europeans extend their culture, government and economy
DESCRIPTION
Imperialism Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region “Old Imperialism”….1500-1800 Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the Americas (Spanish, British and French colonies) Europeans only gained toeholds in Africa, India and ChinaTRANSCRIPT
Europeans extend their culture, government and economy.
The New Imperialism Europeans extend their culture, government and
economy. Imperialism Imperialism is the domination by one country
of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or
region Old Imperialism Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the
Americas (Spanish, British and French colonies) Europeans only
gained toeholds in Africa, India and China Imperialism New
Imperialism.1800s
Western powers were stronger politically and economically Europeans
begin an aggressive expansion worldwide, not just in the Americas
Causes of the New Imperialism
Economic Interests Industrial Revolution created needs for natural
resources Rubber, manganese, petroleum and palm oil Manufacturers
hoped for new markets Colonies offered an outlet for expanding
population Political and Military Interests Steam powered
merchant/naval vessels needed bases to take on coal and supplies
Nationalism led European powers to compete for similar regions
Europeans believed ruling a global empire increased a nations
prestige What other options did countries like Britain, who had
very few natural resources, have to gain the materials they needed
for their industries? When a country like France gained a colony in
Africa, it would quickly be surrounded by countries like Germany
and Britain to keep it from expanding too far. Causes of the New
Imperialism
Humanitarian Goals Europeans felt they had a duty to spread what
they saw as the blessings of western civilization Social Darwinism
Growing sense in the West of racial superiority European races,
they argued, were superior to all others and imperial conquest and
destruction of weaker races were simply natures way of improving
the human species Survival of the fittest What is a humanitarian?
Is a country who feels they are doing good, truly in the wrong?
What are some of the blessings of western civilization? Reasons for
Success Weakness of Nonwestern States Western Advantages
Older civilizations were in decline (Ottomans, Mughal India and
Qing China) West Africa was experiencing wars due to effects of the
slave trade Western Advantages Strong economies, well-organized
governments and powerful armies/navies Superior technology and
medical knowledge Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles,
steam-driven warships Where will the new imperialism focus
according the the weak states above? Summarize how Europeans were
able to colonize so easily. Setbacks to Imperialism
Resistance Africans and Asians strongly opposed western expansion
into their lands Nationalism movements rose to expel imperialists
Criticism at Home Some Europeans believed colonialism was a tool of
the rich Argument:Westerners were moving toward greater democracy
at home but imposing undemocratic rule on other people What would
supporters of imperialism say to those Europeans who made the
argument above? Forms of Imperial Rule Imperial rule took many
forms. Colonial Rule:
Direct Rule: Sending officials and soldiers to administer
colony.Impose nations culture on their colonies and turn them into
provinces Indirect Rule: Use local rulersto govern
colonies.Encourages children of ruling class to get imperial
nations education creating a new westernized generation of leaders
and spread imperial countrys civilization. France utilized direct
rule, Britain utilized indirect. Which form of colonial rule seems
the most fair?Why? Forms of Imperial Rule 2) Protectorates: Local
rulers left in place but were expected to follow advice of European
advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity. 3) Spheres
of Influence: An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive
investment or trading privileges. Protectorates cost less to run
than a colony. Europeans carved spheres of influence in China, the
US had a sphere in Latin America France utilized direct rule,
Britain utilized indirect. Which form of colonial rule seems the
most fair?Why? The Partition of Africa
2 The Partition of Africa What forces were shaping Africa in the
early 1800s? How did European contact with Africa increase? How did
Leopold II start a scramble for colonies? How did Africans resist
imperialism? Africa in the Early 1800s 2 To understand the impact
of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s,
before the scramble for colonies began. NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA
Region had close ties to the Muslim world and remained under the
rule of the declining Ottoman empire. The Asante controlled smaller
states, who were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat
their Asante rulers. SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA Zulu aggression
caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of
the region. Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable
slave trade was carried on. European Contacts Increased
2 From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease
prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa.
Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the
1800s. EXPLORERS MISSIONARIES Explorers were fascinated by African
geography but had little understanding of the people they met. Most
famous European explorer was Dr. Livingstone Catholic and
Protestant missionaries sought to win people to Christianity.Most
took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to
reject their own traditions in favor of western civilization. Best
known explorer-missionary was Dr. Livingstone. King Leopold II of
Belgium sent explorers to the Congo
River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. 2
Scramble for Colonies King Leopolds activities in the Congo set off
a scramble among other European nations. Before long, Britain,
France, and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.
At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could
claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves. Berlin
Conference pg322 To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an
international conference but did NOT include any African leaders. A
European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set
up a government office there. European powers partitioned almost
the entire African continent. Imperialism in Africa to 1914
2 Horrors in the Congo.exploiting Africans, using them as laborers
Frances share of Africa was about the size of the United States
Britain had scattered holdings but those were rich in resources 2
African Resistance Europeans met armed resistance across the
continent. Algerians battled the French for years. The Zulus in
southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British.
East Africans fought wars against the Germans. When Italy invaded,
Ethiopia was prepared.Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from
Liberia, to preserve its independence. Ethiopia was an ancient
Christian kingdom.Menelik II was a reforming ruler who used modern
European technologies and tactics Iran and the European
Powers
3 Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into
Central Asia. Britain was concerned about protecting its interests
in India. For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own
spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.
The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened
foreign interest in the region. Russia and Britain persuaded the
Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic
rights given to foreign powers. The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and
Effects
4 CAUSES EFFECTS The British East India Company: Undermined and
violated Hindu beliefs required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in its
service, to serve anywhere, including overseas allowing Hindu
widows to marry ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of
animal fat when loading their rifles The sepoys brutally massacred
British men, women, and children. The British took terrible revenge
Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and
mistrust. The British put India directly under British rule, sent
more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the
occupying forces. After 1858, Parliament set up a system of
colonial rule in India.
British Colonial Rule 4 After 1858, Parliament set up a system of
colonial rule in India. The British built roads and an impressive
railroad network. The British flooded India with machine-made
textiles, ruining Indias once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Better health care and
increased food production led to rapid population
growth.Over-population led to terrible famines. The British revised
the Indian legal system. British rule brought peace and order to
the countryside. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British
schools. Imperialism in India to 1858
4 Different Views on Culture
4 During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed
different views of each others culture. INDIAN ATTITUDES BRITISH
ATTITUDES Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and
technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress.
Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or
Muslim cultures. Most British knew little about Indian achievements
and dismissed Indian culture with contempt. A few British admired
Indian theology and philosophy and respected Indias ancient
heritage. Indian Nationalism 4 The British believed that
western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would
bolster British rule. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas
had the opposite effect.By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians
were spearheading a nationalist movement. In 1885, nationalist
leaders organized the Indian National Congress.Its members looked
forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style
modernization. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue
their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. British Rule in
India Review
4 In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the
following except a) place India directly under British rule. b)
send more troops to India. c) give into Indian demands for greater
self-rule. d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military
presence. Which of the following is true of the Indian National
Congress? a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim
state. b) Its members favored continued British rule c) Its members
supported western-style modernization. d) Its members favored
immediate overthrow of the British. Imperialism in China Since the
mid 17th century, Chinese rulers had refused to adopt western ways
As a result, Chinese technology began to fall behind that of the
Europeans who will begin to challenge the Middle Kingdom The Opium
War Desperate to end the drain of British silver into Chinese
pockets, British merchants began to trade opium in China in the
late 18th century China tried to halt imports of the highly
addictive drug In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with
the Chinese in a conflict called THE OPIUM WAR Britains superior
military and industrial strength led to a quick victory The Opium
War Treaty of Nanjing In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the
harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing China had to pay for Britains
war costs, open ports to British trade and give Britain the island
of Hong Kong The western powers carved out spheres of influence,
areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges
including the right to build roads, railroads and factories Spheres
of Influence Chinese Reaction to Imperialism
The Taiping Rebellion- from , angry impoverished peasants revolted
against Qing officials.Millions were killed and China suffered.
