european medieval society role of the church charlemagne manorial system feudalism popes & kings
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European European Medieval SocietyMedieval Society
Role of the ChurchRole of the Church
Charlemagne Charlemagne
Manorial SystemManorial System
FeudalismFeudalism
Popes & KingsPopes & Kings
BackgroundBackground Middle Ages: Middle Ages: A.D.500 – A.D.1500A.D.500 – A.D.1500 Around A.D.500Around A.D.500
Western Roman Empire crumblesWestern Roman Empire crumbles Germanic Tribes Invade Western Germanic Tribes Invade Western
EmpireEmpire Caused three major changes in society:Caused three major changes in society:
1.1. Disruption of TradeDisruption of Trade
2.2. Downfall of CitiesDownfall of Cities (people moved to countryside) (people moved to countryside)
3.3. Decline of LearningDecline of Learning Invaders were illiterateInvaders were illiterate Greek and Greek and LatinLatin learning almost totally lost learning almost totally lost Priests and Church officialsPriests and Church officials were literate were literate
Latin EvolvesLatin Evolves Invaders Languages combined with LatinInvaders Languages combined with Latin
Different Different dialectsdialects emerge emerge Romance (Roman-based) languages evolveRomance (Roman-based) languages evolve
FrenchFrench SpanishSpanish ItalianItalian
Just as Just as LatinLatin broke up and broke up and emerged as different emerged as different languages, the languages, the Western Western Roman EmpireRoman Empire broke up and broke up and emerged as emerged as different empiresdifferent empires
SIX DIFFERENT EMPIRESSIX DIFFERENT EMPIRES See page 350 in your textbookSee page 350 in your textbook Which 6 major empires emerged Which 6 major empires emerged
from the Western Roman empire?from the Western Roman empire?
Germanic Kingdoms vs Roman Germanic Kingdoms vs Roman EmpireEmpire
Roman EmpireRoman Empire Citizens loyal to Citizens loyal to RomeRome (the Empire) (the Empire) Soldiers obedient to Soldiers obedient to CaesarCaesar (ruler) (ruler) One government/set of laws rules all One government/set of laws rules all
peoplepeople Germanic KingdomsGermanic Kingdoms
Citizens loyal to family and Citizens loyal to family and lord/tribal lord/tribal chiefchief
Soldiers follow lord, Soldiers follow lord, notnot the king the king No No unifiedunified set of laws to govern all set of laws to govern all
The FranksThe Franks Modern-day Modern-day France & France &
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Clovis Clovis (Ruler of the Franks)(Ruler of the Franks)
Fought against other Germanic Fought against other Germanic tribestribes
Converted to Converted to ChristianityChristianity Formed partnership with Formed partnership with Rome & Rome &
the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church
The Church and Germanic The Church and Germanic SocietySociety
Many Germanic people convert to Many Germanic people convert to ChristianityChristianity
MonasteriesMonasteries and Convents built and Convents built Become centers for Become centers for educationeducation
BenedictBenedict Wrote rules for monasteriesWrote rules for monasteries
ScholasticaScholastica Adopted Benedict’s rules for Adopted Benedict’s rules for
conventsconvents Venerable BedeVenerable Bede
Wrote early history of EnglandWrote early history of England
Pope Gregory IPope Gregory I Becomes Pope in 590 A.D.Becomes Pope in 590 A.D.
GREATLY GREATLY expandsexpands the power of the the power of the Papal office in RomePapal office in Rome
Increased Increased Political PowerPolitical Power Raised Raised ArmiesArmies Negotiated peace treatiesNegotiated peace treaties
Began to envision a large Began to envision a large kingdomkingdom ruled by the ruled by the church, and the church, and the PopePope..
