evaluation of new fluorine-based non-fumigant … · 15-20 slides 1. 3 field trials, 1 tomato, 2...
TRANSCRIPT
J.A. Desaeger,
University of Florida
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC), Wimauma, FL
EVALUATION OF NEW FLUORINE-BASED
NON-FUMIGANT NEMATICIDES IN FLORIDA
August 13-16, 2017
3 field trials – October ‘16-March ‘17
2 tapes
• Tomato (1) , strawberry (2)
• Fluensulfone (Nimitz), fluopyram (Velum) and fluazaindolizine (Salibro), applied via drip tape (1 or 2), either by themselves or combined with other nematicides (fumigants and Vydate)
• Efficacy against root-knot (tomato), sting and lesion nematodes (strawberry)
• Effects on plant vigor and yield
• Impact on non-plant parasitic nematode groups
New fluorine (3-F) vs old nematicides
New products are less toxic and more selective – true nematicides
New modes of action – or unknown;
Different soil behavior – efficacy and application
Chemical name Trade name
Structure Soil movement / solubility (water)
Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat.
Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d ? Danger
Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger
Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d ? Caution
Fluopyram Velum Poor – 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHII Warning
Fluazaindolizine Salibro(2019)
Medium+ 2000 ppm Medium 30 d ? TBD
Tomato Trial GCREC, Oct. ‘16-Jan. ‘17
6/4/2018
Beach sand … root-knot nematode = Meloidogyne javanica
Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
6/4/2018
cde cde
bc
bb
bcd
e
bc
de
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
Ga
ll i
nd
ex
(0
-10
)
4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks
Low-medium RKN pressure;
all nematicides reduced gall
ratings end of the season
Root-knot nematode soil counts end of seasonPre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (0-1 J2 / 200 cc soil)
6/4/2018
ab
b
ab
ab
b b
b
ab
ab
a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum K-pam UTC
J2
's/2
00
cc
soil
Other PPN: stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath
nematodes
Plant vigor(NDVI) during the season
7
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 11 weeks
ND
VI
(0-1
)
Nimitz + Vydate
Velum + Vydate
Salibro + Vydate
Vydate + Vydate
K-pam
Check
K-pam
Check
K-pam Check
New nematicides had similar crop vigor, in between check and K-pamGreenseeker
Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks
6/4/2018
b
ab
b b
bb
b
b
a
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
LB
S P
ER
PL
OT
1st pick 2nd pick 3th pick
Sclerotium rolfsii
Strawberry – 2 farms
- 3-F nematicides with and w/out fumigants
9
• FSGA farm, fumigant = K-pam (metam)
• GCREC farm, fumigant = C-35 (1,3-D + chloropicrin)
• 3-F nematicides: Nimitz, Velum and Salibro
FSGA farm, Dover, FL: nematicide application (pre-plant, left), post-plant (right)
Metam – None- Metam - None
Sting nematodes in soil – no significant effect of nematicidesor K-pam (FSGA farm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x2
0.5 lb x3
7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +0.5 lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
Ne
ma
tod
es p
er
20
0 c
c so
il
Mid season Late season
Belonolaimus longicaudatus
Lesion nematodes in soil – no significant effect of nematicidesor K-pam (FSGA farm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lbx 2
0.5 lbx 3
7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +0.5 lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
Nem
ato
des
per
20
0 c
c so
il
Mid season Late season
Pratylenchus penetrans
Lesion nematode inside roots
Lesion nematodes collected from strawberry roots over 24 days
Salad spinner extraction
12
