).

Figure 17. Production areas for bivalve mollusks: Northern Ría de Arousa Source: Intecmar (www.intecmar.org)

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Figure 18. Production areas for bivalve mollusks: Eastern Ría de Arousa Source: Intecmar (www.intecmar.org).

With regard to catch seasonality, in the case of the artisanal segment, most species are caught between October and March. Other main species are harvested throughout the year until the fishing quota is met, except for octopus, which is caught mainly between September and May. In the case of the purse seiner fleet, the main species are caught throughout the year until the quota is met, while Atlantic bonito is caught only from May to October.

Total landings figures for the port of Cambados refer to ships based at the port and – as mentioned at the beginning of this section – and the Cambados fleet, which mostly lands at this port except the purse seiner fleet landing by night at the Riveira fish market – which is open at night). Significant improvements have been made to the infrastructure and new infrastructure has been created at the port of Cambados in recent years: extending the pontoons for mooring boats, technical improvements in the fish markets (in particular, the acquisition of scales), expansions of existing storage areas, construction of an ice-making plant and a cold storage building. All of them have been financed by European Funds.

With respect to fleet segments (Table 3), the artisanal fleet is allowed to combine different fishing gear, primarily using gillnets, hooks and dredges depending on the one or more species to be caught. The rest of the boats use seines. Both artisanal and purse fleet segments as the purse, after years of slight decline, remain stable in period 2003-2009 in terms of number of vessels and employment; albeit with a slight decrease in capacity and power (see Figures 19 to 21).

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Table 3. Fleet segments present in Cambados

Source: Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar and www.pescadegalicia.com

Figure 19. Trends in number of vessels by fleet segment over the period 2003-2010 Source: www.pescadegalicia.com

Figure 20. Trends in total power (kW) of the fleet segments over the period 2003-2010 Source: www.pescadegalicia.com

Segment  (length class) 

Number of vessels 

Gears  used 

Method of operation Number of crew (average)

Main species fished 

Main fishing locations (ICES areas) 

Trip length (average days) 

00‐12  252 Dredges,  gillnets,  hooks 

The artisanal segment use simultaneously different minor gears: dredges for bivalves, fixed gillnets for spider crab and demersal, 

etc.    

3  spider crab, 

octopus, horse mackerel, pilchard 

IXa  1 

12‐24  27 Purse  seiners 

The vessel surrounds the pelagic shoal with a curtain 

of netting, closes the bottom of the net 

underneath the shoal and hauls it back to the vessel. 

9 

horse mackerel, pilchard, mackerel, anchovy 

VIIIc, IXa  1 

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Figure 21. Trends in fleet tonnage (GT) by fleet segment over the period 2003-20110 Source: www.pescadegalicia.com

Regarding job accidents, 118 accidents have occurred for these segments overall in the last ten years4. Of those, 101 (85 %) were minor, 15 (13 %) were serious accidents, and two (2 %) were fatal with one or several crew members dead or missing.

2.3.1 Fleet segment 1: 0.0m - 12 m Artisanal The first fleet segment comprises artisanal-type ships from 0 to 12 m in length using mainly gillnets – but also hooks and dredges – and targeting species such as crab, octopus, mackerel and sardines. There is a trend towards a decrease in the volume of landings, but towards an increase in value due to rising prices. They carry between two and three crew per boat, although larger vessels in this segment can carry up to four crews besides the skipper/owner of the boat. The trend in the number of vessels (from 337 in 2003 to 252 in 2010) and tonnage capacity is slightly downwards.

With regard to catch seasonality (see Table 4), in the case of the artisanal fleet most of the species are caught throughout the year, but mainly from September to May, except for sardines which are harvested from April to October.

Table 4. Seasonality of fishing by species for the artisanal segment (n=92)

  Jn  Fb  Mr  Ap  My  Jn  Jl  Ag  Sp  Oc  Nv  Dc 

Octopus  X  X  X  X  X X X X X  X  X

Spider 

crab 

X  X  X  X    X  X

Horse 

mackerel 

X  X  X  X  X X X X X X  X  X

Sardine        X  X X X X X X   

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants’ calculations based on the meetings with the fishermen and data from pescadegalicia.com.

                                                            4 Instituto Galego de Seguridade e Saúde Laboral-ISSGA.

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The business form of legal entity is a natural person and the business structure within the artisanal sector is family-based, with interests being typically passed on from parents to children or siblings. This handing on does not necessarily occur when the vessel owner retires; in some cases the son (<40 years of age) takes over the business and the father becomes a part of the crew. Decisions on fishing activity are taken on a daily basis by the boat's owner (male) based on the season, catch limits and demand (especially in summer and at Christmas). The spouse does not participate in the decision-making process. However, other family members (in addition to those who are part of the crew) are indeed able to take part in some tasks, such as landing the gear once the ship has come to port and cleaning it to remove accumulated algae. This is informal, sporadic and unpaid work. These boats fish the coastline near Cambados five days a week, except when there is bad weather, when they remain moored in port. Most of the production is for sale; only a negligible part (<1 %) is for personal consumption. Most workers are in the age segment of 41 to 65 year-olds, although a significant portion (about 20 %) is aged between 35 and 40 years (see Table 5 and Figure 22), and most of them are of local origin. Table 5. Demographics by employee type. Artisanal firm (n=92)

Gender Age Origin employee type

number of employees M F 0-18 18-40 41-65 >65 Local National EU Other

Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 38 38 0 0 9 29 0 38 0 0 0 crew 54 54 0 0 10 44 0 52 0 0 2 92 92 0 0 19 73 0 90 0 0 2

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 22. Demographics of business within the artisanal segment (n=92) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

The fishermen's organisation for this segment (and seiners) is the Cofradía. It consists of 24 employees: one main skipper, a secretary, a manager, an accountant, eight guards, two employees in the ice-making plant, five workers at the fish market, a biologist, an administrator, a porter and two cleaning women. Most of them (13) belong to the 41 to 60-year-old segment with the remaining 11

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being aged between 25 and 39 years. All of them are of local origin, and most hold a bachelor's degree; the main skipper, the guards and cleaning women having completed primary studies (see Table 6 and Figure 23). Table 6. Demographics by employee type. Cofradía Gender Age Origin

employee type number of employees M F 0-18 18-40 41-65 >65 Local National EU Other

Managerial 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 Administrator 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Secretary 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Accountant 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Guards 8 7 1 0 5 3 0 8 0 0 0 Workers 7 5 2 0 4 3 0 7 0 0 0 biologist 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 clean 2 0 2 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 porter 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 24 16 8 0 11 13 0 24 0 0 0

Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 23. Demographics of business within the Cofradía Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

In the case of artisanal fishing, there is formal family participation in the activity: one of the crew members is usually a relative (usually a son) of the owner of the boat (Table 7). In some cases, the son is the skipper and the father is displaced to the crew before his retirement. There are also some additional, informal family (woman and/or other children) roles in fishing linked to net removal and boat cleaning; this is sporadic and unpaid. In the case of the Cofradía, there is hardly any family involvement: there is only one family relationship (cousins) between one of the fish market workers and the accountant.

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Table 7. Level of family involvement in business. Artisanal segment (n=92)

number number in management roles family employees 23 0 non-family employees 69 0 total 92 0

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. With regard to the economic structure of the artisanal fleet (Table 8), around 36 % corresponds to ownership income, over 25 % to intermediate consumption – primarily fuel consumption (the fishermen highlight this cost represents by 80 % of operating costs) - and around 39 % pertains to crew wages. In the opinion of the artisanal fishermen, there has been a decline in revenues in recent years due to three factors: (i) increase in fuel prices, (ii) reduction in the quota of some target species that has not translated into increased prices due to competition from other products, and (iii) wide margins in the distribution chain. Table 8. Economic structure of the business for the artisanal segment 2009 2010 Income 100.00 100.00

Operating costs 23.15 24.93

Wages 38.76 38.98

Operating surplus/Mixed Income 38.09 36.09

Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database and Galician Statistical Institute.

The trend in the volume of landings is generally increasing, although with fluctuations (Figure 24)5, except for sardine landings - which decreased significantly in the last year. The was a rising trend in the value of the landings in all cases (Figure 25)6. Lastly, the evolution of the mean value (Figure 26) is increasing for higher-value species (spider crab), slightly decreasing for octopus, and relatively constant for the other species (horse mackerel and sardine).

                                                            5 Monthly data volume and average price per target species are shown in the annex for the period 2003-2010.

6 The economic values in the Report are showed in current units (the monetary values are not deflated).

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Figure 24. Trends in landings volume. Artisanal segment of Cambados Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 25. Trends in landings value. Artisanal segment of Cambados Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 Figure 26. Trends in landed price. Artisanal segment of Cambados Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. The remuneration (Table 9) of both crew and skipper/owner is based on piece-share, except for employes of the Cofradía, who are waged. The remunerations is part salary, with additional a social security payments made by both the employer and the employee, to cover social services and future retirement pension provisions. There is no other additional benefit beyond the regular salary (e.g. overtime and bonuses).

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Table 9. Remuneration type by vessel. Artisanal segment (n=92)

Remuneration type no. people Share 92 wage 0 operating surplus/mixed income 0

n= number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. Most of the workers in the artisanal fleet (skipper/owner and crew) gross less than EUR 20,000 per year (Table 10). There is no mobility between fleet segments. Most fishermen have a primary education (Figure 27), although new crew members have completed secondary school or the bachelor level7. Most of them got their first job in the sector and would like to continue working in the same job. In the case of the Cofradía (Table 11), most of the workers earn a gross annual salary of less than EUR 20,000. The more technical positions and those with greater responsibility are generally occupied by people with a secondary school or university education (Figure 28). Table 10. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Artisanal segment (n=92)

employee type <10,000 10,000-19,000 20,000-29,000 >29,000 Total Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 0 36 2 0 38 crew 0 54 0 0 54

n= number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 27. Education level of actors within the artisanal fleet in Cambados (n=92) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

                                                            7 On other hand, the training requirements to access the position of crew and skipper for the fleet segments are shown in an Annex.

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Table 11. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Cofradía

employee type <10,000 10,000-19,000 20,000-29,000 >29,000 total Managerial 0 0 2 0 2 Administrator 0 1 0 0 1 Secretary 0 1 0 0 1 Accountant 0 1 0 0 1 Guards 0 8 0 0 8 Workers 0 7 0 0 7 biologist 0 1 0 0 1 clean 2 0 0 0 2 porter 1 0 0 0 1

n= number of questionnaires.

