eurostat - statistics in focus 35/2009 - german regions lead european r&d

8/9/2019 Eurostat - Statistics in focus 35/2009 - German regions lead European R&D

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Sta t i s t i cs in focusScience and technology

Author: Reni PETKOVA35/2009

German regions lead European R&D

In 2005, there were 20 European regions thatdevoted 3 % or more of GDP to research anddevelopment. Germany scored highest, witheight of its regions among the top 20.However, regional disparities in R&Dexpenditure exist not only between countries,but also between regions of the same country,ranging from 0.21 percentage points betweenIrish regions to 5.2 percentage points betweenGerman regions.In the business enterprise sector (BES), regionswith a high R&D intensity (more than 3 %) weremainly concentrated in Germany and

Figure 1: Top 20 EU regions in terms of R&Dexpenditure as a percentage of GDP, all sectors

2005

2 477 1.2

3 055 1.5

6 896 3.4

832 0.4

7 854 3.9

1 697 0.8

3 669 1.8

2 680 1.3

1 667 0.8

2 040 1.0

3 303 1.63 018 1.5

1 388 0.6

1 231 0.6

3 296 1.6

2 430 1.1

1 221 0.6

14 506 7.2

2 342 1.2

4 242 2.1

Exceptions to the reference year: Source: Eurostat R&D Statistics2004: % of GDP regions from AT and FR2006: EUR Million regions from AT and FI

Noord-Brabant (NL): National es timation and provisional data

EURMillion

% of EU-27% of GDP

5.81

5.39

5.25

4.79

4.75

4.46

4.29

4.15

4.00

3.94

3.89

3.82

3.60

3.59

3.53

3.35

3.21

3.11

3.11

3.01

0 2 4 6

Braunschweig (DE)

Vstsverige (SE)

Stuttgart (DE)

Pohjois-Suomi (FI)

Oberbayern (DE)

Sydsverige (SE)

Stockholm (SE)

Midi-Pyrnes (FR)

stra Mellansverige (SE)

Tbingen (DE)

Karlsruhe (DE)

Berlin (DE)

Lnsi-Suomi (FI)

Dresden (DE)

Etel-Suomi (FI)

Wien (AT)

Steiermark (AT)

le de France (FR)

Noord-Brabant (NL)

Darmstadt (DE)

in northern Europe (Sweden, Finland and theUnited Kingdom).

Praha (CZ) was the region with the highestpercentage of R&D personnel as a share of totalemployment, with 4.8 %. Germany had fiveregions in the top 20, making it the leadingcountry in terms of R&D personnel.Regional disparities also appeared when lookingat R&D personnel as a share of totalemployment. More than 4 percentage pointsseparated the top and bottom regions in theCzech Republic, while the gap between Irishregions was only 0.15 percentage points.

In 2005, the top 20 EU regions in terms of R&D

intensity were all above the 3 % target set by theLisbon strategy.A first group of three regions registered more than5 % of GDP devoted to R&D activities. With an R&Dintensity of 5.81 %, Braunschweig (DE) led the wayin terms of R&D expenditure as a share of GDP,followed by Vstsverige (SE) with 5.39 % andStuttgart (DE) with 5.25 %. A second group of sixregions registered R&D intensities between 4 % and5 %, including Pohjois-Suomi (FI, 4.79 %),Oberbayern (DE, 4.75 %), Sydsverige (SE, 4.46 %),Stockholm (SE, 4.29 %), Midi-Pyrnes (FR, 4.15 %)and stra Mellansverige (SE, 4.0 %).The remaining11 regions registered R&D intensities between 3 %and 4 %.In absolute terms, R&D expenditure was the highestin le-de-France, with more than EUR 14 million,accounting for 7.2 % of total R&D expenditure in theEU-27. The French capital region was followed bytwo German regions, Oberbayern (EUR 7.8 million)and Stuttgart (EUR 6.9 million), accounting for 3.9 %and 3.4 % respectively of total R&D expenditure inthe EU-27.