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
# n
ema
tod
es p
er 5
g r
oo
t
Salibro Nimitz UTC Velum0100200300400500600700
# n
ema
tod
es p
er 1
0 g
ro
ots
Lesion nematodes collected from strawberry roots - peak after 12
days
Lesion nematodes inside strawberry roots
Mid season Late season
13
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Nim
itz
Vel
um
Sa
lib
ro
UT
C
Nim
itz
Vel
um
Q8
1lb
Q8
1 l
b +
0.5
UT
C
kpam none (P=0.04)
# n
ema
tod
es/5
g r
oo
t0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Nim
itz
Vel
um
Sa
lib
ro
UT
C
Nim
itz
Vel
um
Q8
1lb
Q8
1 l
b +
0.5
UT
C
kpam none
# n
ema
tod
es/5
g r
oo
t
Numerical differences mostly, slight significant difference late season non-fumigated
Plant vigor (NDVI) similar early … fumigants better later
6/4/2018
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
25
-Oct
1-N
ov
8-N
ov
15-N
ov
22
-No
v
29
-No
v
6-D
ec
13-D
ec
20
-Dec
27
-Dec
3-J
an
10-J
an
17-J
an
24
-Ja
n
31-
Ja
n
7-F
eb
ND
VI
(0-1
)
FSGA farm – high nematodes
Fumigant (K-pam) No fumigant
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
31-
Oct
7-N
ov
14-N
ov
21-
No
v
28
-No
v
5-D
ec
12-D
ec
19-D
ec
26
-Dec
2-J
an
9-J
an
16-J
an
23
-Ja
n
30
-Ja
n
6-F
eb
13-F
eb
ND
VI
(0-1
)
GCREC farm – no nematodes
Fumigant (C-35) No fumigant
New nematicides had similar crop vigor, no negative effect on strawberry
Strawberry Fruit Yields 2016-17
FSGA, Dover, FL (10 picks) GCREC, Wimauma, FL (11picks)
16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3.5pt
6.5oz
0.5lb
0.5lb x
2
0.5lb x
3
7 pt 6.5oz
1 lb 1lb +0.5lb
NimitzVelum Salibro UTCNimitzVelum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
Fru
it w
eig
ht
(kg
) p
er p
lot
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3.5pt
6.5oz
0.5lb
0.5lb +0.5lb
3.5pt
6.5oz
1 lb 1lb +0.5lb
NimitzVelum Salibro UTCNimitzVelum Salibro UTC
C-35 None
Fru
it w
eig
ht
(kg
) p
er p
lot
Charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, FSGA farm
… no effect of nematicides or fumigant
Nematode feeding groups in tomato -
Early season, 10-20 days post-treatment
6/4/2018 (7-21
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Nimitz Half
Nimitz Full
Velum
Salibro
Vydate
Check
K-pam
Number per 150 cc soil
Bacterivores Fungivores (P<0.01) Omnivores (P<0.01) Herbivores
(a) bacterial feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d)
predator, (e) omnivore.
Fungivores, omnivores and herbivores
knocked out … no effect of new nematicides
Nematode feeding groups in tomato –
Late season, 120 days post-treatment
18
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Nimitz Half
Nimitz Full
Salibro
Vydate+Velum
Velum+Vydate
Vydate
Check
K-pam
Number per 150 cc soil
Bacterivores (P=0.01) Fungivores (ns) Omnivores (ns) Herbivores (P<0.01)
Herbivores dominate, minor
differences among other
feeding groups
Nematode feeding groups in strawberry
with or w/o K-pam (early, mid and late season, FSGA, FL)
19
B
B
B
B
B
B
F
F
F
F
F
F
2
1
H
H
H
H
0 200 400 600 800 1000
K-pam
No fumigant
K-pam
No fumigant
K-pam
No fumigant
ea
rly
se
as
on
mid
se
as
on
late
se
as
on
Number per 150 cc soil
Bacterivores (P=0.03 mid season)
Fungivores (P<0.001 early and mid, P=0.05 late season)
Omnivores (P<0.01 early, P=0.08 mid season)
Herbivores
No effect of new nematicides
Non-parasitic nematodes in strawberry
with or w/o C-35 (early, mid and late season, GCREC, FL)
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
C-35
No fumigant
C-35
No fumigant
C-35
No fumigant
ea
rly
se
as
on
mid
se
as
on
late
se
as
on
Number per 150 cc soil
Bacterivores (P=0.08 early and mid season)
Fungivores (P<0.01 ealy and mid, P=0.04 late season)
Omnivores (P<0.01 mid season)
Herbivores
No effect of new nematicides
New 3-F Nematicides
▫ Less toxic and safer to use – no more danger label