Figure 28. Education level of actors within the Cofradía Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

In summary, the fleet segment has adapted relatively well to changes in the status of the species resulting from either their poor biological situation (anchovy and sardine) or from decreases in prices (octopus). The adaptation has consisted of targeting species not subject to quotas at that time (horse mackerel and mackerel) and marketing initiatives that seek to reach consumers directly. In this sense, the Cofradía has recently backed the creation of a limited company “Porto de Tragove” (providing a 70 % stake in the new company) for the marketing of shellfish products from the Cambados fleet, starting with scallops. To do this, they had the support of local organisations and institutions, especially the City Council and the Coastal Action Group (FLAG). This company has created 20 jobs and, according to the segment representative, the prices of scallops increased over 5 %.

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2.3.2 Fleet segment 2: 12-24 m PTS The second fleet segment comprises seiners from 12 to 24 m in length that primarily catch small pelagic fish (sardine, mackerel, horse mackerel and anchovy). The trend in the volume and value of the landings is declining after a period of strong growth. The trend in the number of vessels, power and tonnage capacity is towards a slight decrease (greater in tonnage and power). They usually carry five to seven crews, including the skipper (who is usually the owner of the boat).

With regard to the seasonality of the catches (see Table 12), in the case of the purse seiner fleet, the main species are caught throughout the year until the quota is met, while Atlantic bonito is caught only from May to October. Small pelagic fish (sardine and anchovy) are caught mostly in the months of May to October.

Table 12. Seasonality of fishing in the seiner segment in Cambados (n=44) Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc

mackerel X X X X X X X X X X X X

horse mackerel X X X X X X X X X X X X

Atlantic bonito X X X X X X

sardine X X X X X X X

anchovy X X X X X X

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants’ calculations, based on interviews. The legal form of business entity is a natural person. The business structure is family-based; decisions on fishing activity are taken on a daily basis by the boat's owner (male) based on the season, catch limits and demand. The spouse does not participate in the decision-making process. These boats fish the waters near the coast and usually make one-day trips, five days a week. All of the catch is sold. Most of the workers belong are aged between 41 and 65-years (Table 13 and Figure 29), and of local origin, with a basic primary education. Just under 25% of the crew (usually the youngest) have a secondary education. However, some 28 % of the crew is of foreign origin (mainly Peruvian, but also Senegalese and Moroccan). These fishermen were hired during the economic boom years when older crewmembers retired and others migrated to aquaculture to increase their earnings. It was difficult to recruit young locals because they preferred to work in land-based jobs.

Table 13. Demographics by employee type. Purse seiner segment fleet (n=44)

Gender Age Origin employee type

number of employees M F 0-18 19-40 41-65 >65 local national EU other

Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 5 5 0 0 1 4 0 5 0 0 0 crew 39 39 0 0 6 33 0 28 0 0 11 44 44 0 0 7 37 0 33 0 0 11

Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

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Figure 29. Demographic of business within of the purse seiner segment (n=44) Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

There is family involvement in the fishing business; in several companies, some of the sons are part of the crew (Table 14). These are formal, paid jobs. Spouses may also sporadically do informal unpaid work, mostly related to the preparation of gear.

Table 14. Level of family involvement in business within of the purse seiner segment (n=44)

number number in management roles family employees 6 0 non-family employees 38 0 total 44 0

Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. Regarding the economic structure of the business (Table 15), most of the costs (49 % of income) correspond to crew wages, while 30 % pertain to intermediate consumption; and around 21 % to operating surplus in both years. The fishermen highlighted the rising fuel price trend as the main factor affecting fishing income. The fishermen too have seen a drop in their revenue due to declining quotas resulting from the poor status of the sardine and anchovy and its replacement in the market by products from markets such as Morocco for sardine and Mediterranean countries for anchovy. They also highlighted the significant reduction in the TAC for the mackerel in 2012 as a key point for decreasing income for that year. Table 15. Economic structure (%) of the business for purse seiner segment 2009 2010 Income 100.00 100.00

Operating costs 29.32 30.04

Wages 48.01 49.09

Operating surplus/Mixed income 22.67 20.87

Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database and Instituto Galego de Estadística.

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The volume of landings (Figure 30) is – in general, and with fluctuations – increasing, especially after 2007 due to the increasing in horse mackerel and mackerel landings8. A sharp decline is showed in the past year as a consequence of decreasing landings in those species. Something similar can be seen in the value of landings (Figure 31). The average value remains stable within some margins, except for anchovy, which has fallen slightly in the past year (Figure 32).

Figure 30. Trends in landings volume. Purse seiner segment of Cambados Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 31. Trends in landings value. Purse seiner segment of Cambados Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 32. Trends in landed prices. Purse seiner segment of Cambados Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Remuneration (Table 16) is based on piece-share (including the skipper/owner of the boat), except for employees of the Cofradía, whose remuneration is a nominal wage (see the section on the artisanal fleet). Most workers in the purse seiner fleet gross less than EUR 20,000 per year (Table 17).

                                                            8 Monthly data volume and average price per target species are shown in the annex for the period 2003-2010, including the total landings in Riveira.

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Table 16. Remuneration type by vessel within purse seiner segment (n = 44)

Remuneration type no. People Share 44 Wage 0 Operating surplus/mixed income 0

Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. Table 17. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Purse seiner segment (n=44)

Employee type 10,000-19,000

20,000-29,000

30,000-39,000 >39,000 Total Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 4 1 0 0 5 crew 23 16 0 0 39

Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

No mobility between extractive fleet segments takes place in this sector either, but some crew have left to work in mussel aquaculture due to their expectations of higher earnings. This occurred in the early years of the past decade when anchovy and sardine stocks declined. Most changed their fishing strategy from targeting these species toward the less-heavily regulated species, but other fishers changed to mussel harvesting (as it was commented above). Most fishermen have a primary education, although some of the younger crew has a secondary education or bachelor (Figure 33).

Figure 33. Education level within of the purse seiner segment (n=44) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Most of the local crew members got their first job in the sector (just as their fathers and grandfathers) and would like to continue working in the same job. However, it is the fishermen of this fleet who express a higher level of pessimism about the future of the sector, resulting from the lowering of quotas for most of the species targeted by this fleet. In their view, the activity of this fleet would be stable if the

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quotas allocated were increased only slightly. On other hand, as in the case of the artisanal fleet, purse seiner fleet fishermen say they are very well-represented by the Cofradía and the local institutions.

On other hand, it appears that the sharp decrease in the TACs of most of the species targeted by this fleet – along with the future loss of EU funding for scrapping boats – is reducing its ability to manoeuvre in the near future.

2.4 Summary of settings Of the eight activities most significant in Cambados, the fishing activity is one of the sources of job creation in Cambados, and there has been a stable trend in both employment and in generating economic value in recent years. These are family businesses, composed of people accustomed to change, and where the spouses play an important role contributing to fishing activity in an informal way. In general, the fishers have an optimistic view of the future of the sector (except for the purse seiner segment).

In addition, the fishermen have a strong attachment to their occupation and highlight the seafaring culture in the location. The level of technical training is increasing: the new crews must have finished the fishermen’s course and new skippers must have completed the specific course for this position (until a few years ago, any crew with a number of fishing days could obtain the skipper job). In addition crew members are being replaced with those having completed secondary or bachelor studies. The main barrier to entry is the short courses offer by public institutions; there are private organizations supplying these courses (including safety and rescue courses) with a cost between EUR 800 and 1,200. The Table 18 summarises the main features of the settings.

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Table 18. Summary of settings Artisanal

Seine

Target species status Decreasing Decreasing Fleet evolution Stable Slightly decreasing Business type Family Family Demographics 41-65 years of age with the 18-

40 segment growing 41-65 years of age

Average annual income (Euros) <20,000 <20,000 Main education level Primary Primary Highlights Seafaring culture

Adaptability Increased access to training

Seafaring culture Adaptability Increased access to training

Key points Little influence on pricing Target species with decreasing quota Little power with regard to product marketing

Source: By consultants based on the interviews.

An important point about these segments is their limited influence on market pricing, although there has been a recent initiative by the Cofradía to try to correct this situation – at least for shellfish products – through the backing of the creation of a company for direct selling these products to the retail market (it has carried out a pilot marketing program with scallops, as it was commented above). In addition, for the purse seiner fleet, there is a downward trend in quotas for most of the fleet's target species. This reduction does not translate into a price rise for landed catch due to the importation of foreign products to cover any unmet demand, especially in the cases of sardines and anchovies.

In general, the fishing sector has been attractive for the active population for decades; the fishermen are proud of their work and enjoy fishing, both the oldest and the youngest fishermen. But it changed with the quick growth of the Spanish economy in the early 2000s and the opportunities of earning higher wages for the young people in other activities such as the construction industry. Many who left fishing or the school for the building trade are now returning to fishing because there are very few alternative jobs. Now the fishing sector is recovering its attractiveness as a consequence of the current economic crisis and the little chance in other economic activities.

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3. Linkages

3.1 Inter-sectoral linkages

Geographical There are two economic activities with potential synergies with fisheries: shipbuilding and the repair of fishing nets. In the first case, there are three small shipyards that are highly experienced in working on small- and medium-sized vessels. This sector has its roots in the development of the area (not just the town) fisheries sector and has, in general, evolved side by side with it. They also repair fishing vessels from other ports in the Ría, as well as wooden vessels. These small shipyards are located along coastal areas that – while nearby – are not used by the fishing fleet; as a result, there is no competition for the use of this space. The synergies arise from having companies available to carry out the maintenance of vessels coming to the port fleet base.

In the second case, this is an activity of lesser economic relevance, which demonstrates some spatial interaction with the fishing industry. This activity, which is also highly traditional in the area, is derived from the fisheries sector and has evolved together with it. Net repairs are done by eighteen local women in a warehouse set aside for their own exclusive use in the port area. This activity does not compete with space otherwise needed by the fishery, and the fishermen need nets to be mended; this is a task that they themselves used to do until the women began to take charge of it and it needs to be done area as closely as possible to the boats.