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2 35/2009 Statistics in focus

With eight regions featured in the top 20,Germany was the highest-scoring country,followed by Sweden, with four regions, andFinland, with three. France and Austria each hadtwo regions in the top 20 and the Netherlandsone.Figure 2 shows the regional disparities in R&Dexpenditure as a share of GDP for the EU-27 andselected countries.For all sectors considered, three main groups of countries emerge from the ranking. At the top,Germany, France, Finland and Sweden stand outwith R&D intensities in their leading regionhigher than 4 %.The second group includes countries with R&Dintensities in the leading region between the EU-27 average (1.82 %) and 4 %. This groupincludes Belgium, the Czech Republic,Denmark, the Netherlands, Austria and Slovenia.The final group comprises countries where R&Dintensity in the foremost region is below theEU-27 average; they include Bulgaria, Estonia,Greece, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Cyprus, Latvia,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Hungary,Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Romania.Disparities exist not only between countries butalso between regions of the same country. Thelargest difference between two regions wasobserved in Germany, and was 5.2 percentage

points; conversely, the smallest gap was inIreland, at 0.21 percentage points. This canpartly be explained by the differences ineconomic weight. Whereas Ireland is dividedinto two regions at NUTS 2 level, Germany has39 separate regions.

JEREMIE (Joint European Resources forMicro-to-Medium Enterprises)

JEREMIE is a process whereby the MemberStates and Regions will be able to use part of their structural funds through the European

Investment Fund (EIF) to obtain a set of financial products specifically engineered forMicro, Small and Medium Enterprises. In otherwords, instead of using grants as such, it will bepossible to transform part of the grants intofinancial products.These products include equity, venture capital,guarantees, loans and technical assistance andthey will have a multiplier effect on the budget.(For each euro coming from the budget, the sumof the financing products available could range

from 2 to 10 euros). Source: European Investment Fund

Figure 2: Regional disparities (at NUTS 2level) in R&D expenditure as a percentage ofGDP, all sectors, EU-27 and selectedcountries 2005

selected countries 2005

Source: Eurostat R&D Statistics

Source: Eurostat R&D StatisticsNUTS level 1: BE

EU-27: Euros tat estimatio n

NL: Natio nal estimates and prov isional data

FR and SE: Break in series

Exceptions to the reference year:

AT , FR and CH: 2004

Vlaams gewest (BE)

Stredni Cechy (CZ)

Lazio (IT)

Noord-Brabant (NL)

Wien (AT)

Zahodna Slovenija (SI)

Kriti (EL)

Lisboa (PT)

Mazowieckie (PL)

Yugozapaden (BG)

Pohjois-Suomi (FI)

Braunschweig (DE)

Border, M idlandand Western (IE)

Comunidad deMadrid (ES)

Kozep-Magyarorszag (HU)

Bucuresti-Ilfov (RO)

Bratislavsky kraj (SK)

Vstsverige (SE)

Midi-Pyrnes (FR)

Vzhodna Slovenija (SI)

Mellersta Norrland (SE)

land (FI)

Bruxelles-Capitale (BE)

Severentsentralen (BG)

Ciudad Autnomade Ceuta (ES)

Nyugat-Dunantul (HU)

Sud-Est (RO)

VychodneSlovensko (SK)

Southern andEastern (IE)

Severozapad (CZ)

Weser-Ems (DE)

DytikiMakedonia (EL)

Corse (FR)

Valle d'Aosta (IT)

Zeeland (NL)

Burgenland (AT)

Swietokrzyskie (PL)

Algarve (PT)

-2 0 2 4 6

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

IS

NO

CH

HR

TR

%EU-27 = 1.82


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Statistics in focus 35/2009 3

With the exception of Bruxelles-Capitale inBelgium and Southern and Eastern in Ireland,with an R&D expenditure of 1.14 % and 1.22 %

of GDP respectively, R&D intensity in all theother lowest-ranked regions was below 1 %.

Map 3: R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP, business enterprise sector, by NUTS 2 regions 2005

Map 3 displays the distribution of R&D intensity inthe business enterprise sector across Europeanregions in 2005.As is the case for total R&D expenditure, regionswith high R&D intensity in the BES (more than3 %) were mainly concentrated in Germany and innorthern Europe (Sweden, Finland and the UnitedKingdom).