Charles the Charles the HammerHammer & & Pepin the Pepin the ShortShort
Major DomoMajor Domo – “ – “Mayor of the PalaceMayor of the Palace”” Official office (the Official office (the most powerfulmost powerful person in the person in the
Frankish Kingdom)Frankish Kingdom) Charles Charles MartelMartel (Charles the Hammer) (Charles the Hammer)
Major Domo in 719 A.D. (held more power than Major Domo in 719 A.D. (held more power than the Frankish Kingthe Frankish King
Defeated Muslims at Defeated Muslims at Battle of ToursBattle of Tours Pepin the ShortPepin the Short
Negotiated with Pope to fight LombardsNegotiated with Pope to fight Lombards Pope named Pepin “Pope named Pepin “King by the Grace of GodKing by the Grace of God””
Beginning of Beginning of CarolingianCarolingian Dynasty (would rule Dynasty (would rule Frankish Kingdom for 200 years)Frankish Kingdom for 200 years)
CHARLEMAGNECHARLEMAGNE Pepin the Short has 2 sonsPepin the Short has 2 sons
Carloman and CharlesCarloman and Charles Carloman dies – Charles inherits Carloman dies – Charles inherits
Frankish KingdomFrankish Kingdom Charles known as CharlemagneCharles known as Charlemagne
““Charles the Great”Charles the Great” Doubles the size of the Frankish EmpireDoubles the size of the Frankish Empire
Largest empire since unified Roman EmpireLargest empire since unified Roman Empire Charlemagne’s ConquestsCharlemagne’s Conquests
Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity Unified Western EuropeUnified Western Europe
Charlemagne becomes Charlemagne becomes EmperorEmperor
Charlemagne travels to RomeCharlemagne travels to Rome Crushes an uprising against the PopeCrushes an uprising against the Pope
Legend/Myth – Mobs attacking Pope Leo III in Legend/Myth – Mobs attacking Pope Leo III in streets, trying to blind him and cut out his streets, trying to blind him and cut out his tonguetongue
Charlemagne saves the Pope/crushes rebellionCharlemagne saves the Pope/crushes rebellion Pope Leo III names Charlemagne emperor Pope Leo III names Charlemagne emperor
(on Christmas Day)(on Christmas Day) Pope takes authority to name emperorsPope takes authority to name emperors Franks tied to Catholic church and legacy of Franks tied to Catholic church and legacy of
Roman EmpireRoman Empire
Charlemagne’s LegacyCharlemagne’s Legacy Unified Western/Central EuropeUnified Western/Central Europe Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity
Legend: beheaded 4500 people who Legend: beheaded 4500 people who wouldn’t convert to death (in one day!)wouldn’t convert to death (in one day!)
Encouraged educationEncouraged education
Charlemagne dies – 817 A.D.Charlemagne dies – 817 A.D. Sons divide up the kingdomSons divide up the kingdom
Kings lose powerKings lose power Feudalism begins in EuropeFeudalism begins in Europe
FEUDALISM & FEUDALISM & MANORIALISMMANORIALISM
Setting the stageSetting the stage Carolingian Kings lose powerCarolingian Kings lose power Invaders attack EuropeInvaders attack Europe
Muslims from south (Northern Africa)Muslims from south (Northern Africa) Magyars from east (Hungary – E. Europe)Magyars from east (Hungary – E. Europe) Vikings from north (Scandinavia)Vikings from north (Scandinavia)
Invasions create disorder and fear in Invasions create disorder and fear in EuropeEurope
Kings could not guarantee protectionKings could not guarantee protection People turned to local lords for protectionPeople turned to local lords for protection
FeudalismFeudalism Important terms:Important terms:
LordsLords LandownersLandowners Kings, nobles, church officials, knightsKings, nobles, church officials, knights
FiefFief Piece of landPiece of land
VassalVassal Person receiving the land (fief)Person receiving the land (fief) Nobles, church officials, knights, peasantsNobles, church officials, knights, peasants
SEE PYRAMID ON PAGE 361SEE PYRAMID ON PAGE 361
Feudalism PyramidFeudalism Pyramid
FeudalismFeudalism Kings needed military powerKings needed military power
Promised land (fief) to nobles in Promised land (fief) to nobles in exchange for military loyaltyexchange for military loyalty
Nobles gave land to knights in Nobles gave land to knights in exchange for loyalty and serviceexchange for loyalty and service
Peasants needed protection from Peasants needed protection from invadersinvaders Peasants worked land in exchange for Peasants worked land in exchange for
protection (Serfs – not allowed to leave)protection (Serfs – not allowed to leave)
ManorialismManorialism Formed economic basis of Feudal SystemFormed economic basis of Feudal System
Serfs/Peasants worked lord’s landSerfs/Peasants worked lord’s land Fruits of serf labor belonged to lordFruits of serf labor belonged to lord
Lords provide housing and protection to serfsLords provide housing and protection to serfs ““Manor” – Lord’s estateManor” – Lord’s estate
Completely self-sufficientCompletely self-sufficient Manor houseManor house Peasant cottagesPeasant cottages ChurchChurch FieldsFields WaterWater
Effects of Manorialism & Effects of Manorialism & FeudalismFeudalism
Provided social structureProvided social structure Created social classesCreated social classes
Nobles, peasants, etc.Nobles, peasants, etc.