Labour Traditionally, youths from the fishing community enlisted on family vessels, in many cases at the age of thirteen, and continued their career in the fishing industry until retirement. This was so until the construction sector started to become a major source of employment and income in Spain in early 2000 – while also driving other economic sectors such as tourism-related development in coastal areas, notably in the east and south of Spain). In turn, this period coincided with a decline in the abundance of sardine and anchovy, two of the purse seine segment's main target species and, therefore, with a decline in production and revenues from this segment. As discussed below, the processing companies soon began to substitute this input with imports, i.e., the shortage did not generate price increases that would allow at least allow maintaining the income level of previous years. In these circumstances, crew from this segment who saw their incomes drop dramatically left the fisheries sector to seek work in other, more rewarding, activities, mainly in construction, nearby as well as beyond, and in tourism-related activities such as hotels and restaurants. Similarly, local youth – with expectations of income from low-skill jobs with nevertheless better working conditions than the fishing sector – also sought work in other activities. This meant many left school without completing secondary school. Vessel owners found it difficult to replace the crew members who abandoned the fisheries sector, and – as discussed in the previous sections – had to resort to foreign crew members.

However, this is beginning to change. Fishermen are finding that – since the bursting of the real estate bubble – people unemployed in other economic sectors (mainly but not exclusively construction) are looking for work again in the two fishing fleet segments. At the same time, young people who are entering the labour market – and unable to find work in other industries – are also looking for work in the fishing sector. However, there are constraints that hinder their joining the industry. These are related to the training needed to be a fisherman; on the one hand, new workers in the fisheries sector must have completed secondary school (an educational level that most of the workers from the construction industry and restaurants have not attained). Crew members must take courses that qualify

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them as sailors (a sailor/fisherman course, lifesaving courses and first aid courses) and – as noted by the fishermen – few of the courses are offered annually. Therefore fishermen are asking for more courses to be on offered each year to help ensure the replacement of fishermen retiring. Moreover they want skipper courses to be offered at times compatible with working the fisheries sector.

Lastly, and in relation to the dependence of other economic sectors on fishing, declines in fishing activity would negatively impact employment in the following industrial areas: the repair and maintenance of vessels, net mending, machinery and equipment, food service and textiles. The negative impact would be greater on the first two activities. This is true in the case of the net-makers, because they work exclusively for the fisheries sector and cannot tailor their work to another economic activity. According to the segment representative and fishermen, eighteen net-makers (all women and with an average age of 40 years) would lose their jobs if fishing disappeared. Shipyards on the other hand depend mainly on the repair and maintenance of local fishing vessels, but the effects on them might be less severe as they also take care of maintaining the auxiliary vessels use in mussel aquaculture. At this time, there are no financial conditions favourable to replacing fishing units or to the construction of pleasure craft and therefore the shipyards' activity focuses on repairing existing units (primarily fishing vessels). In this context, declines in fishing activity would affect around 25 people (IGE) from the local shipbuilding industry in the medium term. The remaining activities depend less on fishing, but in the current context of economic recession a decrease in activity in any sector (fisheries in this case) would have a magnified negative impact compared to what would happen in a period of economic growth. Finally, and according to the segment representative, some 200 jobs were created by the ancillary activity in 2010.

Institutions The main institutions for the fisheries sector are the Cofradía and the City Council. The Cofradía is primarily responsible for managing operating permits, participating in meetings for allocating fishing quotas, carrying out all administrative formalities concerning the fishing activities of the various fleets involved, organising the training courses required in order to work in the sector (sometimes in collaboration with the City Council), washing of fish boxes and economic and labour-related consultancy.

Among non-fishing organisations, notably the local government is trying to promote marine tourism – among other types of tourism – based on the recovery of the cultural heritage related to the fisheries sector such as traditional fishing arts and boats, the work of the net-makers, the old fish-salting factories and the sale of fish in the wholesale food market. This is being done in collaboration with the local FLAG.

Economic The fisheries sector has significant upstream linkages in Cambados, among which are: the repair and maintenance of the vessels, machinery and equipment, packaging and packing, net mending, food services, transport services (mainly by road) and textiles. As mentioned above, net mending and the repair and maintenance of vessels are the two activities with the greatest degree of dependence on the fisheries sector; machinery and equipment, food supply, packing, transport service and textiles also show strong interrelationships with other activities related directly to fisheries (aquaculture, processing and marketing) or not e.g. other economic activities in the town. In addition, there is a strong family connection between net-makers and fishermen that affects household income, since most of the former are wives or daughters. This is a very traditional link observed for several decades. The downstream linkages are concentrated in activities related to distribution to large supermarkets in nearby towns and to hotels and restaurants in the town itself and in surrounding areas. These linkages do not take into account activities directly related to fishing, which will be discussed below.

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There are strong restrictions in Galicia on lending by financial institutions.9 Both families and businesses are falling back on their family assets. Families are also bearing some of the financial burden of family members in difficulty. When the family cannot help, there are institutions such as the Food Bank or the Amigos de Galicia that help provide basic foods (in the second case to families with children whose parents have become unemployed). In addition, the Town Council has social service programmes for disadvantaged groups - including programmes for people with financial difficulties, programmes for enrolling children in school and programmes for large families.

In any event, the level of household financial dependence for the fishermen is relatively low compared to other households. In this case, these are, in general, people aged over 45 years old who have already paid off the mortgage on their homes10. Approximately 15 % of respondents stated that they were paying a mortgage on their primary residence, with most people spending about 20 % of their annual income on this expenditure. In addition, some fishermen pointed out that they are helping their children (outside the home) to make mortgage payments on their homes. Companies facing tight credit conditions but needing to meet financing needs11 are renegotiating outstanding loans (financial and commercial) falling due. At the household level in the town, the family is the main support network for those who have exhausted their unemployment benefits or are struggling to make ends meet and, consequently, these are acting as a ‘safety net’ for their family (outside the home) with economic problems.

3.2 Intra-sectoral linkages

3.2.1 Between fleet segments

Geographical The two fishing segments analysed operate in the same fishing grounds (Northwestern Cantabrian), but in different areas; the artisanal boats operate within the Ría and nearshore areas, while the purse seiners move in the ICES VIIIc and IXa zones - further away from the coast. Consequently, there is no interaction between the two. Furthermore, as discussed in the previous section, the seine boats land about 80% of their catch in Riveira for three main reasons: this port is closer to this segment's fishing grounds, it is open all night, and there are more marketers. This means they can get better prices. According to the fishermen, there is no conflict or competition with the Riveira fleet because it is a medium-sized port with sufficient capacity to serve a significant number of vessels - and they have already been landing at that port for more than fifteen years. Also, while the catch is unloaded in Riveira, supplies and the maintenance and repair of vessels/rigging are done in Cambados. However, unloading in Riveira means less income (for the Riveira Cofradía) for Cambados Cofradía therefore does not earn as much as a percentage of what is unloaded and so, in a context of reduced financing, Cambados’ Cofradía aims to get this segment to unload in Cambados.

                                                            9 The granting of loans by financial institutions has declined by 80 % for individuals and some 60 % for companies since 2008 for the national total (Bank of Spain, www.bde.es). 10 The purchase of housing is the largest expenditure financed with loans for Spanish and Galician households. The percentage of Galician households with annual expenditures on a mortgage for a primary residence is 20.73 % (compared to 31.90 % in Spain). Of these Galician households, 70 % spend less than 25 % of their annual income to repay this loan (IGE; www.ige.eu ). 11 Municipal data not available. However, regionally, Galicia (together with Navarre) is one of the regions with the lowest levels of bad debt: 2.9 % compared to 3.5 % for Spain overall (INE; www.ine.es).  

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Labour No labour mobility has been observed between different fleet segments, except for migration of seine crew to mussel aquaculture in the early part of the last decade in the expectation of higher earnings (see next section).

Institutions The key institutions that maintain relations between the two fleet segments are the central and regional governments. The national government is responsible for regulating the fisheries sector, i.e., it defines the technical characteristics of the fleet and distributes the fishing opportunities allocated to Spain (if any). The regional government regulates economic and social management matters in the inland waters of the Rías - such as hours of work on board. There is an obligation to have a weekly rest in the coastal fleet segments and in sales on land. Both institutions organise campaigns to promote products from the fleets such as the consumption of oily fish or the non-consumption of small specimens. Additionally, the two institutions establish credit lines to improve the sector's economic performance, such as the Cofradía's project to create a central purchasing facility (see next section).

In addition to maintaining relations with the national and regional governments, the Cofradía facilitates relations between the two fleet segments. The Cofradía is a part of a national association, as mentioned in the previous section. When a potential regulatory change is under discussion, representatives of the Ministry meet with regional/national representatives of the fleet segments potentially affected by a regulation and with regional government representatives. In turn, the debate is moved to a regional level so that all those potentially affected can express their opinions to their respective representatives. Conclusions and decisions – if any – are sent back to the national level and the national government will decide whether or not to take them into account.

Another important organization is the FLAG – in this case the Ría de Arousa branch. This local organisation includes representatives of the fisheries sector and other economic sectors, and from the regional government. It aims to build relations among them through the implementation of projects. The FLAG's function is to organise activities to promote local development, to strengthen the organisational capacity of the fisheries sector and to stimulate innovation and diversification for fishermen as it seeks the continuity and stability of the fisheries sector. The fisheries sector is represented in the FLAG by the Cofradía. The FLAG is undertaking initiatives to find alternatives to the fisheries sector, such as guided tours to the beaches and clam digging, organising seafood- and wine-based gastronomic events (for garden products as well), and educational projects related to caring for the marine environment. All these initiatives are undertaken in collaboration with the Cambados City Council and other associations (wine- and horticultural-related); one example of this is the Guimatur project mentioned above.

The fishermen rate the performances of both the Cofradía and the FLAG very positively. They also give a positive rating to the role of the regional government in fisheries management.

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Economic At this time there is no group aimed at supplying the fleet. With regard to fishing quotas, there are TACs for some of the artisanal fleet's target species (mackerel) and for most of the purse seiners' target species (horse mackerel, mackerel and anchovy). There is no TAC for sardines, but the regional government has set a maximum number of catches per day and vessel in recent years. There are no catch quotas for other target species. With regard to the TACs allocated to Spain in the Northwestern Cantabrian fishing grounds, a portion of the TAC alone is currently being allocated to the trawl fleet. The allocation of the rest of the TAC to these segments is under discussion with regional representatives and other segments of the fisheries sector (artisanal and seiners, primarily). The national government initially sought to assign individual transferable quotas but, faced with opposition from representatives of these segments, other options are being assessed. The representatives of the Cambados fleet are not in favour of ITQs, mainly due to the potential spatial concentration of the quotas in the hands of a few fishermen. However, they have a very positive assessment of establishing individual non-transferable per-vessel quotas for two main reasons: (i) implementation of these quotas would allow them to better manage fishing activity based on their own interests, and (ii) it would prevent potential problems with competition for fish stocks such as the one in 2012 with mackerel when the TAC was reduced drastically and a few fishermen from other regions met most of the quota quickly.