With the exception of the Czech Republic, all newMember States (2004 and 2007 enlargements)

registered R&D intensities in the BES below 1 %.Figure 4 shows the top 20 European regions interms of R&D personnel as a share of totalemployment. In 2007, Praha (CZ) was the leadingregion, with a share of 4.80 % of R&D personnel intotal employment, representing more than 21 000persons in full-time equivalent (FTE).The Austrian region of Wien ranked second with

4.58

% in 2006 and the Norwegian regionTrndelag ranked third with 4.36 %.


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Germany was again the country with the mostregions in this ranking, with five, followed bySweden with four, Finland with three and Norwaywith two. Belgium, the Czech Republic, Austria,Iceland, France and Slovakia each had one regionin the top 20.Praha (CZ) together with Bratislavsky kraj (SK)were the only two regions from the new MemberStates in the ranking.One of the salient features of the top 20 leadingEuropean regions in relative terms is that 10 of them were capital regions.In absolute terms, the French region of le-de-France had the highest number of personsemployed in R&D (135 872), representing 6.2 % of the EU-27 total. This was followed by Oberbayern(DE) with 62 501 persons, accounting for 2.9 % of the EU total. Stuttgart (DE) and Etel-Suomi (FI)ranked third and fourth, accounting for 2.4 % and1.6 % of the EU-27 total respectively.Two of the top 20 regions, namely Trndelag(NO), and Bremen (DE) each accounted for only0.2 % of the EU-27 total, and Iceland accounted for0.1 %.Figure 4: Top 20 European regions in terms ofR&D personnel as a percentage of totalemployment (HC), all sectors 2005

21 176 1.019 207 0.9

4 584 0.2

13 024 0.6

7 809 0.4

19 551 0.9

25 883 1.2

82 501 3.9

7 746 0.4

3 228 0.2

33 975 1.6

132 358 6.2

7 178 0.3

13 018 0.6

4 714 0.2

51 517 2.4

12 769 0.6

12 492 0.6

28 473 1.3

17 362 0.8

Exception to the referenceyear: Source: Eurostat R&D Statistics2007: Regions from CZ2006:Regions from FI,SE,IS2004: Regions from AT2001: Regions from FR

NUTS level 1: BECountry level: IS

FTE % EU-27% of total employment

4.80

4.58

4.36

3.98

3.89

3.87

3.85

3.76

3.63

3.58

3.52

3.39

3.2

3.08

3.07

3.06

2.95

2.94

2.91

2.85

0 1 2 3 4 5

Praha (CZ)

Wien (AT)

Trndelag (NO)

Oslo og Akershus (NO)

Pohjois-Suomi (FI)

Braunschweig (DE)

Stockholm (SE)

Oberbayern (DE)

Rgion de Bruxelles Cap. (BE)

Iceland (IS)

Etel-Suomi (FI)

le de France (FR)


Lnsi-Suomi (FI)

Bremen (DE)

Stuttgart (DE)

stra Mellansverige (SE)

Sydsverige (SE)

Karlsruhe (DE)

Vstsverige (SE)

Seventh Research Framework Programme(20072013)

People Programme

RationaleAbundant and highly-trained qualified researchersare a necessary condition to advance science and tounderpin innovation, but also an important factor toattract and sustain investments in research bypublic and private entities. Against the backgroundof growing competition at world level, thedevelopment of an open European labour marketfor researchers free from all forms of discrimination and the diversification of skills andcareer paths of researchers are crucial to support abeneficial circulation of researchers and theirknowledge, both within Europe and in a globalsetting. Special measures to encourage youngresearchers and support early stages of scientificcareer, as well as measures to reduce the braindrain, such as reintegration grants, will beintroduced.Objectives

Strengthening, quantitatively and qualitatively, thehuman potential in research and technology inEurope, by stimulating people to enter into the

profession of researcher, encouraging Europeanresearchers to stay in Europe, and attracting toEurope researchers from the entire world, makingEurope more attractive to the best researchers.Building on the experiences with the Marie Curieactions under previous Framework Programmes,this will be done by putting into place a coherentset of Marie Curie actions, particularly taking intoaccount the European added value in terms of theirstructuring effect on the European Research Area.These actions address researchers at all stages of their careers, in the public and private sectors, from

initial research training, specifically intended foryoung people, to life long learning and careerdevelopment. Efforts will also be made to increaseparticipation by women researchers, byencouraging equal opportunities in all Marie CurieActions, by designing the actions to ensure thatresearchers can achieve an appropriate work/lifebalance and by facilitating resuming a researchcareer after a break.