Provided some Stability in EuropeProvided some Stability in Europe Harsh life for peasants/serfsHarsh life for peasants/serfs
Average life expectancy – 35 yearsAverage life expectancy – 35 years
KNIGHTS & CHIVALRYKNIGHTS & CHIVALRY ChivalryChivalry
Code of beliefs/ideals followed by Code of beliefs/ideals followed by knightsknights
FollowedFollowed Earthly lordEarthly lord Heavenly LordHeavenly Lord
ProtectedProtected LadyLady Weak/poorWeak/poor
Loyalty (to lord and Lord)Loyalty (to lord and Lord) BraveryBravery
CHIVALRY & KNIGHTSCHIVALRY & KNIGHTS KnightsKnights
““Hired” soldiersHired” soldiers Served wishes of lordServed wishes of lord Fief – VassalsFief – Vassals
LiteratureLiterature Camelot/King ArthurCamelot/King Arthur The Song of Roland (famous epic poem)The Song of Roland (famous epic poem) TroubadoursTroubadours
Travelling poet-musiciansTravelling poet-musicians Often sang of loveOften sang of love
ROLE OF WOMENROLE OF WOMEN Church ViewsChurch Views
Church was very influentialChurch was very influential Viewed women as inferiorViewed women as inferior
Noble WomenNoble Women Had some power (when husband was away)Had some power (when husband was away)
Peasant WomenPeasant Women Limited to raising children & household Limited to raising children & household
choreschores Eleanor of AquitaineEleanor of Aquitaine
Queen of England in late 1100’sQueen of England in late 1100’s Mother to Richard the Lion-HeartedMother to Richard the Lion-Hearted
POWER OF THE CHURCHPOWER OF THE CHURCH Pope Gelasius IPope Gelasius I
Two swords created by GodTwo swords created by God ReligiousReligious
Wielded by the PopeWielded by the Pope Grants Pope authority over religious mattersGrants Pope authority over religious matters Emperor should yield to the Pope on Emperor should yield to the Pope on
religious issuesreligious issues PoliticalPolitical
Wielded by the EmperorWielded by the Emperor Grants Emperor authority over political Grants Emperor authority over political
mattersmatters Pope should yield to the Emperor on political Pope should yield to the Emperor on political
issuesissues
Two leaders could rule in harmonyTwo leaders could rule in harmony
CHURCH HIERARCHY - CLERGYCHURCH HIERARCHY - CLERGY
POPE
BISHOPS
PRIESTS
INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCHINFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH Unifying ForceUnifying Force
Common beliefs – Stability for peopleCommon beliefs – Stability for people Social Center – Common HolidaysSocial Center – Common Holidays
Canon Law (Church Law)Canon Law (Church Law) Marriage & Religious practicesMarriage & Religious practices Church CourtsChurch Courts
ExcommunicationExcommunication No salvation for exommunicantNo salvation for exommunicant Vassals freed of dutiesVassals freed of duties
InterdictInterdict No sacramentsNo sacraments
All people doomed to hellAll people doomed to hell TREMENDOUS POWER TO CHURCHTREMENDOUS POWER TO CHURCH
HOLY ROMAN EMPIREHOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Otto IOtto I
Formed close alliance with churchFormed close alliance with church Pope crowns Otto EmperorPope crowns Otto Emperor
Lay InvestitureLay Investiture Power to name clergyPower to name clergy Kings can control churchKings can control church Gregory VIIGregory VII
Bans lay investitureBans lay investiture
EMPERORS & POPES CLASHEMPERORS & POPES CLASH Emperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VIIEmperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII
Gregory bans lay investitureGregory bans lay investiture Henry demands Gregory step downHenry demands Gregory step down Gregory excommunicates HenryGregory excommunicates Henry Canossa, ItalyCanossa, Italy
Henry begs for forgivenessHenry begs for forgiveness Gregory ends excommunicationGregory ends excommunication
Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms CompromiseCompromise Only the church can appoint bishopsOnly the church can appoint bishops Emperor can veto appointmentsEmperor can veto appointments
FREDERICK IFREDERICK I Barbarosa (Red Beard)Barbarosa (Red Beard) Named King to unite empire (1152 Named King to unite empire (1152
A.D.)A.D.) Repeatedly invades ItalyRepeatedly invades Italy
Italian merchants and Pope unite against Italian merchants and Pope unite against himhim
