evb ev µq-weµq€¦ · web viewvol. 18, no. 01. avj-kziav‡bi `„wó‡z my` m~iv...

Thoughts on EconomicsVol. 18, No. 01

Avj-KziAv‡bi `„wó‡Z my`m~iv Avj-evKvivn

AvqvZ t 275-281(`yB)

Aa¨vcK gynv¤§` kixd ûmvBb

evB ev µq-weµq evB A_© t D³ AvqvZvs‡k Avjvn Aviex evB ( �عَ �ْ ( بَي kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb| ÔevBÕ-Gi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡”Q µq-weµq| ÒBai is an Arabic terminology, which means purchase and sale of commodities and merchandise; to make a contract; to offer for purchase/sale; to agree on the terms of purchase/sale; to conclude a bargain.”1

“It is the word with two opposite meanings, i.e, purchase and sale; sale and purchase, respectively.”2

Bai : To purchase; To sell (of goods)3.

myZivs ÔevBÕ A_© n‡”Q µq-weµq| µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡gB Kiv nq eëmv, Avi eëmv †_‡K Av‡m jvf ev gybvdv| GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb Abyev`K evB-Gi A_© K‡i‡Qb eëmv; †KD †KD Avevi Gi ZiRgv K‡i‡Qb gybvdv| Gw`K †_‡K eëmv I gybvdv n‡”Q evB-Gi fvev_©; Avi µq-weµq n‡”Q evB-Gi kãv_©| evB-Gi msÁv t µq-weµq m¤ú‡K© Avj-KyiAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒwbðqB Avjvn gywgb‡ì Rvb I gvj †e‡nk‡Zi wewbg‡q wK‡b wb‡q‡Qb|Ó4 GLv‡b Avjvn wkiv (µq) kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Avjvn †e‡nkZ w`‡eb, Avi Rvb-gvj wb‡q‡Qb| G K_v GUvB Bw½Z K‡i †h, µq-weµq n‡”Q wKQy w`‡q Zvi wewbg‡q wKQy †bIqv| dKxn&MY wewfbœ

‡Rbv‡ij †m‡µUvix, BmjvwgK B‡Kvbwg· wimvP© ey¨‡iv, XvKv|‡bvUt my` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q wbe‡Üi e¶gvb As‡k †jLK m~iv Avj-evKvivq ewY©Z ÔevBÕ Gi A_© I msÁv, e¨wß I Zvrch© m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb- m¤úv`K|

fvlvq µq-weµ‡qi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi K‡qKwU msÁv wb‡æ D‡jL Kiv n‡jv t

a) Bai means, “Taking out the ownership of commodities willfully and making out the ownership willfully.”5 A_©vr Ò‡¯^”Qvq cY¨-mvgMÖxi gvwjKvbv MÖnY Kiv Ges †¯^”Qvq cY¨-mvgMÖxi gvwjKvbv cÖ`vb Kiv|Ó

58 Interest – The Quranic View

b) “Bai is conveying the title through offer and acceptance when both of them are in the past form.”6 A_©vr ÒevB n‡”Q cÖ¯—ve (BRve) I MÖnY (Keyj) Gi gva¨‡g gvwjKvbv ¯^Ë¡ n¯—vš—i/wewbgq Kiv; BRve I Keyj DfqwU AZxZ Kv‡ji kã Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j µq-weµq m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ nq|Ó

c) Bai is “transfer of ownership against its substitute.”7 A_©vr evB n‡”Q, ÒweKí wRwb‡mi wewbg‡q †Kvb wRwb‡mi gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i Kiv|Ó

d) Bai is “to aquire the very ownership by payment of recompense/indemnity of the same, or to obtain the title of any goods in exchange of the other.”8 A_©vr evB n‡”Q, Ò†Kvb wKQyi mgZzj¨ wewbgq/¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb c~e©K Gi gvwjKvbv MÖnY Kiv A_ev †Kvb c‡Y¨i wewbg‡q Ab¨ †Kvb c‡Y¨i gvwjKvbv AR©b Kiv|Ó

e) Bai is “to make the owner of the goods against the other” A_©vr evB n‡”Q, Ò‡Kvb cY¨-mvgMÖxi wewbg‡q Ab¨ cY¨-mvgMÖxi gvwjKvbv MÖnY Kiv|Ó9

f) Bai is “Exchange of commodity/merchandise against the value/price. One side of such exchange is named commodity and the other side is cost.”10 A_©vr evB n‡”Q, Òg~j¨ ev `v‡gi mv‡_ cY¨-mvgMÖx wewbgq Kiv| Giƒc wewbg‡qi GKw`‡K _v‡K cY¨ Avi Aciw`‡K _v‡K `vg|Ó

g) “The terminology ba’ai expresses the concept of exchange of goods against the other in the process of mutual consent or transfer of ownership against equivalent (value).”11 A_©vr