Source: Cordis


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Figure 5: Regional disparities (at NUTS 2level) in R&D personnel as a percentage oftotal employment, all sectors, EU-27 andselected countries 2005

NUTS level 1: Regions from BE Source: Eurostat R&D StatisticsNational estimations and provisional data: r egions fro m NLExceptions to the reference year:

2007: CZ, EE

2006:AT,BG,ES,CY,LV,LT,HU,MT,RO,SI,FI,HR, TR2001: regions from FR

Figure 5 shows regional disparities in R&Dpersonnel as a share of total employment (R&Dpersonnel intensity) in all sectors. In 2005, 10 Member States registered R&Dpersonnel intensities at national level well abovethe EU-27 average (1.44 %).

However, there were seven Member Stateswhere average R&D personnel intensity wasbelow 1 %: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Poland,Portugal, Romania and Slovakia.All regions considered, Figure 5 reveals adiscrepancy of more than 3 percentage pointsbetween the top regions in the Czech Republic(Praha) and Bulgaria (Yugozapaden).R&D personnel intensity exceeded 4 % in Praha(CZ ), Wien (AT) and Trndelag (NO). Thisshare was above 3 % in another six leadingregions; Bruxelles-Capitale (BE), Braunschweig(DE), le-de-France (FR), Bratislavsky kraj(SK), Pohjois-Suomi (FI) and Stockholm (SE).Although Yugozapaden (BG), Southern andEastern (IE), Utrecht (NL), Mazowieckie (PL)and Lisboa (PT) were the leading regions in theirrespective countries, R&D personnel as a shareof total employment was below 2 % in theseregions.Looking at the worst-performing regions in eachcountry, we see that R&D personnel intensity

was above 1 % only in Rgion Wallonne (BE)and Border, Midland and Western (IE). The

remaining regions did not reach the 1 % mark,and 12 were below 0.50 %.The lowest-ranked region in Belgium (RgionWallonne, with 1.46 %) performed better thanthe leading region in Bulgaria (Yugozapaden,with 1.29 %).Figure 5 also reveals broad disparities betweenregions of the same country, with the highestcontrasts recorded in the Czech Republic (4.49

percentage points) and Austria (4.16 percentagepoints). Finland, Norway and Germany alsopresented disparities of more than 3 percentagepoints.On the other hand, in Ireland regional disparitiesin R&D personnel intensity stayed at0.15 percentage points.It is also worth noting that, with the exception of Germany, Greece, Spain, the Netherlands andFinland, the best-performing regions werecapital regions, which shows the influence of capital cities in attracting R&D companies andpersonnel.

Yugozapaden (BG)

Southern and Eastern (IE)

Ipeiros (EL)

Comunidad Foral de Navarra (ES)

le de France (FR)

Lazio (IT)

Kzp-Magyarorszg (HU)

Utrecht (NL)

Mazowieckie (PL)

Lisboa (PT)

Bucuresti - Ilfov (RO )


Stockholm (SE)

Rgion deBruxelles Cap. (BE)

Praha (CZ)

Braunschweig (DE)

Wien (AT)

Trndelag (NO)

Pohjois-Suomi (FI)

Smaland (SE)

Hedmark ogOppland (NO)

land (FI)

ZapadneSlovensko (SK)

Sud-Est (RO)

Algarve (PT)

Swietokrzyskie (PL)

Severozapad (CZ)

Severozapaden (BG)

Rgion Wallonne (BE)

Koblenz (DE)

Border, Midlandand Western (IE)

DytikiMakedonia (EL)

Ciudad Autnomade Ceuta (ES)

Dpartementsd'outre-mer (FR)

Provincia AutonomaBolzano/Bozen (IT)

Eszak-Magyarorszag (HU)

Drenthe (NL)

Burgenland (AT)

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

IS

NO

CH

HR

TR

%

EU-27 = 1.44


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Map 6: R&D personnel as a percentage of total employment, business enterprise sector, by NUTS2 regions 2005

Map 6 shows R&D personnel as a share of totalemployment in the business enterprise sector.

