european debt crisis ppt @ becdoms
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European debt crisis ppt @ becdomsTRANSCRIPT
European Debt Crisis
How does European Debt Crisis influence the interest rate in Euro Zone?
How does European Debt Crisis influence the value of Euro dollar?
Recall GDP formula
Recall that GDP is both total income in an economy and total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services:
Y = C + I + G + NX
Important identities
Assume a closed economy – one that does not engage in international trade:
Y = C + I + G Now, subtract C and G from both sides of the
equation:Y – C – G =I
The left side of the equation is the total income in the economy after paying for consumption and government purchases and is called national saving, or just saving (S).
Important identities: continued
Substituting S for Y - C - G, the equation can be written as:
S = I National saving, or saving, is equal to:
S = I
S = Y – C – G
S = (Y – T – C) + (T – G)
Meaning of Saving
National Saving National saving is the total income in the economy
that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases.
Private Saving Private saving is the amount of income that
households have left after paying their taxes and paying for their consumption.
Private saving = (Y – T – C)
Meaning of Saving: Continued
Public Saving Public saving is the amount of tax revenue
that the government has left after paying for its spending.
Public saving = (T – G)
Budget
Surplus and Deficit If T > G, the government runs a budget
surplus because it receives more money than it spends.
The surplus of T - G represents public saving. If G > T, the government runs a budget deficit
because it spends more money than it receives in tax revenue.
Saving = Investment?
For the economy as a whole, saving must be equal to investment.
S = I
Market for Loanable Funds
Financial markets coordinate the economy’s saving and investment in the market for loanable funds.
The market for loanable funds is the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds.
Loanable funds refers to all income that people have chosen to save and lend out, rather than use for their own consumption.
Supply and Demand for Loanable Funds
The supply of loanable funds comes from people who have extra income they want to save and lend out.
The demand for loanable funds comes from households and firms that wish to borrow to make investments.
Price of the Loan
The interest rate is the price of the loan.
It represents the amount that borrowers pay for loans and the amount that lenders receive on their saving.
The interest rate in the market for loanable funds is the real interest rate.
Equilibrium
Financial markets work much like other markets in the economy. The equilibrium of the supply and demand for
loanable funds determines the real interest rate.
Loanable Funds(in billions of dollars)
0
InterestRate Supply
Demand
5%
$1,200
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Government Policies
Government Policies That Affect Saving and Investment Taxes and saving Taxes and investment Government budget deficits
Saving Incentives: Tax Cut
Taxes on interest income substantially reduce the future payoff from current saving and, as a result, reduce the incentive to save.
A tax decrease increases the incentive for households to save at any given interest rate. The supply of loanable funds curve shifts to the right. The equilibrium interest rate decreases. The quantity demanded for loanable funds increases.
Loanable Funds(in billions of dollars)
0
InterestRate
Supply, S1 S2
2. . . . whichreduces theequilibriuminterest rate . . .
3. . . . and raises the equilibriumquantity of loanable funds.
Demand
1. Tax incentives forsaving increase thesupply of loanablefunds . . .
5%
$1,200
4%
$1,600
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Investment Incentives: Investment Tax Credit
An investment tax credit increases the incentive to borrow. Increases the demand for loanable funds. Shifts the demand curve to the right. Results in a higher interest rate and a greater
quantity saved.
Loanable Funds(in billions of dollars)
0
InterestRate
1. An investmenttax creditincreases thedemand for loanable funds . . .
2. . . . whichraises theequilibriuminterest rate . . .
3. . . . and raises the equilibriumquantity of loanable funds.
Supply
Demand, D1
D2
5%
$1,200
6%
$1,400
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Government Budget Deficit
When the government spends more than it receives in tax revenues, the short fall is called the budget deficit.
The accumulation of past budget deficits is called the government debt.
Crowding Out
Government borrowing to finance its budget deficit reduces the supply of loanable funds available to finance investment by households and firms.
This fall in investment is referred to as crowding out. The deficit borrowing crowds out private
borrowers who are trying to finance investments.
Budget Deficit
A budget deficit decreases the supply of loanable funds. Shifts the supply curve to the left. Increases the equilibrium interest rate. Reduces the equilibrium quantity of loanable
funds.
Loanable Funds(in billions of dollars)
0
InterestRate
3. . . . and reduces the equilibriumquantity of loanable funds.
S2
2. . . . whichraises theequilibriuminterest rate . . .
Supply, S1
Demand
$1,200
5%
$800
6% 1. A budget deficitdecreases thesupply of loanablefunds . . .
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Net Capital Outflow
Net capital outflow refers to the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners. A U.S. resident buys stock in the Toyota corporation and a Mexican buys stock in the Ford Motor corporation.
Variables influencing Net Capital Outflow
Variables that Influence Net Capital Outflow
The real interest rates being paid on foreign assets.
The real interest rates being paid on domestic assets.
The perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad.
The government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.
NX=NCO
Net exports (NX) and net capital outflow (NCO) are closely linked.For an economy as a whole, NX and NCO must balance each other so that:
NCO = NXThis holds true because every transaction that affects one side must also affect the other side by the same amount.