Battle of LegnanoBattle of Legnano Merchants and Pope victorious (crossbows)Merchants and Pope victorious (crossbows) First time in history foot soldiers defeat knightsFirst time in history foot soldiers defeat knights
GERMAN STATES REMAIN GERMAN STATES REMAIN SEPARATE (No unification SEPARATE (No unification since Charlemagne)since Charlemagne)
THE CHURCH & THE THE CHURCH & THE CRUSADESCRUSADES
Spiritual AgeSpiritual Age Unified the people of Middle AgesUnified the people of Middle Ages Spiritual revivalSpiritual revival
Monastery at ClunyMonastery at Cluny ““Beginning” of church Beginning” of church
reorganizationreorganization Church ProblemsChurch Problems
Priests marrying (against the rules)Priests marrying (against the rules) Simony – selling church officesSimony – selling church offices Lay InvestitureLay Investiture
CHURCH RESTRUCTURINGCHURCH RESTRUCTURING Monastery at ClunyMonastery at Cluny
Began the restructuringBegan the restructuring Pope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VIIPope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VII
Reorganized church hierarchyReorganized church hierarchy Pope – Bishops – PriestsPope – Bishops – Priests CuriaCuria
Group of advisors to PopeGroup of advisors to Pope Formed Canon LawFormed Canon Law
Tithe (taxes)Tithe (taxes)
THE FRIARSTHE FRIARS Friar – preached to the poor Friar – preached to the poor
Travelling monksTravelling monks Dominic & Francis of AssisiDominic & Francis of Assisi
DominicDominic Spanish priestSpanish priest Founded the Dominican order of FriarsFounded the Dominican order of Friars Emphasized educationEmphasized education
Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi Italian priestItalian priest Founded the Franciscan order of FriarsFounded the Franciscan order of Friars Respect for all God’s creaturesRespect for all God’s creatures
Clare & HildegardClare & Hildegard Founded orders for womenFounded orders for women
CATHEDRALSCATHEDRALS Many worshiped in small churchesMany worshiped in small churches CathedralsCathedrals
Huge, ornately decorated churchesHuge, ornately decorated churches Representation of a “City of God”Representation of a “City of God”
Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture Small windowsSmall windows DarkDark
Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture Enduring legacy of the church!Enduring legacy of the church! SoaringSoaring
GOTHIC vs. ROMANESQUEGOTHIC vs. ROMANESQUE
RomanesqueRomanesque GothicGothic
Round ArchesRound Arches Pointed ArchesPointed Arches
Thick WallsThick Walls Exterior buttressesExterior buttresses
Small windowsSmall windows Large, stained-glass Large, stained-glass windowswindows
Modest HeightModest Height Vertical, TallVertical, Tall
Dark, gloomyDark, gloomy Tall, light-filledTall, light-filled
RomanesqueRomanesque
RomanesqueRomanesque
GothicGothic
GothicGothic
THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES Series of wars/battles over 300 yearsSeries of wars/battles over 300 years Call for all Christians to Call for all Christians to capture capture
Jerusalem from the MuslimsJerusalem from the Muslims Muslim Turks also attacked Muslim Turks also attacked
ConstantinopleConstantinople Constantinople – Christian cityConstantinople – Christian city
Pope Urban IIPope Urban II – called for – called for CrusadesCrusades to retake the Holy Landto retake the Holy Land
THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES
Goals of the Crusades:Goals of the Crusades:
1.1. Retake Jerusalem and Retake Jerusalem and ConstantinopleConstantinople
2.2. Reunite Eastern and Reunite Eastern and Western churchWestern church
3.3. Money/ProfitMoney/Profit
THE 1THE 1STST & 2 & 2NDND CRUSADES CRUSADES First CrusadeFirst Crusade
1097 A.D.1097 A.D. 12,000 Crusaders12,000 Crusaders
Attempted to retake Attempted to retake JerusalemJerusalem Captured the city on July 15, 1099Captured the city on July 15, 1099
Crusader states establishedCrusader states established Second CrusadeSecond Crusade
Edessa (Crusader state) taken by Edessa (Crusader state) taken by MuslimsMuslims
Crusaders loseCrusaders lose (Edessa not retaken) (Edessa not retaken)
THE 3THE 3RDRD CRUSADE CRUSADE Jerusalem captured by Jerusalem captured by SaladinSaladin Philip IIPhilip II (France), (France), Frederick IFrederick I