▫ More selective – true nematicides – less impact on non-parasitic nematode feeding groups
▫ New modes of action – or unknown
▫ Different soil behavior – efficacy and application
▫ Not replacements for soil fumigants
6/4/2018
2016 – Gulf Coast REC Nematology Lab
22
• Andrea Ruthes
• Jake Helmer
• Mike Burrell
• Johan Desaeger
• Paul Dahlin
• Homan Regmi
• Chenzhao “Bonnie” Xie
• David Moreira
15-20 slides
1. 3 field trials, 1 tomato, 2 strawberry
2. New nematicides – name and properties
3. Efficacy with and w/out fumigants
1. Root-knot in tomato - gall ratings and soil counts – gall ratings on 2nd crop
2. Sting and lesion in strawberry – soil and root counts
3. Fumigants in tomato and strawberry production in FL
4. Impact on non-plant parasitic soil nematode groups
1. New nematicides
2. Fumigation
5. Effect on tomato and strawberry growth and yield
1. NDVI tomato and strawberry
2. Yield tomato and strawberry
3. NDVI and yield – correlation?
6. ….
6/4/2018
Tomato trial – October ‘16-January ‘17Treatment Rate/A Application time
Nimitz 7 pt 7 d pre-plant
Nimitz 3.5 pt 7 d pre-plant
Salibro 1 lb ai At plant
Nimitz + Vydate 3.5 pt + 1 qt 7 days pre-plant + 20 DAP
Salibro + Vydate 1 lb ai + 1 qt At plant + 20 DAP
Velum + Vydate 6.5 0z + 1 qt At plant + 30 d post-plant
Vydate + Velum 2 qt + 6.5 oz At plant + 20 DAP
Vydate + Vydate 2 qt + 1 qt At plant + 20 DAP
K-pam 62.5 gal 15 days pre-plant
UTC
Crop: Tomato cv. HM1823 planted on September 29,
2016 using a transplanter (24” spacing, 25 plants per
plot), with fertilizer (20-20-20) and Venom applied in
the transplant water; 50 ft long rows, 6 reps
2 tapes
Vigor “ratings” vs “measurements” (“Johan vs Trimble”)
6/4/2018
NDVI 4 weeks: y = 0.06x - 0.089R² = 0.68
NDVI 8 weeks: y = 0.06x + 0.087R² = 0.89
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
ND
VI
(0-1
)
Vigor rating (1-10)
Vigor rating (3 weeks) vs NDVI
Other plant-parasitic nematodes end of season (GCREC, Jan ‘17)
– stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes
6/4/2018
Less stubby root nematodes when post-plant Vydate application
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
# p
er 2
00
cc
soil
Stubby root (P=0.04) Lance
Strawberry trialsFarm Pre-plant Treatment Rate/A Application time
FSGA None Nimitz 7 pt 7 d pre-plant
Salibro 1 lb At plant
Salibro 1 lb + 0.5 At plant + 30 days
Velum Prime 6.5 oz At plant
UTC
K-pam Nimitz 480 EC 3.5 pt At plant
Salibro 0.5 20 d post-plant
Salibro 0.5 + 0.5 20 and 40 d post-plant
Salibro 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 At plant + 20 + 40 DAP
Velum Prime 6.5 oz 30-40 d post-plant
UTC
GCREC None Nimitz 7 pt
Velum 6.5 oz
Salibro 1 lb ai At plant
1 lb + 0.5 At plant + 30 days
UTC
C-35 Nimitz 3.5 pt
Velum 6.5 oz
Salibro 0.5 30 DAP
0.5 + 0.5 30 and 45 d post-plant
UTC
Mid season - Sting and lesion
nematodes in soil– no differences …
29
0
50
100
150
200
250
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x2
0.5 lb x3
7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +0.5 lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
# n
ema
tod
es/2
00
cc
soil
sting lesion
End of season - sting and lesion
nematodes in soil– no differences …
30
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x2
0.5 lb x3
7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +0.5 lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
# n
ema
tod
es/2
00
cc
soil
sting lesion
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Q8 1lb Q8 1 lb +0.5
UTC
kpam none
# n
ema
tod
es/5
g r
oo
t
# lesion nematodes end of season (5 g roots)
31
Lesion nematodes in roots – no effect of nematicides or K-pam
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x2
0.5 lb x3