Boxer Rebellion in 1900, a group known as the Boxers assaulted
foreign communities across China.Armies from the west and Japan
crushed the rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign powers
even more influence in China. The Chinese Revolution
In the early 1900s Chinese nationalism grew in reaction to the
increased western presence in China Sun Yat-sen led the movement to
create a new government and replace the Qing Dynasty Sun Yat-sens
Three Goals
To end foreign domination To form a representative government To
create economic security In 1911, workers, peasants and warlords
toppled the monarchy.Yat-sen was named president of the Chinese
Republic. Japan Modernizes 5 How did discontent in Japanese society
and the opening of Japan lead to the Meiji Restoration? What were
the main reforms under the Meiji? How did Japanese military
strength promote imperialism? Discontent in Tokugawa Japan
5 After the Tokugawa shoguns gained power in 1600, the reimposed
centralized feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners and forbade
Japanese to travel overseas. The Japanese had limited trade with
the Dutch in the port of Nagasaki. By the 1800s: Shoguns were no
longer strong leaders Daimyo suffered financial hardship Samurai
were no longer fighters Merchants had no political power Peasants
suffered under heavy taxes Opening Up Japan 5 July 1853:American
Commodore Matthew Perry persuades the Japanese give the U.S.
trading rights: Extraterritoriality Most Favored Nation Japanese
resented unequal treaties, found them humiliating 1867:Discontented
daimyo and samurai restored the 15-year-old emperor to power and
moved the capital to Tokyo. Meiji Restoration 5 Period lasting from
1868 to 1912. Meiji means enlightened rule. Goal:A rich country, a
strong military New leaders set out to study western ways, adapt
them to Japanese needs and beat westerners at their own game.
Reforms under the Meiji
5 Strong Central Government based on German system: Constitution
said all citizens equal before law Gave emperor autocratic power
Limited voting rights Ended special privileges of samurai and
subjected all men to military service Economic Reforms:
Industrialized using technologies of the west Social Change: Ended
legal distinctions between classes Opened educational opportunities
Women still had secondary roles Overall, the Meiji Restoration
reforms were very successful.Japan modernized and became a world
power. Growing Military Strength
5 As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to
industrial growth. Spurred by nationalism and imperialism, Japan
built an empire. 1894:Sino-Japanese War Though outnumbered, Japan
defeated China with their modern technology. 1904: Russo-Japanese
War Japans armies defeated Russia in Manchuria. Japanese navy
almost destroyed a Russian fleet 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth:Japan
gains control of Manchuria and Korea Japanese Rule Korea 1910:Japan
annexes Korea Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese
Imposed harsh rule on Koreans Korean rebels created nationalist
groups Naval Power in the late 1800s
5 Jul. 24, 1894 A party of 50 Sailors and Marines under Captain
George Fielding Elliott, USMC, was sent from the cruiser USS
Baltimore (C 3) to guard the American legation at Seoul, Korea,
during the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had just landed troops
in Korea. Japanese Power in the late 1800s
5 Sino-Japanese War Japanese Warships Fire on the Enemy near
Haiyang Island by Mizuno Toshikata, September 1894 Battle of
Pung-do, Sinking of the Kowshing July 25, 1894 Japanese Power in
the late 1800s
5 Sino-Japanese War Chinese Surrender After the Fall of Weihaiwei,
the Commander of the Chinese Beiyang Fleet, Admiral Ding Juchang,
Surrenders by Mizuno Toshikata, November 1895 (above, with
details).[ ] Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston This
woodblock print is an almost perfect example of how the Japanese
(left detail) saw themselves as totally different from the Chinese
and fundamentally similar to the Westerners, seen here in the
figures of Western advisors (right detail) standing behind the
Chinese. Southeast Asia and the Pacific
2 Southeast Asia and the Pacific What impact did European
colonization have on Southeast Asia? How did imperialism spread to
the Philippines and other Pacific islands? Imperialism in Southeast
Asia and the Pacific, 1900
2 Colonization of Southeast Asia
2 Colonization of Southeast Asia In their relentless race for raw
materials, new markets, and Christian converts, western industrial
powers gobbled up Southeast Asia. By the 1890s, Europeans
controlled most of Southeast Asia. They: introduced modern
technology expanded commerce and industry set up new enterprises to
mine tin and harvest rubber brought in new crops of corn and
cassava built harbors and railroads These changes benefited
Europeans far more than the people of Southeast Asia. Imperial
Powers in the Pacific
In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in
the islands of the Pacific. In 1878, the United States secured an
unequal treaty from Samoa.Later, the United States, Germany, and
Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa. From the
mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaii. In
1898, the United States annexed Hawaii. At the conclusion of the
Spanish-American War, the Philippines was placed under American
control. The United States promised Filipinos self-rule some time
in the future. Economic Imperialism in Latin America
4 Economic Imperialism in Latin America What political and economic
problems faced new Latin American nations? How did Mexico struggle
for stability? How did the United States influence Latin America?