(Germany), (Germany), Richard the Lion-Richard the Lion-HeartedHearted (England) (England) Led 3Led 3rdrd Crusade to retake Jerusalem Crusade to retake Jerusalem Phillip goes homePhillip goes home Frederick drownsFrederick drowns Richard battles SaladinRichard battles Saladin
TRUCE (1192)TRUCE (1192) Jerusalem remains Muslim; Jerusalem remains Muslim;
Christians (unarmed) could freely Christians (unarmed) could freely visitvisit
MORE CRUSADESMORE CRUSADES 44thth Crusade Crusade
Another failed attempt to capture Another failed attempt to capture JerusalemJerusalem
Crusaders loot Constantinople instead - $$$Crusaders loot Constantinople instead - $$$ 55thth – 8 – 8thth Crusades Crusades
Profit-drivenProfit-driven Failed to capture JerusalemFailed to capture Jerusalem
99thth & 10 & 10thth Crusades Crusades Crusaders invade EgyptCrusaders invade Egypt Attempt to weaken MuslimsAttempt to weaken Muslims UnsuccessfulUnsuccessful
CHILDREN’S CRUSADES??CHILDREN’S CRUSADES?? Stephen of Cloyes (French)Stephen of Cloyes (French)
12 years old12 years old Led 30,000 unarmed kids (<18)Led 30,000 unarmed kids (<18) Many died (cold, starvation, drowned)Many died (cold, starvation, drowned) Rest sold into slaveryRest sold into slavery
Nicholas of Cologne (German)Nicholas of Cologne (German) Led 20,000 young adults to RomeLed 20,000 young adults to Rome Only ~ 2,000 surviveOnly ~ 2,000 survive Some sail towards Holy Land, but are Some sail towards Holy Land, but are
never heard from againnever heard from again Power of the Church?Power of the Church?
SPANISH CRUSADESPANISH CRUSADE Called the Called the ReconquistaReconquista Spanish drive the Muslims out of Spanish drive the Muslims out of
SpainSpain Followed by the Followed by the Spanish Spanish
InquisitionInquisition Infamous trialsInfamous trials held by the Churchheld by the Church
HereticsHeretics Guilty were burned at stakeGuilty were burned at stake Muslims chased from SpainMuslims chased from Spain
LEGACY OF THE CRUSADESLEGACY OF THE CRUSADES Demonstrated the Demonstrated the Power of the Power of the
ChurchChurch Expanded tradeExpanded trade between Europe & between Europe &
Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia Weakened power of PopeWeakened power of Pope Increased power of KingsIncreased power of Kings Distrust between Muslims and Distrust between Muslims and
ChristiansChristians
CHANGES – Other than the CHANGES – Other than the ChurchChurch
1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D.1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D. Europe’s population growsEurope’s population grows Cultural changesCultural changes
Muslim & Byzantine influenceMuslim & Byzantine influence
Changes in agricultureChanges in agriculture Changes in businessChanges in business
trade & financetrade & finance
Agricultural ChangesAgricultural Changes Need for FOODNeed for FOOD
More people = Need for more food!More people = Need for more food! Europeans able to increase farm productionEuropeans able to increase farm production
Warmer climateWarmer climate New farmland available (too cold previously)New farmland available (too cold previously)
New agricultural methodsNew agricultural methods Horses take the plowHorses take the plow
Oxen previously used – Horses could plow 3x fasterOxen previously used – Horses could plow 3x faster Three field systemThree field system
Farmers use 3 fields instead of two = MORE FOODFarmers use 3 fields instead of two = MORE FOOD
EFFECTSEFFECTS More food = Healthier population = Longer LifeMore food = Healthier population = Longer Life
Resulted in rapid population growthResulted in rapid population growth Death Rate decreases, Life span increases = Population Death Rate decreases, Life span increases = Population
increasesincreases
Changes in BusinessChanges in Business GUILDSGUILDS
Organization of individuals in the same Organization of individuals in the same tradetrade
Merchant GuildsMerchant Guilds 11stst guilds guilds Could keep prices highCould keep prices high
Craft GuildsCraft Guilds Standards for their craftsStandards for their crafts
Working conditionsWorking conditions WagesWages Quality of Work (breadmakers)Quality of Work (breadmakers)
Craft GuildsCraft Guilds ApprenticeApprentice
Trained by & lived with Master (2-7 Trained by & lived with Master (2-7 years)years)
Parents paid Master for trainingParents paid Master for training When trained, became . . . When trained, became . . .