In addition, there is no competition between different fleet segments since they target different species. The exception to this is horse mackerel and sardine; however, the artisanal fleet lands and sells their catch at the Cambados fish market while the purse seine fleet lands at the Riveira market. In any case, the fishermen's representative stress that there is competition – with similar products mostly from other European countries – for processing companies, and that this is lowering prices (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section).

3.2.2 Between subsectors

Geographical Among the subsectors directly related to fisheries, aquaculture is of significant importance. This activity includes the mussel harvesting and the harvesting of other shellfish species from coastal beaches (primarily clams), and three farms devoted mainly to the cultivation of turbot. In the first case, in Cambados there are over 100 mussel rafts used for growing mussels, with a positive trend in their numbers over the past ten years. The mussel rafts are grouped into polygons and occupy an area of the sea assigned exclusively to this activity by the regional government in coordination with the port authority (in this case, the port of Villagarcía). In the case of on-foot shellfish harvesting, the 203 people engaged in this activity collect shellfish in the intertidal zones of the beaches. Lastly, in the case of the farms, these are situated on the seafront due to the need to obtain sea water for the fish tanks, but in an area away from the port and from the area where the artisanal segment fishes. Thus, there is no spatial interaction between the aquaculture and the fisheries sectors. The shellfish harvesting activity has coexisted with the fisheries sector since the origins of the town, but it has involved merely the gathering of the products produced by the sea. This activity carried out as aquaculture – i.e., the sowing of small specimens for subsequent fattening in the sandy areas – began to develop in the second half of the 20th century, and completely independently to the development of the fisheries sector. Similarly, mussels were collected from rocks at low tide, but aquaculture as such does not begin to develop until the early 20th century when the shellfish gatherers began to convert the old oyster beds into mussel beds, firstly placing the mussels on stakes and then (since this system did not allow for a stable production) hanging them on ropes. The first experience with this new technique was carried out in an area near Cambados (Carril) in 1945, and showed such good results (in terms of survival and fattening) that the following year ten new mussel rafts were installed in Villagarcía. After a few successful years of production the first mussel rafts were installed in Cambados in 1954. Fish farms were installed later, in

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the 80s. So, the aquaculture industry as a whole has evolved independently from the fishing industry, but it is complementary to it, since it is the artisanal segment fishermen who harvest from the sea (the female harvesters collect them on the beach).

With regard to processing, Galicia's first fish canneries opened in the Cambados area in the 18th century. These first facilities (located near the beaches) were used for canning sardines and have evolved over the years into modern fish and seafood (mussel, clam and cockle). This evolution has gone hand in hand with the development of Cambados's fisheries sector, which evolved from an artisanal fleet operating only in areas very close to the coast (and focused on catching sardine) to a fleet operating in more distant waters and along the entire Northwestern Cantabrian. The start of the aquaculture industry – which aims most of their production to processing – in the town during the 20th century has also contributed to the development of the processing sector, although these companies also procure supplies from the aquaculture production of nearby areas.

More recently, with the improvement of transport networks, a marketing sector dedicated to the sales of fresh (in areas near Galicia), salt-cured or preserved products gradually developed. This was so for both the inland Galician market as well as for the country's domestic market. This industry is supplied by the catches from the fisheries sector, mainly from the artisanal segment.

Consequently, there are significant economies of scale and synergies for the fisheries-aquaculture, processing and marketing sectors: The latter two procure much of their inputs from the town's fishing and aquaculture sectors. And, having all these subsectors in the town has benefited the fishing sector, which quickly sells its landed catch. There is no competition for the use of the sea area since the processing and marketing companies are located in different areas and outside of the port facilities (likewise, the processing facilities are outside the urban area while the marketing facilities are inside of it). The purse seine segment – which lands mostly in Riveira – also benefits from the existence of the marketing companies in this other town.

Labour In the case of Cambados, fishermen have moved into mussel farming. When the decrease in sardine abundance occurred and anchovy declined sharply in the early 2000s, purse seining experienced a significant drop in revenues and some crew applied for permits to install mussel rafts, as it showed good economic returns. Some crew members who abandoned the activity belonged to the family nucleus of the owner/skipper (children, siblings or in-laws). There is a high degree of family involvement in shellfish activity, processing, and marketing. In the case of shellfish, most of the female shellfish collectors are the fisherman's wife, and in some cases she is being replaced by their daughter. In the case of processing, the wives and/or daughters of some fishermen are formally employed in this activity and they provide income for the entire household. In the case of marketing, a significant number of fishermen's wives sell fish in the town's retail markets (traditional town market). In this latter case, this is a job that is often passed on from mother to daughter when the former retires. These continuing family relationships along the industry chain have a long tradition in this town

The high level of inclusion of other household members in the activity of the net-makers is also remarkable. In most cases, it is the fisherman's wife who started working at a very young age, at 15 years old. Moreover, this is a trade that is often transmitted from mother to daughter since there are no organisations that hire workers in this trade. Sometimes, if not a household member, women do belong to the wider family e.g. as a fisherman's sister or sister-in-law.

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Institutions Mussel collectors in Cambados belong to the Asociación de mejilloneros San Saturnino (San Saturnino Mussel Collectors' Association) which, in turn, belongs to the Asociación de mejilloneros OPMEGA (the OPMEGA Mussel Collectors' Association). The aim of these associations is to improve the quality of the production and centralise the sales of Galician mussels, both those distributed fresh as well as those distributed in processed form. There are also two significant organisations that bring together the processing and marketing sub-sectors: Anfaco-Cecopesca (aimed at tinned products) and Conxemar (aimed at the processing of frozen products). Anfaco is a private business organisation that represents the interests of the processed seafood products industry to various governmental agencies, multilateral organisations and all kinds of institutions, with the ultimate aim of enhancing the competitiveness of the sector it represents. Its role is national, European and international. Anfaco organises annual conferences to discuss the specifics of these sub-sectors with a special emphasis on the problems of the canneries. It also has a large scientific research department. It began operating in the early 19th century and since that time it has been incorporating the various companies in these subsectors, first at the regional level, and then – beginning in the 1980s – at the national level, until it became the only organisation with this purpose.

Conxemar, meanwhile, brings together wholesalers, importers, processors and exporters of frozen fish and aquaculture products. The association is a full member of the Comité Consultivo de Pesca español (Spanish Advisory Committee on Fisheries) and trade associations AIPCE/CEP (European Association of Fish Processors and Marketers), the CEOE (Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales -Spanish Confederation of Business Organisations) and the FIAB (Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales -Spanish Federation of Food and Beverage Industries). Its purview is both national and European. Every year it holds an international fair aimed at increasing competitiveness that is a forum for the sub-sectors mentioned above. This forum promotes campaigns encouraging the consumption of frozen products and, in particular, frozen products derived from the fisheries sector: it has become one of the global leaders in these fields and boasts the presence of companies from other European countries and from the rest the world.

Economic The fishermen sell their catch at the local market. The catches are bought mostly by marketers, while an insignificant part of the catch is also purchased by local restaurants. Fish marketers subsequently distribute the fish among the large supermarkets, retail markets, exporters and processors. In the case of artisanal segment catches, the marketers distribute them to retail markets, large supermarkets and to processing. In the case of the purse seine catches, more than half is distributed for consumption in other European countries (Italy and France in particular), and the rest is distributed among large supermarkets, processing and retail sale. Marketers make trade agreements: generally as a price taker in the case of supermarkets and processing, and as a price setter for export.

In this context, the marketing initiative being developed by the Cambados Cofradía to increase prices and revenues is significant. For now, it is being applied only to scallop (one of the species most appreciated by the market), but with the aim of extending it to fish production. This initiative consists of establishing production ceilings for scallop and harvesting it when it reaches a certain size. To avoid market saturation, a part of the production is distributed directly to large supermarkets (a price setter), and the other part is frozen in port facilities for distribution during the remaining months. This initiative was launched a few months ago; the second scallop harvest since this initiative was launched has just been completed (at the beginning of this year) and, in the opinion of fishermen, it is a success.

Furthermore, as already discussed, the implementation of the moratorium on the anchovy in mid-2000 and the reduced abundance of sardines over the last ten years have significantly reduced the supply of

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raw material for the processing industry and generated significant bottlenecks in the early years. These companies resorted to imports of similar products, mostly from Morocco and Mediterranean countries, and this has continued to this day.

Lastly, the case of mussel aquaculture is also significant. The mussel-gatherers' association is involved in sales activities and it distributes primarily to the processing industry, with which it enters into sales agreements, (directly with Anfaco - a price taker. Since the mussel is affected by more or less intense red tides throughout the year, when these take place mussel harvesting must be halted, and this creates significant bottlenecks in the manufacture of canned mussel. When this occurs, the processing companies usually also use mussels imported from countries outside the EU.

3.3 Summary of linkages With regard to inter-industry relations, there are significant links between fishing activities and shipyards and net-makers, which consequently would be the most affected by any reduction of fishing activity in Cambados. There has been a transfer of fishery workers to construction and restaurant activities during the economic boom, which led to a major problem with recruiting crew in mid-2000; this was solved by hiring mostly Peruvian crew. This seems to be starting to change with the end of the housing bubble, as fishermen see that there are unemployed people in other economic activities whereas young people entering the job market are looking for fishing employment. Lastly, the family is the main support in poor economic times, and when it cannot continue to help, other institutions – such as Caritas, Amigos de Galicia and the Food Bank – help households in that situation. While most households have a low debt level, fishermen are helping other family members to bear the financial costs of mortgages.