Political Problems 4 During the 1800s, most Latin American nations
were plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships. Many
problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely
changed the existing social and political hierarchy. With few roads
and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by
regionalism, loyalty to a local area. The Economics of
Dependence
4 Economic dependence occurs when: less-developed nations export
raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import
manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. The
relationship is unequal because the more developed and wealthier
nation can control prices and terms of trade. Under colonial rule,
mercantilist policies made Latin America economically dependent on
Spain and Portugal. After independence, this pattern changed very
little. The region remained as economically dependent as before.
The Influence of the United States
4 In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine: stated
that the American continents were no longer open to colonization by
any European powers. In 1904, the United States issued the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Under this policy, the
United States claimed international police power in the Western
Hemisphere. In the next decade, the United States frequently
intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect American
lives and investments. In 1903, the United States backed the
Panamanians in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to
build the Panama Canal. Imperialism in the Caribbean and South
America, 18981917
4 Impact of Imperialism 5 How did imperialism lead to new economic
patterns? What was the cultural impact of imperialism? How did
political tensions develop as the result of imperialism? New
Economic Patterns 5 A truly global economy emerged, dominated by
the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. Colonial rulers
introduced a money economy that replaced the old barter system.
Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted
traditional economies. Local economies that had once been
self-sufficient became dependent on the industrial powers. Cultural
Impact 5 As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject
people to accept modern ways.By this, they meant western ideas,
government, technology, and culture. Many non-westerners,
especially in conquered lands, came to accept a belief in western
superiority. The overwhelming successes of the western imperialist
nations sapped peoples confidence in their own leaders and
cultures. Western culture spread around the world. New Political
Tensions
5 By the early 1900s, western-educated elites in Africa and Asia
were organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule. The
competition for imperial power was fueling tensions among western
nations. The End China and the New Imperialism
5 China and the New Imperialism What trade rights did westerners
seek in China? How did the Qing dynasty come to an end? The Trade
Issue 5 Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on
foreign traders. China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than
it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more
from the Chinese than they sold to them. In 1842, Britain made
China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of
unequal treaties that forced China to make concessions to western
powers. -China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. -The British
gained the island of Hong Kong. -China had to open five ports to
foreign trade and grant British citizens in China
extraterritoriality. Internal Problems 5 By the 1800s, the Qing
dynasty was in decline. Irrigation systems and canals were poorly
maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. The
population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a
terrible hardship for Chinas peasants. An extravagant court, tax
evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to
the peasants burden. The civil service system was rocked by bribery
scandals. Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping
Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history. Imperialism in
China to 1914
5 Fall of the Qing Dynasty
5 As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China. 1)
European countries were splitting China into spheres of influence.
2) Britains opium trade with China led to the Opium Wars 3) The
United States forced an Open Door Policy which kept Chinese trade
open to ALL nations. In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked
foreigners across China.In response, western powers and Japan
crushed the Boxers. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to
embark on a rush of reforms. Fall of the Qing Dynasty
5 Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a
republic. When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into
chaos. In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled. Sun Yixian was named
president of the new Chinese republic.Sun wanted to rebuild China
on Three Principles of the People:nationalism, democracy, and
economic security for all Chinese. The time period from 1911 to
1949 was a period of instability in China China and the New
Imperialism Review
5 Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations
with the West? a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West. c) In
1842, China was forced to open up five ports to foreign trade. d)
Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade. China and
the New Imperialism Review
5 What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked
foreigners in China. b) The Chinese started a war with Japan. c)
Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants
rose up against the government.