7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +0.5 lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
Nem
ato
des
per
5 g
ro
ots
mid season late season
33
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x 2 0.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb + 0.5lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
# n
ema
tod
es/2
00
cc
soil
Early season Mid season Late season
Bacterivores, strawberry, FSGA … no difference …
no effect of nematicides or fumigant
Fungivores … no effect of nematicides, significant
reduction with fumigant (strawberry, FSGA)
34
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3.5 pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x 2 0.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb + 0.5lb
Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC
K-pam None
# n
ema
tod
es/2
00
cc
soil
Early season Mid season Late season
Fumigant effect:
Early and Mid (P<0.001), Late (P=0.02)
35
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
early (P<0.01) mid (P<0.01) late (P=0.05)
# n
ema
tod
es/2
00
cc
soil
Fungivores
K-pam No K-pam
Bacterivores, strawberry, FSGA
36
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
3.5 pt
6.5 oz
0.5 lb
0.5 lb x 2
0.5 lb x 3
7 pt
6.5 oz
1 lb
1lb + 0.5 lb
Ni
mit z
Ve
lu
mS
ali
br
oU
T C
Ni
mit z
Ve
lu
mS
ali
br
oU
T C
K-p
am
No
ne
Number per 150 cc soil
Early season Mid season Late season
Non-Plant-parasitic nematodes
• Impact throughout growing season
• Fumigation vs no fumigation• Non-fumigant nematicides• Fumigants vs nematicides
▫ K-pam vs new nematicides in tomato
▫ K-pam vs new nematicides in strawberry
▫ C-35 vs new nematicides in strawberry
• Nematicides vs nematicides▫ Vydate vs new Fluorine
nematicides
37
Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups
based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial
feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e)
omnivore.
How do nematicides / fumigants affect non-parasitic
nematode feeding groups? (“soil health”)
• Significant effect on non-plant-parasitic nematodes with the fumigant early season, but not for the non-fumigant nematicides
• By the end of the season, only root-knot soil numbers were reduced for all nematicides; non-parasitic feeding groups were similar for all nematicides (fumigant and non-fumigant) showed , except for fluopyram , which showed lowest number of esp. fungivorousnematodes
6/4/2018
Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups
based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial
feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e)
omnivore.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tomato Strawberry Strawberry
Chart Title
Fumigant B'vore F'vores O'vores H'vores
39
Nematicide Testing 2017
• GCREC:▫ Tomato, watermelon – root-knot▫
• Grower fields: ▫ cantaloupe and cucumber – root-knot▫ Strawberry –sting, foliar, root-knot, lesion
• New Nematicides▫ Only nematode control
no effect on soilborne fungi and weeds (>< fumigants) no effect on insects (>< Vydate)
▫ Good fit in double crops (via drip)▫ First crop vegetables (strawberries)?
Combined with fumigants, or mixed with soil fungicides and herbicides?
6/4/2018
Several farms with root-knot damage March 2017 –
strawberries and double-crop cantaloupe, watermelon, …
41
Nematicide rescue trial on-farm
• Northern root-knot nematode field
• 100 ft plots, 4 reps
• Nimitz @ 7 pts 7 days pre-plant
• Velum @ 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant
• Vydate and Majestene 1 day pre-plant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal
• Root gall index at 40 and 70 days
42
43
a aab
abb
a
b
ab
b b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz
Gal
l In
dex
(0
-10
)
M. hapla Root Infection on Cantaloupe
40 days 70 days