S=I + NCO
National saving is the income of the nation that is left after paying for current consumption and government purchases:
S=Y - C - G = I + NX
S=I + NCO
National Saving = Investment + Net Capital Outflow
Nominal Exchange Rate
The nominal exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another.
The nominal exchange rate is expressed in two ways:
In units of foreign currency per one U.S. dollar.
And in units of U.S. dollars per one unit of the foreign currency.
Real Exchange Rate
The real exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another.The real exchange rate compares the prices of domestic goods and foreign goods in the domestic economy.If a case of German beer is twice as expensive as American beer, the real exchange rate is 1/2 case of German beer per case of American beer.
Formula
R eal ex ch an g e ra te =N o m in a l ex ch an g e ra te D o m estic p rice
F o re ig n p rice
The Market for Loanable Funds
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Quantity ofLoanable Funds
RealInterest
RateSupply of loanable funds
(from national saving)
Demand for loanablefunds (for domesticinvestment and net
capital outflow)
Equilibriumquantity
Equilibriumreal interest
rate
Foreign-Currency Exchange Market
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX.NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets.NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Quantity of Dollars Exchangedinto Foreign Currency
RealExchange
RateSupply of dollars
(from net capital outflow)
Demand for dollars(for net exports)
Equilibriumquantity
Equilibriumreal exchange
rate
Equilibrium in Open Economy
In the market for loanable funds, supply comes from national saving and demand comes from domestic investment and net capital outflow.
In the market for foreign-currency exchange, supply comes from net capital outflow and demand comes from net exports.
Equilibrium in Open Economy
Net capital outflow links the loanable funds market and the foreign-currency exchange market.
The key determinant of net capital outflow is the real interest rate.
How Net Capital Outflow Depends on the Interest Rate
0 Net CapitalOutflow
Net capital outflowis negative.
Net capital outflowis positive.
RealInterest
Rate
Equilibrium in Open Economy
Prices in the loanable funds market and the foreign-currency exchange market adjust simultaneously to balance supply and demand in these two markets.As they do, they determine the macroeconomic variables of national saving, domestic investment, net foreign investment, and net exports.
The Real Equilibrium in an Open Economy
(a) The Market for Loanable Funds (b) Net Capital Outflow
Net capitaloutflow, NCO
RealInterest
Rate
RealInterest
Rate
(c) The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
Quantity ofDollars
Quantity ofLoanable Funds
Net CapitalOutflow
RealExchange
RateSupply
Supply
Demand
Demand
r r
E
Policies
The magnitude and variation in important macroeconomic variables depend on the following:
Government budget deficits
Trade policies
Political and economic stability
Government Budget Deficits
In an open economy, government budget deficits . . .
reduce the supply of loanable funds,
drive up the interest rate,
crowd out domestic investment,
cause net foreign investment to fall.
The Effects of Government Budget Deficit
(a) The Market for Loanable Funds (b) Net Capital Outflow
RealInterest
Rate
RealInterest
Rate
Quantity ofDollars
Quantity ofLoanable Funds
Net CapitalOutflow
RealExchange
Rate
Demand
Demand
r2
NCO
SS
S S
r2
B
E1
r rA
1. A budget deficit reducesthe supply of loanable funds . . .
2. . . . which increasesthe real interestrate . . .
4. The decreasein net capitaloutflow reducesthe supply of dollarsto be exchangedinto foreigncurrency . . .
5. . . . which causes thereal exchange rate toappreciate.
3. . . . which inturn reducesnet capitaloutflow.
E2
Trade Policy
A trade policy is a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports.
Tariff: A tax on an imported good.
Import quota: A limit on the quantity of a good produced abroad and sold domestically.
The Effects of an Import Quota(a) The Market for Loanable Funds (b) Net Capital Outflow
RealInterest
Rate
RealInterest
Rate
(c) The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
Quantity ofDollars
Quantity ofLoanable Funds
Net CapitalOutflow
RealExchange
Rate
r r
Supply
Supply
DemandNCO
D
D
3. Net exports,however, remainthe same.
2. . . . and causes thereal exchange rate to appreciate.
E
E2
1. An importquota increasesthe demand fordollars . . .
Capital Flight
Capital flight is a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country.Capital flight has its largest impact on the country from which the capital is fleeing, but it also affects other countries.If investors become concerned about the safety of their investments, capital can quickly leave an economy.Interest rates increase and the domestic currency depreciates.
The Effects of Capital Flight
(a) The Market for Loanable Funds in Mexico (b) Mexican Net Capital Outflow
RealInterest
Rate
RealInterest
Rate
(c) The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
Quantity ofPesos
Quantity ofLoanable Funds
Net CapitalOutflow
RealExchange
Rate
r1 r1
D1
D2
E
Demand
S S2
Supply
NCO2NCO1
1. An increase in net capitaloutflow. . .
3. . . . which increasesthe interestrate.
2. . . . increases the demandfor loanable funds . . .
4. At the sametime, the increasein net capitaloutflowincreases thesupply of pesos . . .
5. . . . which causes thepeso todepreciate.
r2 r2
E