Regarding intra-sectoral segment relations, vessels from the purse seine segment land in Riveira without causing conflicts with this latter's fleet. There has been some observed employment mobility between purse seine crewing and mussel aquaculture. There is a high degree of family involvement in activities that are directly (aquaculture, processing, retail trade, marketers) or indirectly (net-makers) related to fishing; these are very traditional relationships in Cambados. Most of these activities have sprung up as a consequence of fishing and have evolved side by side with it. Local organisations are highly valued by the fishermen, as is the regional government in matters related to the fisheries sector. The fishermen’s representatives rate ITQs poorly (for fear of an excessive concentration of rights) but highly rate individual non-transferable quotas (ensuring that they can remain in the activity). In both cases they wish management measures to be accompanied by socio-economic assessments of the measures. Lastly, most of the fish sold at auction is bought by marketers who are responsible for distributing it to large supermarkets, retail markets, export and processing.

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4. Role of fishing

4.1 Fisheries as an economic activity

4.1.1 Diversification The fisheries sector consists of fishing, aquaculture, processing, and marketing. Overall and taking into consideration the eight main activities in Cambados, the fishing industry contributes about 45 % of the total employment and over 60 % economic value generated in this location (see Figures 34 and 35). Extractive fishing contributes approximately 20 % of the total employment and 5 % of the economic value. The wide difference between these latter figures relates to the fact that the landings of the purse seiner segment are accounted for mostly in Riveira instead of Cambados. Regarding employment in fishing sector, there has been a slight decrease relatively over the period 2005-2007, followed by a slight increase - due to a loss of jobs in other activities in the location.

Figure 34. Proportion employed in the fisheries sector over time Source: Consultants calculations based on data from Instituto Galego de Estadística and Ardan dabase.

The slight decrease in total economic value of the fisheries sector seen since 2005 was due to a decrease in the turnover of aquaculture (mainly mussel production from red tides that year) and processing (from decreasing in mussel, sardine and anchovy production).

Figure 35. Economic dependence on the fisheries sector over time Source: Consultants calculations based on data from Instituto Galego de Estadística and Ardan dabase.

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The average family consists of four people (parents and two children). In most cases, besides the fisherman, another member of the household brings in income (usually the spouse). For households with more than one source of income, most of them have aquaculture or processing as a second source of income in the artisanal segment; other sources of income come from hotel/restaurant activities and other services (workers in small businesses). For the seiner sub-segment and for the households with income other than catching, most comes from hotel/restaurant and other services (domestic work and small business). The income from catching sub-sector is the main source of household income for both segments; the majority of households jump only to the next band to incorporate the second source of income.

In the cases of both the artisanal segment and the purse seine segment, skippers and most of the crew have been working at the same company for more than ten years, except for most of foreign crew members (less than nine years: see Figures 36-37). Only some of the crew members of both fleets (young men who are just joining the company) and some of the Cofradía employees (the biologist and the ice-making plant workers) have been working for less than six years in their organisations. Most of the workers got their first jobs working for the company.

Figure 36. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Artisanal segment (n=92) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 37. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Seiner segment (n=44) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. In short, Cambados' local economy is very dependent on the fisheries sector, in terms of employment as well as the generation of economic value. More than two-thirds of all companies belong to the service sector (just over 800 in 2011, for a total of 1,150) and construction (close to 200) sectors – and therefore to activities that are more labour-intensive (small business and the hotel/restaurant activity

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account for 60 % of service companies), that these activities show a negative trend over the last three years, and that the few local manufacturers (120) cannot absorb the surplus labour force not employed in these activities, the potential for economic diversification into alternative businesses activities over the short- and medium-term is low.

In this framework, all participants in the meetings highlighted the importance of fishing and aquaculture activities in the local economy, with their stability in employment terms contrasting with other economic activitues such as construction and hotel/restaurants. However, the skippers/owners and crew of puerse seine have a more pesimistic view of their future due to declining TACs for their target species and increasing costs. In general the fisheries sector as a whole is therefore an attractive business haven in troubled times. As discssed later, younger people are returning to fisheires sectors due to a lack of other options. For example, 50 more permits for clam shellfishers have been granted in the past year (2012) compared to 2011.

In this sense, it seems that the fisheries sector is recovering the appeal it enjoyed in previous decades in this town and is becoming a haven in times of economic recession. This would allow the crews of retirement age to be replaced and thereby enable the sustainability of the activity. However, as will be discussed in the section below, there are limitations to the inclusion of new crew members due to a limited offer of training courses for access to jobs in the fisheries sector and, in the current context of fiscal consolidation and public spending cuts, this is not likely to be resolved.

4.2 Adaptation

Analysis of adaptive response Although there has been an increase in the abundance of anchovy and mackerel resources, there has yet to be any type of response to changes in abundance because, in both cases there is a decreasing catch limit that prevents the fleet from responding. In the purse seine segment case, if there was a decision to increase the TAC, the fishermen would be able to catch more and improve their economic performance in their opinion.

Faced with a decline in the abundance of the resource, the artisanal fleet segment has responded by changing the fishing strategy, targeting other species. This happened with the anchovy during the moratorium, and it is what has been happening with the sardine and octopus in recent years. The skippers/owners switched towards shellfish species. In the case of the purse seiner segment, skippers/owners have responded also by expanding their range of targeted species, but a few owners responded by scrapping boats and cutting crew numbers. Some of the crew members migrated to the mussel aquaculture sector. In this situation, the scrapping of boats led to opportunities to expand the offer of catches (artisanal segment) and to improve individual economic performance. The restrictions relate mainly to catch limits for other species in better biological states in both segments. The artisanal segment highlights also as a constraint the difficulty in balancing between harvesting new species and increase fuel costs due to longer fishing trips.

Skippers/owners of both segments have responded to the poor economy by replacing crew with younger members, as others retire or foreigners leave. The owners generally prefer local crew. In the case of purse seining, in when stocks are declining, some owners have responded by scrapping vessels and leaving the sector. On other hand, as mentioned above, crew of the purse seine segment migrated to the mussel aquaculture activity due to the economic losses from the bad situation of anchovy and sardine stocks for last decade and the higher expectations of income in that other activity. In addition, they see an opportunity for improving the marketing.

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Table 19. Analysis of adaptive response by fleet segments Scenario/historic event

Fleet segment

Employee-type Increase in resource abundance

Decline in resource abundance

Declining wider economy

Improving wider economy

resp

onse

Artisanal

Skipper Change of species

Decrease prices of landings

Increase in fishing activity

Crew --- Replacement of crew

Seine

skipper Increase catches if quota increases

Broaden species. Decrease in vessels and loss of jobs

Replacement of foreign crew by local young men

Slight decrease in number of crew. Hiring of foreign crew

Crew Migration to mussel activity

Retirement. Loss of jobs

Migration to more profitable activities (construction)

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Artisanal Skipper/crew --- Broaden offer of catches

Replacement of retired workers with young men

On-board technical improvements Possibility of increasing licences for shell-fishing

Seine Skipper/crew Obtain a better economic performance

Improved economic performance due to decreased number of vessels

Better organisation to improve marketing

Improved on-board safety and technical improvements to increase on-board living conditions

Con

stra

ints

Artisanal Skipper/crew --- Economic (seek balance between catching new species and increased costs). Quota limits

Requirements for being able to work in the sector. Quota limits

Quota limits Limits on the number of permits

Seine Skipper/crew Quota limits Fuel costs

Catch limits existing for other species

Training constraints

Technical constraints related to the maximum GT allowable that limit other possible improvements in the technical characteristics of the vessel

Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. The restrictions are related to the training requirements for new crew (artisanal segment), constantly increasing fuel costs (purse seine segment), and quota limits (both segments). Regarding the

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requirements for new crew, these there are too few courses offered by institutions and they do not fit fishing timetables, creating problems for those who must  renew their titles or seeking to advance to skipper. Lastly, faced with an improvement in the economic situation, both segments have responded by increasing their fishing activity. Some of the crew of the purse seiner fleet has left the industry during periods of economic growth to engage in other activities with higher expectations of income. This has led to a migration of workers to other economic activities such as construction and tourism. Faced with difficulties in finding local crew, skippers/owners have responded by hiring Peruvians. The purse seiner segment (skipper/owners in particular) also highlights the opportunity to improve living conditions on board, in particular the safety and the habitability of the ships. The restrictions for both skippers/owners and crew are once again those pertaining to the TAC and maximum vessel capacity (in GT) – the latter reduces the options for improving other technical matters e.g. ship habitability for the crew during non-fishing times. Table 19 shows a synthesis of the adaptive response by sub-segment.

In short, both the artisanal and the purse seine segments have been adapting to the poor biological states of target species as well as to the current economic downturn. In the first case, they targeted other, unregulated species or scrapped some vessels. At the same time some of the younger crew left for other jobs on land in the town itself or in nearby towns. This latter situation is changing in the current context of economic crisis, and people who had lost their jobs in other economic activities are re-seeking work in the fisheries sector. Fishermen of retirement age are being replaced by a new generation - in most cases their relatives. Thus, fishing is assuming a role as a refuge in times of economic difficulty. Despite the very pessimistic outlook about the future of the fisheries sector in the purse seine segment, most owners are not considering leaving the fisheries sector because there are jobs that depend on them, both in the industry itself as well as in other sectors, whether or not these workers are family members.

4.3 Future development of the community The short-term situation for Cambados' fishing industry can be summarised by (i) the economic recession and (ii) the poor biological situation of target species for this fleet such as sardine and anchovy. As already stated, the sector (mainly the purse seine segment) is not very optimistic in this context, except for the replacement of the older generation that is taking place in the industry.

However, the fisheries sector as a whole has significant strengths (see Table 20). Among them is the existence of a wide variety of seafood from fishing (demersal and pelagic species and – to a lesser extent – crustaceans) and aquaculture (mussel, scallop and clam). There is also a significant economic fabric woven around the fishing industry, such as processing, marketing, small shipyards and net-makers. This latter could – in the case of activities directly related to fishing – contribute to greater economic integration if the businesses reached a certain size, or along the line initiated by the Cofradía with the marketing project. In addition, of great significance is the seafaring tradition that harks back to the origins of the town - and that represents an important cultural heritage. Lastly, the development of the transport infrastructure in the past two decades has allowed this town to link up with Galician domestic markets and routes towards the rest of Spain and Portugal, as well as to airports near Santiago and Vigo and the port of Villagarcía.