JourneymanJourneyman Worked for Master (paid salary)Worked for Master (paid salary) Had to produce masterpiece and apply Had to produce masterpiece and apply
to guild to become . . .to guild to become . . . MasterMaster
Owned his own shopOwned his own shop Worked with other MastersWorked with other Masters
More Changes in BusinessMore Changes in Business Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution
Expansion of Trade & BusinessExpansion of Trade & Business FairsFairs
Allowed trade of goods from distant landsAllowed trade of goods from distant lands Expanded “banking” ---- Credit between Expanded “banking” ---- Credit between
merchantsmerchants MORE GOODS = MORE WORKERS NEEDEDMORE GOODS = MORE WORKERS NEEDED
Serfs move to towns – workSerfs move to towns – work Free after living in a town for Free after living in a town for 1 year1 year
Towns’ populations growTowns’ populations grow Towns become CitiesTowns become Cities Towns/Cities dangerous and dirtyTowns/Cities dangerous and dirty
More on this laterMore on this later
Changes in CultureChanges in Culture Renewed Interest in LearningRenewed Interest in Learning
Muslim & Byzantine LibrariesMuslim & Byzantine Libraries Volumes of works by Greek PhilosophersVolumes of works by Greek Philosophers Crusaders bring back Muslim, Greek, & Byzantine Crusaders bring back Muslim, Greek, & Byzantine
knowledgeknowledge The UniversityThe University
Group of students meeting to study a subjectGroup of students meeting to study a subject France, Italy, & EnglandFrance, Italy, & England
Proper Universities appear – give DegreesProper Universities appear – give Degrees New ideas and works of literatureNew ideas and works of literature
Dante – Dante – The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy Chaucer – Chaucer – The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales Thomas Aquinas – Thomas Aquinas – Summa TheologicaeSumma Theologicae
Combined Biblical teachings and logic (Aristotle)Combined Biblical teachings and logic (Aristotle) Influenced future governments of W. EuropeInfluenced future governments of W. Europe
ENGLAND & FRANCEENGLAND & FRANCE England & FranceEngland & France
First countries in Europe to have First countries in Europe to have strong, centralized governments – strong, centralized governments – “Country”“Country”
800’s – 900’s A.D.800’s – 900’s A.D. Britain made up of feudal statesBritain made up of feudal states
Not unifiedNot unified
Angles & SaxonsAngles & Saxons Early peoples in BritainEarly peoples in Britain
Anglo-Saxon CultureAnglo-Saxon Culture
ENGLANDENGLAND Important early rulersImportant early rulers
Alfred the Great (Anglo-Saxon)Alfred the Great (Anglo-Saxon) United feudal states – named it United feudal states – named it
“England”“England” Canute (Danish – Viking)Canute (Danish – Viking)
Conquered EnglandConquered England Introduced elements of Viking cultureIntroduced elements of Viking culture
Edward the ConfessorEdward the Confessor (Anglo- (Anglo-Saxon)Saxon)
King – King – died without naming a successordied without naming a successor Struggle for power ensuedStruggle for power ensued
ENGLANDENGLAND William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror
From NormandyFrom Normandy Coastal region in Northern FranceCoastal region in Northern France
Edward the Confessor’s cousinEdward the Confessor’s cousin Hereditary claim to throne of EnglandHereditary claim to throne of England
Invades EnglandInvades England
ENGLANDENGLAND BATTLE OF HASTINGSBATTLE OF HASTINGS
1066 A.D.1066 A.D. William the Conqueror vs. Harold William the Conqueror vs. Harold
GodwinsonGodwinson Harold takes an arrow to the eyeHarold takes an arrow to the eye William is victoriousWilliam is victorious
ENGLANDENGLAND Importance of William & Battle of Importance of William & Battle of
HastingsHastings William claims all of England as his William claims all of England as his
ownown Kicks out English lords – supported Kicks out English lords – supported
HaroldHarold Gives land to Norman lords in Gives land to Norman lords in
exchange for loyaltyexchange for loyalty UNIFIED ENGLANDUNIFIED ENGLAND ESTABLISHED FOUNDATION ESTABLISHED FOUNDATION
FOR UNIFIED GOVERNMENTFOR UNIFIED GOVERNMENT
ENGLANDENGLAND Important advances in GovernmentImportant advances in Government
Courts & Courts & Jury Trials Jury Trials (Henry II)(Henry II) Jury of 12 neighborsJury of 12 neighbors
Common LawCommon Law Collection of jury rulingsCollection of jury rulings Basis for many modern laws in English-Basis for many modern laws in English-
speaking countriesspeaking countries The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta (John Softsword) (John Softsword)