In 2005, only five European regions (two inGermany, one in Finland, Sweden andLuxembourg) had R&D personnel intensities inthe BES above 2 %. In 27 regions this share wasbetween 1.2 % and 2 %.

BES R&D personnel as a percentage of totalemployment was between 0.8 % and 1.2 % in

northern regions, and in some parts of Austria,Belgium, Germany, Spain, France and theNetherlands.However, R&D personnel intensity was below0.4 % in the vast majority of European regions,especially in the southern countries.

Innovation clusters in EuropeClusters are defined by the co-location of producers, services providers, educational and researchinstitutions, financial institutions and other private and government institutions related through linkages of different types. There is huge diversity among clusters: they differ in terms of their stage of developmentalong the cluster life cycle; some are networks of SMEs, some are organised around key anchor firms, andyet others have developed around universities.

Source: http://www.proinno-europe.eu/admin/uploaded_documents/innovation_clusters_in_europe.pdf
http://www.proinno-europe.eu/admin/uploaded_documents/innovation_clusters_in_europe.pdfhttp://www.proinno-europe.eu/admin/uploaded_documents/innovation_clusters_in_europe.pdf


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METHODOLOGICAL NOTES

Research and experimental development

Research and experimental development activities (R&D)comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis inorder to increase the stock of knowledge, includingknowledge of man, culture and society and the use of thisstock of knowledge to devise new applications.R&D expenditure

Intramural expenditure comprises all expenditure for R&Dperformed within a statistical unit or sector of the economyduring a specific period, whatever the source of funds(Frascati Manual, paragraph 358 ).

R&D intensity

R&D intensity is R&D expenditure expressed as apercentage of GDP.GDP from national accounts is used as reference data forthe computation of R&D intensity at the national level.

R&D personnel

Data on R&D personnel measure the resources goingdirectly to R&D activities. The total R&D personnel aredefined as follows:All persons employed directly in R&D activities should becounted, as well as those providing direct services such asR&D managers, administrators and clerical staff. Thoseproviding indirect services, such as canteen and securitystaff, should be excluded (Frascati Manual, paragraphs 294-296 ).

Full-time equivalent

Full time equivalent corresponds to one years work by oneperson. Thus someone who normally devotes 40 % of his/her time to R&D and the rest to other activities (e.g.teaching, university administration or counselling) shouldbe counted as only 0.4 FTE.

The business enterprise sector (BES)

With regard to R&D, the business enterprise sector includesall firms, organisations and institutions whose primaryactivity is the market production of goods or services (otherthan higher education) for sale to the general public at aneconomically significant price and the private non-profitinstitutions mainly serving them (Frascati Manual,

paragraph 163 ).

Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS)

The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics(NUTS) was established to provide a single, uniform

breakdown of territorial units for the production of regionalstatistics for the European Union.

The NUTS is a five-level hierarchical classification

comprising three regional and two local levels. In this way,Member States are divided into NUTS 1 regions, each of which is in turn subdivided into a whole number of NUTS2 regions, and so on.The NUTS revision of 2006 entered into force on1 January 2008 and should be applied to all regional data.In the present Statistics in Focus data are presented atNUTS 2 level.Denmark, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Malta, Iceland, Switzerland, Croatia and Turkey areclassified as regions at NUTS 2 level.Belgium is classified as a region at NUTS 1 level.

European aggregates

For R&D expenditure and personnel, EU totals arecalculated as the sum of the national data by sector. If dataare missing, estimates are first made for the country inquestion, reference period, institutional sector or relevantR&D variable, as appropriate.

Sources

Eurostat R&D statistics.

General abbreviations

e estimated valuep provisional value

s Eurostat estimateb break in seriesi more information in metadata: not available

Reference manual

Standard method proposed for research and experimentaldevelopment surveys Frascati Manual, OECD, 2002 .

Data presented in this Statistics in Focus reflects the dataavailability in Eurostats reference database.
http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdfhttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Frascati.pdf


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Further information

Data: Eurostat Website : http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

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Manuscript completed on: 07.05.2009

Data extracted on: 26.02.2009ISSN 1977-0316Catalogue number: KS-SF-09-035-EN- C

European Communities, 2009
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/science_technology_innovation/data/databasehttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/science_technology_innovation/data/database

eurostat - statistics in focus 35/2009 - german regions lead european r&d

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