 

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Table 20. SWOT analysis

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Wealth of seafood Dispersion of fishing

businesses Generational replacement of fishermen by young returnees

Economic crisis

Diversity in fisheries sectors

Declining species Possibility of creating a quality-product label

Marine contamination from the impact of nearby construction works, storm water drainage and potential tanker accidents (such as the case of the Prestige) that may affect the area and space and marine products

High value placed on seafaring heritage and culture

High operating costs Diversification of revenue from marine and winemaking tourism

Decline in demand for commercially valuable species caught by these fleets

Trained crews Relatively older crews Growing concern for the marine environment

Increase in fuel prices

Improved port infrastructure and proximity to airports and other transport routes

Local economy excessively dependent on the fishing industry

Increased competition from foreign products (octopus, sardine, anchovy)

Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

Among the significant weaknesses noted are those related to the fishing fleet itself and to limited levels of economic diversification. Regarding the former, there is an excessive fragmentation of the fishing businesses that may slow down the development of marketing initiatives that could raise levels of control over prices. Equally important are the poor biological state of some target species, such as anchovy (which fails to reach the abundance levels needed to increase the TAC), and sardine (a species whose abundance has also decreased). The constant increase in fuel oil prices – the main intermediate consumption for this fleet – must also be considered. And, lastly, there is the existence of relatively larger crews. In relation to economic diversification, Cambados' economy is excessively dependent on activities directly and indirectly related to the sea: fishing, aquaculture, processing and marketing activities account for more than half of the revenue generated in the town. Any shock to any of these activities can have a decisive effect on the local economy.

The opportunities relate mainly to youngsters, increasingly educated, replacing retirees giving the sector some robustness if these young people go on to become skippers or take over the family business. Also, the self-regulatory initiative (fixing capture caps) for the scallop and its subsequent marketing could advance along the line of seeking certifications for product quality or sustainability of the ecosystem, thereby providing an added value to the product. Furthermore, a local government-led initiative in collaboration with the FLAG is focused on the development of marine and wine tourism, which could be an opportunity to diversify the local economy and for fishermen to obtain extra income during fishing ban. Lastly, there is the growing social concern for the marine environment (the Prestige oil spill remains in people's memories), which facilitates the prioritisation of public spending to clean up the Ría and, therefore, and ensure a proper regeneration of the marine ecosystem.

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The main threats are seen not only in the biological states of some of the target species of the fleet segments, but also in those coming from the economic environment. These can be summarised as follows: (i) decreased demand for higher-value products due to the reduction in people's purchasing power; (ii) increased foreign competition with lower-priced products (mainly sardine and anchovy); and (iii) increased fuel prices. To all this must be added the threat of marine contamination (similar to that caused by the Prestige) resulting from being located in an area near the oil tanker corridor.

In any case, given that (i) all economic activities – nationally, in the Community of Galicia and locally – are losing income and job losses are accelerating12, (ii) the projected growth of the Spanish economy remains negative and about -1.5 % for 201313, (iii) credit constraints remain strong in terms of implementing business projects (or for refinancing projects) and (iv) public funding is also reduced due the need to achieve fiscal consolidation, options for economic diversification or for simply improving existing activities appear to be few. In this context, families are sending young people with medium and high qualification levels abroad, in most cases in response to calls for staff by some countries (primarily Germany, Finland and Canada). All this is also contributing to the fact that people who had left school due to the ease with which they could find work during the economic boom have in the past two years returned to the classroom to complete vocational training courses and different university programmes14. The long-term unemployed from industries other than the fisheries sector and young people, who for whatever reason cannot go abroad, are seeking refuge in the fishing industry. As mentioned earlier, most boat owners would like to continue working in the future because there are direct and indirect jobs – mostly held by family members – that would be lost if they stopped working, and with this would come the loss of income for their entire household or for the households of other relatives in the town.

5. Summary and conclusions The fisheries sector accounts for half the economy of Cambados in terms of value added. In recent years it has lost its significance, especially in processing, although its provision of employment has stayed relatively constant at around 45 %. The study has shown that the fisheries sector has been playing a variety of roles – as an important source of household income and employment, as a refuge for labour at times when there are fewer opportunities elsewhere, as a local economic driver providing employment and income beyond fishing for people involved in the marketing of fish and support to the sector. The sector also provides food and the fish and wine that the location produces make important contributions to making the area attractive for tourism and supporting the service sector.

We can summarise the highlights of the fisheries sector in Cambados as follows:

- Family business. Sons are often a part of the crew in both segments and they replace their father as skipper when he retires. There is also informal and sporadic work for women helping in some tasks.

                                                            12 Nearly 7 hundred thousand jobs were lost in net terms in 2012 in Spain, bringing the number of unemployed to 6 million (INE, January 2013, www.ine.es) 13 IMF (January, 2013), www.imf.org. The forecast for the Galician economy in 2013 by the regional government stood at -0.7 % before knowing the actual 2012 data but, since there was a higher-than-expected decline in GDP in 2012, the data for 2013 should be re-estimated. 14 It is especially significant that the number of working-age people seeking work decreased in 2012, mainly among young people under the age of 25, although this is due both to them returning to the classroom and emigrating to other countries (INE, January 2013, HYPERLINK www.ine.es). Despite this, the unemployment rate in that segment rose to 55 % in 2012 (INE, January 2013).  

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- Fishermen generally have only a primary education and work in the same company for more than 10 years. However, these situations are beginning to change as young people enter the labour market unable to find work in other sectors and seem work in the fisheries sector. Similarly, unemployed people from other industries are seeking work in the fisheries sector.

- After large reductions in the TAC for targeted species, the fleet changed its fishing strategy to target other, unregulated, species (in some cases also scrapping ships) such as horse mackerel and mackerel (before they were subject to TACs).

- Fishermen would positively rate the implementation of individual non-transferable quotas because this tool would allow them to manage their activity based on their fishing interests. It would also prevent the possible concentration of fishing shares in the hands of a few fishermen and, most especially, it would prevent the race to fish mackerel seen in 2012.

- There exists a long tradition of activities related to fishing, aquaculture, processing, marketing, net-makers and shipyards. These are, in general, activities in which there is a high degree of involvement of other household members; the possible demise of the fisheries sector would adversely affect the household's overall income, in addition to those of other households in the town.

Given the current recession and the negative short-term outlook for the economy options for a long-standing community like Cambados - in which other industries are losing jobs and revenue –include the better use of available human and natural resources. Indicators now available show problems in terms of resource sustainability and the stability and economic efficiency of businesses and communities that depend on the fishing industry. Any strategic steps for the future of the fisheries sector must take both aspects into consideration. The perceptions of local fisheries officers included their clear concerns over both environmental and social issues, although most of their reflections – in line with the objective of the project – were to do with the socio-economic viability of fleets and ports. And – to the extent that this town's fleet segments face the same concerns and weaknesses as segments in other case studies – the assessment will be relevant to them all. In these reflections, problems and responsibilities – not excluding their own – were analysed, initiatives (regarding fishing strategies, the acquisition of crew and sales) were considered and the values of the cultural, social and economic function of fishermen were defended. Naturally, what is expressed here in general terms has connotations specific to different fleet segments, depending on their size and circumstances.

The study also found that fishermen are aware of the importance of conserving resources - for its own good but also to protect their own future income15. Inefficient behaviour in this respect (less "conservationist" in biological jargon), is partly due to regulations implemented incorrectly or defined insufficiently. Fishermen are aware of this.

In addition, the artisanal and purse seine segments are not in good enough states to cope with more dynamic markets, due to the small size of their own fishing units and their businesses. In general, they share problems linked to global markets, difficulties in growing through mergers or partnerships,

                                                            15 Along this line, mention should be made of the fishermen's reaction after the Prestige disaster (December 2002) recalled by some of the participants in the meetings (primarily from the artisanal segment) who set out to sea in an attempt to prevent with their own resources (boats and fishing gear) the oil slick from penetrating the Rías and affecting marine resources. The photos of fishermen in small boats collecting the fuel with their own hands were seen across the entire country and also had an impact internationally, generating a high level of solidarity with the fishing community and attracting thousands of volunteers to help with the work of cleaning the coast. We will touch on social recognition again later. 

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insufficient scientific analyses, problems of national regulation, and concern over restrictions in terms of training and of scientific knowledge of the environment.

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Annex: Monthly volume and average price per species landed in Cambados and Riveira. 2003-2010

Table 21. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2003

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Anchovy 546.0 237.5 52.5 379.0 1264.5 459.2 147.0

Spider Crab 2.0 611.5 1380.6 493.6 451.6 2.5 1852.7 5367.3

Octopus 882.0 3930.5 4791.2 3397.5 3540.0 1346.0 2777.0 3787.8 4477.5 3716.0

Sardine 12.5 3875.0 8862.5 18625.0 3425.0 3025.0 8137.5 1662.5 262.5

Mackerel 12.5 312.5 712.5 5470.0 11187.5 17515.0 15615.0 8762.5 475.0 50.0

Horsemackerel 37.5 400.0 3700.0 8025.0 12612.5 10962.5 19962.5 18512.5 7512.5 2687.5

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 22. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2003

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 4.06 5.40 5.08 5.35 4.75 4.28 5.35

spider

crab 9.78 12.78 12.95 14.29 13.69 5.70 10.22 14.73

octopus 7.37 7.17 6.43 6.06 6.22 6.79 5.82 5.84 5.45 5.85

sardine 0.08 1.05 1.21 1.45 2.07 1.87 1.04 1.35 1.73

mackerel 0.20 0.97 0.75 0.82 0.44 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.47 0.87

horse

mackerel 0.46 1.13 2.06 1.41 1.67 1.22 0.87 1.41 0.41 1.17

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

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Table 23. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2004

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 112.0 20.0 155.5 275.0 42.0 79.8 186.8 254.8 57.5 99.0 46.0

spider

crab 2210.9 995.9 571.9 159.9 193.2 279.7 3621.3 5260.8

octopus 3343.5 3185.3 1543.8 993.0 2068.0 2077.5 3212.8 3512.4 3077.0 1666.3 3374.5 821.3

sardine 475.0 4987.5 7762.5 4000.0 3237.5 10875.0 23262.5 54212.5 47262.5 22000.0 16112.5 4075.0

mackerel 100.0 250.0 350.0 412.5 1625.0 2762.5 3787.5 5906.3 10118.8 762.5 337.5 50.0

horse

mackerel 337.5 1262.5 10812.5 5112.5 7025.0 12968.8 17296.9 15700.0 28125.0 3987.5 13000.0 4875.0

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 24. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2004