Ineffective Ruler (John) - taxesIneffective Ruler (John) - taxes Nobles revolt – force John to sign Magna Nobles revolt – force John to sign Magna
CartaCarta Guarantees certain basic rightsGuarantees certain basic rights
Jury trial, no taxation without representation, Jury trial, no taxation without representation, protection of the lawprotection of the law
ENGLANDENGLAND More important advances in gov’tMore important advances in gov’t
Parliament (Edward I)Parliament (Edward I) Edward needed money for a war against Edward needed money for a war against
the French, Welsh, and Scotsthe French, Welsh, and Scots Summoned two people from every Summoned two people from every
burough and county to serve as burough and county to serve as ParliamentParliament
November, 1295 – Model ParliamentNovember, 1295 – Model Parliament Knights, citizens, bishops, & nobles Knights, citizens, bishops, & nobles
meetmeet Model for future ParliamentsModel for future Parliaments Knights & Citizens – House of CommonsKnights & Citizens – House of Commons Bishops & Nobles – House of LordsBishops & Nobles – House of Lords
Parliament Building in LondonParliament Building in London
FRANCEFRANCE New dynasty (after Carolingian)New dynasty (after Carolingian)
Hugh CapetHugh Capet Ruled small territory that included Ruled small territory that included
ParisParis Capetian Dynasty (~340 years)Capetian Dynasty (~340 years)
Phillip II (Capetian King)Phillip II (Capetian King) Seized Normandy from EnglandSeized Normandy from England Tripled the size of French territoryTripled the size of French territory Established the Established the Estates-GeneralEstates-General
Basis for French GovernmentBasis for French Government 11STST Estate – Church leaders Estate – Church leaders 22ndnd Estate – Lords Estate – Lords 33rdrd Estate – Landowners & Merchants Estate – Landowners & Merchants
ENGLAND & FRANCEENGLAND & FRANCE Importance of English & French Importance of English & French
advancements in Government:advancements in Government: Centralized GovernmentCentralized Government Created court systemsCreated court systems
INCLUDED COMMONERS INCLUDED COMMONERS IN THE GOVERNMENT IN THE GOVERNMENT PROCESSPROCESS
100 YEARS WAR & THE 100 YEARS WAR & THE PLAGUEPLAGUE
Watch for the followingWatch for the following:: Division of the Church (again)Division of the Church (again) A Deadly epidemicA Deadly epidemic Popes and Kings don’t get Popes and Kings don’t get
alongalong Wars in England & FranceWars in England & France Joan of ArcJoan of Arc
THE BUBONIC PLAGUETHE BUBONIC PLAGUE Also called Black DeathAlso called Black Death Disease, carried by fleas (on Disease, carried by fleas (on
rats)rats) Spread throughout the entire Spread throughout the entire
worldworld Wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s Wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s
populationpopulation
BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH Most PEOPLE had fleasMost PEOPLE had fleas
Very few bathedVery few bathed Towns and Cities filthyTowns and Cities filthy
Garbage and human waste thrown in Garbage and human waste thrown in streetsstreets
Large rat populationLarge rat population Fleas travelled via rats from person Fleas travelled via rats from person
to personto person SymptomsSymptoms
Black spots on skinBlack spots on skin Death – quickly (lifeless ships)Death – quickly (lifeless ships)
EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUEEFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE Population decreased Population decreased
dramaticallydramatically 1/3 of Europe – Dead1/3 of Europe – Dead
Medieval Society disruptedMedieval Society disrupted Manoralism/Feudalism crumblesManoralism/Feudalism crumbles Jews blamed for plague (why?)Jews blamed for plague (why?) Church suffersChurch suffers
Prayers don’t end plaguePrayers don’t end plague
THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Another split in the churchAnother split in the church Began with Pope-King conflictBegan with Pope-King conflict
Pope Boniface VIII declares all kings Pope Boniface VIII declares all kings must obey Popesmust obey Popes
King Philip IV (France) imprisons King Philip IV (France) imprisons Boniface VIIIBoniface VIII
THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Avignon, FranceAvignon, France
Pope Clement V moves to AvignonPope Clement V moves to Avignon Popes live in Avignon for ~70 yearsPopes live in Avignon for ~70 years Badly weakens Catholic churchBadly weakens Catholic church Popes move back to RomePopes move back to Rome
Urban VI (Italian)Urban VI (Italian) Bishops pressured to name Italian Bishops pressured to name Italian
PopePope ArrogantArrogant Bishops elect 2Bishops elect 2ndnd Pope!! Pope!!
