1Kastamonu University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kastamonu TURKEY 2Kastamonu University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, Department of Public Administration, Kastamonu TURKEY

3Kastamonu University Forestry Faculty, Department of Forest Engineering, Kastamonu TURKEY 4Kastamonu University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kastamonu TURKEY

Evaluation of Open-Green Spaces in Kastamonu Region in terms of Ecological

Restoration Nur BELKAYALI1 Yavuz GÜLOĞLU2 Miraç AYDIN3 Hakan ŞEVİK4

Kastamonu region is located in the north of Turkey. Four sides of the city is surrounded by forests and 67.88 % (889,817.00 ha) of the city is forest area. Ilgaz Mountain National Park is in the south of the city and Kure Mountains National Park is in the northwest. Having hosted many civilizations and being an old residential area, Kastamonu region became the home of Gases in the 18th century BC and hosted Hittites, Phrygians, Kimmers, Lydians, Persians, Romans and Byzantines in time. It shelters works from these civilizations. The city, where there are traditional Turkish houses and incentive samples of recent Ottoman architecture, has been taken into the scope of urban sites. Despite all these features of the city, air pollution has become an important problem because of intensive and unplanned urbanization in the city center, two forest products institutions located in the northeast and southwest of the city and fossil fuels used in houses for heating purposes in winter months.

In rapidly growing urban areas, the natural structure of landscape is disrupted and there occur damaged areas with more human intervention. In this sense, open-green spaces inside the city become buffer areas in order for the compensation for disruptions in urban areas. Open-green areas become necessary in the solution of such problems as air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution, in balancing the increase in temperature, in creating the habitat for wildlife and in presenting recreational facilities for those living in the city. Therefore, urban open-green spaces and natural species used in these areas play an important role in the restoration of disruption in urban landscape.

INTRODUCTION

Maps, photographs taken in order to reflect the current status of research area, research theses, studies, articles and books about the research area used as the material of the study. In this study, the difference in the use of open-green spaces in Kastamonu region between the years 1967 and 2015 is examined based on the zoning plan. The effects of differences in the city on natural and cultural values have been identified and those made and to be made in the renovation of the destruction in the city’s natural and cultural structure have been tried to be determined.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Natural plant species identified in the study area are as follows:Abies nordmanniana subsp. Bornmulleriana;Cercis siliquastrum L.;Eleaagnus angustifolia L.;Fraxinus excelsior L.;Juglans regia L.;Pinus nigra ssp. Pallasiana;Pinus sylvestris;Platanus orientalis L.;Prunus x domestica ;Prunus laurocerasus L.;Tilia argentea

RESULTS

According to the data, it has been identified that the amount of open-green areas per capita in Kastamonu region has decreased depending on the increase in the population in time. When the species of plants used in the city are examined, it has been seen that natural plant species in the region have been preferred. Despite the decrease in the amount of open-green areas per capita, it is considered that using natural species in the city is important in terms of reviving the old structure of the city again and decreasing the air pollution in the city correspondingly.

CONCLUSION

Photo 1 A view from boulevard planting Photo 2 A view from Kışla Park

Photo 3 A view from Cevizli Park

0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000

100000110000120000130000140000150000

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

2000

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Popula

tion

Year

Kastamonu city center population 1965-2015

STUDY AREA

0255075

100125150175200225250275300325350

1965 1970 1996 2015

Open green areas changes in Kastamonu city center

Open-green areas (ha)

Percentage of the total area(%)

Open-green area per capita (m2)

0.00

2,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

8,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

12,000,000.00

14,000,000.00

Urban areaForest area

Forest soil areaAgriculture

Land use change between 1998-2014

1998 (M2) 2014 (M2)