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.59 5.50 5.56 5.88 6.58 6.25 6.12 5.71 6.22 6.10 6.96

spider

crab 11.47 12.87 17.09 18.56 16.94 18.45 10.47 15.03

octopus 5.76 5.92 6.11 6.75 6.75 5.73 5.34 5.34 4.93 5.50 5.38 6.29

sardine 0.58 0.88 0.84 0.75 1.27 1.98 1.71 1.42 0.87 0.64 0.89 0.81

mackerel 0.45 0.62 0.66 0.87 0.38 0.39 0.45 0.42 0.59 0.56 0.63 0.52

horse

mackerel 1.14 1.89 3.38 3.42 2.02 1.81 1.56 1.73 1.23 1.31 1.31 1.14

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 25. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2005

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 56.5 40.5 10.5 177.0 29.0 284.5 85.0

spider

crab 890.2 284.8 457.2 832.6 729.8 358.1 11295.4 6053.4

octopus 267.5 334.5 281.5 519.2 638.3 306.0 261.0 905.5 1231.9 520.8 1146.3 939.2

sardine 3075.0 750.0 10100.0 4287.5 8937.5 7175.0 16737.5 12150.0 15287.5 12175.0 38875.0 1937.5

mackerel 75.0 512.5 462.5 1612.5 3837.5 53235.0 120080.0 55562.0 38800.0 10700.0 30620.0 860.0

horse

mackerel 5362.5 525.0 576.3 1387.5 7100.0 11612.5 10950.0 17187.5 12875.0 10725.0 4400.0 2800.0

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 26. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2005

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.39 5.52 9.14 5.01 6.25 4.89 5.91

spider

crab 14.76 15.95 15.42 15.38 15.88 16.01 8.41 13.94

octopus 6.39 5.48 6.09 6.68 6.55 6.48 6.54 6.61 6.91 7.61 6.99 7.08

sardine 1.12 0.73 0.51 0.91 0.55 1.14 0.59 0.83 0.71 0.88 1.22 0.90

mackerel 0.40 1.60 1.51 1.20 1.52 2.08 1.35 0.95 0.85 1.00 0.30 0.32

horse

mackerel 2.36 2.46 1.56 1.88 2.36 2.70 2.43 1.43 1.27 0.99 1.59 1.49

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 27. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2006

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 755.5 1040.3 630.3 480.0 31.5

spider

crab 3538.2 2019.2 1316.1 1714.0 910.7 689.8 3167.9 3881.2

octopus 964.9 275.9 62.3 213.7 239.6 1739.8 1898.0 1654.3 2185.3 2413.7 1882.8

sardine 3050.0 9212.5 6950.0 1700.0 16368.8 13112.5 19812.5 18675.0 10150.0 2862.5 5150.0 1312.5

mackerel 11120.0 1280.0 2860.0 1740.0 24650.0 68020.0 170360.0 96640.0 81960.0 79680.0 17360.0 4620.0

horse

mackerel 812.5 525.0 825.0 2512.5 12000.0 13162.5 17000.0 12400.0 18262.5 6500.0 3200.0 2500.0

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 28. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2006

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.46 5.04 4.88 4.48 5.13

spider

crab 10.50 13.03 14.27 12.76 13.96 19.22 8.89 13.72

octopus 6.63 6.88 6.74 7.07 7.08 5.99 6.59 6.40 6.28 5.97 5.81

sardine 1.00 0.66 0.87 0.70 0.54 1.05 0.89 1.02 0.90 1.07 0.80 0.97

mackerel 0.35 0.53 0.31 0.34 0.25 0.27 0.32 0.24 0.26 0.24 0.30 0.29

horse

mackerel 1.85 1.91 1.88 2.62 1.60 1.66 1.01 1.77 1.23 1.32 1.65 1.06

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 29. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2007

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 119.0 187.0 86.0 79.5 679.8 75.5 155.8 5.0

spider

crab 1557.6 432.6 518.5 334.4 284.5 366.2 2258.1 3217.6

octopus 2182.5 897.8 726.0 701.5 224.0 3117.0 1054.0 1061.0 2162.8 1638.9 1899.8

sardine 1875.0 8875.0 450.0 3750.0 1637.5 16412.5 7737.5 5512.5 2325.0 10837.5 10637.5 612.5

mackerel 2380.0 240.0 2360.0 11820.0 16060.0 36460.0 61810.0 22150.0 19060.0 10960.0 4260.0 12600.0

horse

mackerel 1887.5 2237.5 2375.0 3637.5 5762.5 9800.0 13087.5 9043.8 15443.8 14125.0 4975.0 2850.0

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

Table 30. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2007

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 4.27 5.33 5.88 7.03 6.98 7.16 6.92 8.00

spider

crab 12.00 13.52 14.18 13.82 15.63 15.60 15.25 18.17

octopus 5.40 5.38 6.25 6.53 6.69 5.81 5.98 5.95 5.77 6.00 5.99

sardine 1.14 0.89 1.93 0.80 0.90 1.73 1.50 1.08 1.41 1.03 0.92 0.77

mackerel 0.28 0.35 0.40 0.27 0.26 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.27 0.43

horse

mackerel 1.68 1.06 1.69 1.75 1.63 1.88 1.73 2.31 1.11 0.81 0.98 0.83

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 31. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2008

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 336.0 14.5 19.0 56.0 740.0 18.0

spider

crab 1491.8 1100.5 586.9 463.0 403.1 549.0 3064.8 4760.2

octopus 1437.8 2476.5 2207.5 3093.0 1075.3 6219.5 2211.3 3448.8 2579.8 2396.3 1120.5

sardine 237.5 7475.0 3012.5 2550.0 23625.0 16500.0 15200.0 5325.0 11775.0 13350.0 33012.5 3412.5

mackerel 2000.0 1300.0 3860.0 5570.0 11220.0 60400.0 16400.0 91620.0 28620.0 14420.0 1320.0 300.0

horse

mackerel 1500.0 1662.5 2837.5 4187.5 9612.5 20062.5 21125.0 22737.5 19112.5 27375.0 8237.5 17000.0

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 32. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2008

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.80 6.73 8.23 7.36 5.28 7.37

spider

crab 16.01 14.44 18.73 17.44 18.08 15.89 9.92 17.03

octopus 5.71 5.90 5.92 5.76 5.71 5.21 5.51 5.09 4.93 4.99 5.49

sardine 0.59 0.70 1.18 0.89 0.89 1.83 1.15 1.41 1.34 0.85 1.08 1.73

mackerel 0.43 0.47 0.35 0.29 0.31 0.53 0.37 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.51

horse

mackerel 1.10 1.35 1.94 1.65 2.05 2.27 1.07 1.04 0.97 0.79 1.04 0.94

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 33. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2009

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 121.8 129.8 33.5 315.0 1490.5 1017.3 603.0 341.0

spider crab 1048.8 1173.5 885.8 951.1 479.4 819.3 2943.6 3941.7

octopus 558.5 909.3 922.5 553.0 169.5 6859.5 2608.0 2212.0 3587.5 3804.8 2010.0

sardine 1275.0 75.0 8787.5 18987.5 24425.0 16415.6 15975.0 13350.0 41862.5 65581.3 20225.0 3350.0

mackerel 80.0 1220.0 2900.0 10180.0 7760.0 1340.0

horse mackerel 575.0 4875.0 3750.0 27412.5 16700.0 11125.0 26875.0 17687.5 21875.0 23962.5 11012.5 3337.5

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 34. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2009

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.66 4.61 8.54 5.94 4.29 5.12 5.20 5.30

spider crab 15.40 12.42 13.34 13.80 17.28 15.91 10.66 16.40

octopus 5.32 5.66 5.85 6.27 6.23 5.02 5.51 5.33 4.64 4.55 5.10

sardine 1.62 1.73 1.14 0.90 1.06 1.82 1.56 1.88 1.50 1.49 1.30 1.29

mackerel 0.48 0.36 0.28 0.27 0.31 0.33

horse mackerel 1.40 0.98 2.02 1.34 1.40 1.62 1.24 1.32 1.30 1.06 1.05 1.08

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 35. Volume landed (Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados fish market data). 2010

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 86.3 48.0 1199.0 1472.8 807.8 468.0 231.3 355.5

spider crab 1069.1 785.7 1255.2 1045.6 622.5 403.9 4750.8 3589.7

octopus 3229.5 2928.8 3964.8 4721.5 5114.4 8336.5 3525.5 5230.8 4623.9 3068.3 1145.8

sardine 487.5 300.0 1437.5 3850.0 14100.0 8950.0 10787.5 22550.0 42887.5 19050.0 6575.0 4425.0

mackerel 20.0 120.0 20.0

horse mackerel 3312.5 3112.5 4550.0 26387.5 13587.5 25562.5 32162.5 38812.5 43362.5 17462.5 7962.5 1187.5

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

 

 

Table 36. Average price (EUR/Kg) of the main species captured by the Cambados fishing fleet (Cambados first sale market data). 2010

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.42 5.69 4.34 4.72 2.29 4.59 4.82 4.73

spider crab 12.48 13.03 15.34 18.08 18.69 19.40 13.98 18.55

octopus 4.75 4.24 4.27 4.09 4.04 3.47 3.79 3.64 3.63 4.11 4.33

sardine 1.14 0.78 1.04 0.52 1.13 1.93 1.75 1.76 1.44 1.06 1.23 0.94

mackerel 0.80 0.83 0.20

horse mackerel 1.34 1.39 1.85 2.01 1.97 2.05 1.41 1.02 0.69 1.01 1.16 1.96

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. 