Clement VII (French)Clement VII (French)
THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM TWO POPES!TWO POPES!
Urban VI & Clement VIIUrban VI & Clement VII Excommunicate each other - church Excommunicate each other - church
splitssplits French Pope (Clement VII) – AvignonFrench Pope (Clement VII) – Avignon Italian Pope (Urban VI) – RomeItalian Pope (Urban VI) – Rome
THREE POPES!THREE POPES! Council of Constance (1414)Council of Constance (1414) Force all 3 Popes to resignForce all 3 Popes to resign Elect new Pope – Martin VElect new Pope – Martin V
CHUCH BADLY WEAKENED AGAINCHUCH BADLY WEAKENED AGAIN
SCHOLARS CHALLENGESCHOLARS CHALLENGE Due to perceived weakness of Due to perceived weakness of
PapacyPapacy John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe
Jesus is true head of church – not Jesus is true head of church – not PopePope
Jan HusJan Hus Biblical law authority over Pope lawBiblical law authority over Pope law ExcommunicatedExcommunicated Burned at stake!Burned at stake!
100 YEARS’ WAR100 YEARS’ WAR Series of wars between England & Series of wars between England &
FranceFrance England once occupied part of FranceEngland once occupied part of France
William the Conqueror – NormandyWilliam the Conqueror – Normandy
Capetian King dies – no successorCapetian King dies – no successor Edward III (England) claims French Edward III (England) claims French
thronethrone 1337 A.D. – 1453 A.D.1337 A.D. – 1453 A.D.
100 YEARS’ WAR100 YEARS’ WAR Important effectsImportant effects
Ended importance of knights & chivalryEnded importance of knights & chivalry Longbow & foot soldiers slaughter knightsLongbow & foot soldiers slaughter knights
Battles of Crecy, Poitiers, AgincourtBattles of Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt
Showed strength of Joan of ArcShowed strength of Joan of Arc Heard voices (God telling her to rescue Heard voices (God telling her to rescue
France)France) Battle of OrleansBattle of Orleans
French begin to retreatFrench begin to retreat Joan of Arc turns around and charges the EnglishJoan of Arc turns around and charges the English French soldiers followFrench soldiers follow French army victoriousFrench army victorious
Helped Charles VII become King of FranceHelped Charles VII become King of France
JOAN OF ARC BURNSJOAN OF ARC BURNS Joan captured and turned over to Joan captured and turned over to
EnglishEnglish Church condemns Joan of Arc as Church condemns Joan of Arc as
witchwitch Because of her claim to hear voicesBecause of her claim to hear voices
Church burns Joan of Arc at the stakeChurch burns Joan of Arc at the stake Charles VII does nothing!Charles VII does nothing!
She had helped him become KingShe had helped him become King
DEATH OF THE MIDDLE AGESDEATH OF THE MIDDLE AGES Characteristics of Middle AgesCharacteristics of Middle Ages
The ChurchThe Church The Great SchismThe Great Schism ““Battles” between Popes & KingsBattles” between Popes & Kings Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague
Chivalry & KnightsChivalry & Knights Longbow & Foot soldiersLongbow & Foot soldiers Battles of Crecy, Poitiers, & AgincourtBattles of Crecy, Poitiers, & Agincourt
FeudalismFeudalism Kings regain central authorityKings regain central authority National Pride – England & FranceNational Pride – England & France