 

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Table 37. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2003

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 99.5 519.0 407.5 1684.0 2057.5 50.0

sardine 6146.5 231454.0 409290.5 485657.5 120964.5 60350.5 249162.5 91622.5 65040.0

mackerel 17610.0 155905.5 463320.5 588723.5 68050.5 56514.6 105940.0 313150.5 350829.5 108175.5 30227.5 27232.5

horse

mackerel 80687.5 330291.0 371990.5 361359.6 309533.6 424512.5 500357.5 627865.0 1137947.5 716595.5 457493.0 294899.5

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 38. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2003

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 3.87 3.72 4.26 4.05 5.07 6.36

sardine 0.85 0.72 0.93 0.61 0.70 0.67 0.47 0.45 0.63

mackerel 1.69 0.70 0.54 0.63 0.82 0.86 0.87 0.45 0.50 0.48 0.80 0.73

horse

mackerel 1.53 1.35 1.01 0.85 0.86 0.78 0.97 0.72 0.46 0.67 0.47 0.78

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 39. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2004

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 31.5 500.0 135.0 57.0 18.0 14.5 349.5 512.0 123.5 130.0

sardine 187640.0 100712.5 228807.5 79800.0 140887.6 367985.0 296585.5 242091.5 531704.0 417926.0 380437.5 77865.5

mackerel 271601.0 322496.0 896035.0 521551.5 309723.5 421055.0 459520.5 288489.0 86725.5 37202.0 47017.5 19954.0

horse

mackerel 350200.5 573731.0 826823.0 878460.0 772690.0 598981.0 1121846.5 997196.5 781442.0 513874.5 544799.0 390376.1

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

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Table 40. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2004

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.00 3.90 6.70 4.54 5.71 6.03 5.28 5.04 6.04 6.05

sardine 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.47 0.87 0.95 0.74 0.92 0.46 0.42 0.49 0.59

mackerel 0.82 0.37 0.37 0.45 0.64 0.47 0.83 0.72 0.81 0.91 0.87 0.81

horse

mackerel 0.99 0.83 0.72 0.66 0.75 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.60 0.83 0.84 0.73

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 41. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2005

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 16.5 21.0 1364.5 1135.5 855.0

sardine 45012.5 68862.5 226625.0 125222.5 390245.0 826347.5 522892.5 442512.5 596947.5 204917.5 316510.0 208100.0

mackerel 270128.1 1175542.5 2111744.0 758209.0 163733.5 172763.0 226802.2 111291.1 88097.9 36932.5 87015.0 37420.6

horse mackerel 253488.5 359320.5 438453.0 682236.0 735682.5 544218.0 587165.5 671873.0 831903.6 368780.1 288396.5 147844.0

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

 

Table 42. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2005

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 6.30 5.50 5.03 5.23 6.96

sardine 0.53 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.31 0.56 0.29 0.37 0.37 0.44 0.54 0.50

mackerel 0.79 0.39 0.36 0.52 0.91 0.90 0.78 1.04 0.95 0.75 0.55 0.56

horse mackerel 1.04 1.15 1.06 0.64 0.70 0.94 0.83 1.00 0.61 0.87 1.27 1.71

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

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Table 43. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2006

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 182.0 38.5 30.5 9.5 1453.0

sardine 332085.0 279225.0 251485.0 154807.5 384012.5 371490.0 350497.5 517646.5 230962.0 249936.5 200589.0 166366.0

mackerel 171674.5 1122528.0 1797183.5 537426.0 70328.5 78970.4 85398.4 77857.1 69166.0 91344.5 56178.5 9187.5

horse mackerel 320852.5 269698.6 412098.5 564476.0 513085.0 534724.0 545833.0 367546.0 553696.5 420059.0 216971.0 102220.5

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 44. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2006

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 4.50 4.57 3.57 8.89 7.65

sardine 0.49 0.43 0.37 0.35 0.30 0.51 0.44 0.51 0.46 0.47 0.54 0.56

mackerel 0.84 0.48 0.43 0.55 0.83 1.09 1.43 1.12 0.85 0.58 0.52 0.59

horse mackerel 1.75 1.64 0.99 0.80 0.74 0.82 0.76 1.23 0.75 1.22 1.46 1.55

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 45. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2007

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 315.5 224.0 17.0

sardine 437871.8 302830.0 204419.0 270949.3 240531.5 582886.3 167931.3 358520.0 101645.0 432659.5 297572.5 20982.5

mackerel 172272.5 712503.5 1312937.5 540333.0 85788.5 62521.3 66216.3 66493.5 153227.8 114878.5 77987.5 67495.5

horse mackerel 270324.0 280087.5 605169.0 713423.1 942741.0 935373.5 829385.5 735636.0 947329.0 955147.0 498873.5 271557.5

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

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Table 46. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2007

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 6.96 5.19 7.66

sardine 0.47 0.41 0.43 0.37 0.48 0.73 0.82 0.84 0.64 0.55 0.52 0.68

mackerel 0.51 0.40 0.45 0.40 1.39 1.33 1.33 1.13 0.82 0.63 0.80 0.64

horse mackerel 1.83 1.33 0.86 0.77 0.81 0.83 1.09 1.24 0.66 0.54 0.80 0.82

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 47. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2008

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 339.0 450.0 16.0

sardine 130430.0 330425.0 143987.5 218033.5 243300.0 162215.0 287453.8 109906.0 120620.0 359654.0 381912.0 125507.2

mackerel 196147.5 1089620.0 1361177.5 373333.6 29817.9 15968.5 88502.8 151647.3 246286.5 265797.3 54987.5 19436.3

horse mackerel 202175.0 314154.0 283890.0 375317.5 467891.0 129410.5 1296089.8 1110001.0 1025528.5 1155189.1 793704.0 729491.9

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

Table 48. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2008

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 5.25 5.68 5.50

sardine 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.50 0.49 1.03 0.72 0.90 0.63 0.55 0.60 0.91

mackerel 0.50 0.39 0.40 0.47 0.89 1.20 1.40 1.46 1.14 0.99 1.02 2.19

horse mackerel 1.40 1.55 1.47 1.24 0.84 1.26 0.62 0.66 0.64 0.67 0.89 0.88

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

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Table 49. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2009

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 51.0 7.5 1337.0 1156.0 660.0 324.5

sardine 15295.0 15745.0 91175.0 157511.8 165487.0 398616.8 190058.5 236511.3 204055.3 250025.0 187223.0 66300.8

mackerel 169842.5 3912895.5 3332007.5 725234.0 201825.0 14379.5 2925.0

horse mackerel 183937.5 269015.0 421958.0 724591.3 960259.0 844484.3 1083631.0 902820.3 655905.3 613044.0 498122.0 405223.3

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 50. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2009

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 4.14 3.80 2.88 3.39 7.51 8.35

sardine 0.95 0.51 0.47 0.51 0.54 1.54 1.28 0.90 0.86 0.98 0.79 1.12

mackerel 0.72 0.31 0.32 0.46 0.80 1.33 1.33

horse mackerel 1.73 1.04 1.45 0.96 0.68 0.66 0.68 0.75 0.93 0.95 1.35 1.22

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

Table 51. Volume landed (Kg) in Riveira of the main species captured by purse seiner fleet* (Riveira fish market data). 2010

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 6.0 1012.0 467.5 1808.5 93994.5 15418.5 5.0 196.0

sardine 15958.0 87254.0 76862.5 24671.3 146466.8 262776.0 115830.5 194231.0 312843.3 406536.0 123225.3 29793.8

mackerel 129120.0 1522572.3 1574148.9 133368.5 10946.5 2474.5 11620.8 22457.5 27660.3 8298.5 33081.8 17588.0

horse mackerel 497149.4 480997.7 485460.2 609840.3 559219.4 614371.3 758483.5 602580.0 815013.3 353179.5 346796.3 218558.5

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

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Table 52. Average price (EUR/Kg) in Riveira of the main species from purse seiner fleet* (Riveira first sale market data). 2010

January February March April May June July August September October November December

anchovy 6.00 4.99 4.47 4.56 1.61 4.03 6.30 5.97

sardine 0.87 1.05 0.90 0.77 0.66 1.55 1.22 1.04 0.70 0.63 0.71 0.80

mackerel 0.66 0.52 0.66 0.77 1.65 1.52 1.45 1.27 1.02 0.93 0.94 1.16

horse mackerel 1.41 1.24 1.11 1.22 0.87 0.89 0.73 0.81 0.61 0.95 1.09 1.43

*: These figures include the total landings from Cambados’ and Riveira’s purse seiner segment. Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.  

 

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Annex: Professional qualifications of personnel on board vessels

The adaptation of the Spanish law to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel, 1995 (STCW-F 1995), is made through the Certificate of Basic Training, obtained after a 70 hours course. It consists of four modules: survival at sea, prevention of fire, first aid and occupational hazard prevention. It is run by entities approved by the Ministry of Public Works, and it is required for any crew member of a fishing vessel since September 2012. The regional government (through Nautical-Fishing Schools or Institutes located in Vigo, Ferrol, Riveira, Bueu, and Coruña) supplied this course throughout 2012 and previous years with the aim that the fishermen may have the certificate. The fishermen may too participate in the courses supplied by other public institutions, such as the National Centre of Maritime Training (located in Bamio) and the Ministry of Public Works (Madrid), or private centres (in this moment only five Galician centres are approved by the Ministry for supplying this training: two in Santiago and one in Pontevedra, Salvaterra and Celeiro). In addition and for the new skippers who incorporate in fishing vessels over 24 m since September 2012, they must hold the qualification of Fishing Captain, and therefore pass the corresponding specialized course. Those institutions usually offer an only course per year.

In particular, the sailor category must hold the following documents since September 2012:

‐ Certificate of Basic Training (above mentioned).

‐ Fisherman Professional Card, obtained after a 23 hours course run by the nautical-fishing institutes (regulation “Real Decreto 1519/2007, de 16 de noviembre, BOE 290”).

‐ Medical check-up in force, issued by the Maritime Health Services (ISM).

The skipper (and the other nautical-fishing graduate categories: officer, engineer officer) must hold the following documents:

‐ Certificate of Basic Training (above mentioned).

‐ Professional Qualification for new skippers case:

. Local Fishing Skipper, for 0-12 m and 0-100 Kw vessels, operating up to 12 miles offshore (same qualification that the requested before September 2012).

. Coastal Multipurpose Skipper, for 0-24 m and 0-400 Kw vessels, operating up to 60 miles offshore (same qualification that the requested before September 2012).

. Fishing Captain, for any kind of fishing vessel, with unlimited length, tonnage and offshore distance.

‐ Certificates of Specialization:

Advanced Certificate of fire-fighting.

Certificate of survival and rescue boats (fast and non-fast).

Certificate of GMDSS general operator.

Certificate of GMDSS restricted operator.

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‐ Specific Health Training, basic or advanced, run by entities approved by the Maritime Health Services (ISM), with a period of validity of 5 years and updating courses (regulation “ORDEN PRE/646/2004, de 5 de marzo, BOE 62”).

‐ Medical check-up in force, issued by the Maritime Health Services (ISM).

‐ Food Handler Certificate.