ÒevB kã cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z GK c‡Yï mv‡_ Aci c‡Yï wewbgq‡K eySvq A_ev evB n‡”Q mgg~‡jï wewbg‡q †Kvb c‡Yï gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i Kiv|Ó

Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j D‡jL‡hvM¨ †h welq¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Q t

K) µq-weµq n‡”Q gvwjKvbvi wewbgq t †µZv I we‡µZv gvwjKvbvmn wbR wbR cY¨-mvgMÖx, †mev ev A_© cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Ki‡j Zv nq µq-weµq| A_©vr we‡µZv Zvi wbR gvwjKvbvf~³ †Kvb cY¨, †mev ev A‡_©i gvwjKvbv †µZv‡K cÖ`vb K‡i| Acic‡¶ †µZv Zvi wbR gvwjKvbvf~³ A_© ev Ab¨ †Kvb m¤ú‡ì gvwjKvbv we‡µZv‡K †`q| gvwjKvbvi cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i Qvov µq-weµq n‡ZB cv‡i bv| gvwjKvbvi cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i n‡”Q µq-weµ‡qi Acwinvh© kZ©|

Thoughts on Economics 59

L) µq-weµq n‡”Q `vg w`‡q †bIqv t `vg w`‡q †Kvb wRwbm, †mev ev A_© †bIqvi bvg µq-weµq| A_©vr we‡µZvi Kv‡Q _v‡K cY¨, †mev ev gy`ªv| D³ cY¨, †mev ev gy`ªvi g~j¨‡K A‡_©i As‡K cÖKvk Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq `vg ev price| †µZv GB `vg w`‡q we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K D³ cY¨, †mev ev gy`ªv wb‡j Zv nq µq-weµq| G‡Z we‡µZv cvq `v‡gi gvwjKvbv Avi †µZv cvq cY¨, †mev ev A‡_©i gvwjKvbv| D‡jL¨ ‡h, `vg A‡_©i As‡K wba©vwiZ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev cY¨ ev †mevi cwigv‡Yi ØvivI `vg wbiƒwcZ n‡Z cv‡i (barter) |

M) µq-weµq n‡”Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbgq (equality of value) t g~‡jï mv‡_ cÖwZg~‡jï (counter-value) wewbgq, exchange of counter-value ev mgg~‡jï wewbgq n‡”Q µq-weµq| A_©vr µq-weµq n‡”Q, exchange of goods, services or money against its counter-value|

µq-weµq n‡”Q `ywU mgvb mgvb g~‡jï wewbgq| A‡_© †nvK, c‡Y¨ †nvK ev †mevq †nvK, †µZv we‡µZv‡K †h g~j¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, we‡µZv †µZv‡K Zvi mgvb mgvb g~j¨ †diZ w`‡jB Zv nq µq-weµq| Dfq c‡¶i g~j¨ mgvb bv n‡j µq-weµq êa e‡j MY¨ nq bv|

N) µq-weµq n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK wewbgq (reciprocity) t µq-weµ‡q †µZv ïayB GKRb †µZv bq, †m GKRb we‡µZvI; Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZvI ‡Kej GKRb we‡µZv bq, †m GKRb †µZvI| D`vniY ¯îƒc, †h e¨w³ Avg wewµ K‡i †m Av‡gi we‡µZv, wKš‘ A‡_©i †µZv| Avevi †h ‡jvK A_© w`‡q Avg wK‡b †m Av‡gi †µZv Ges GKB mv‡_ A‡_©i we‡µZv| Ab¨K_vq, µq-weµ‡q †Ìqv I †bIqv DfqUvB nq cvi¯úwiK (reciprocal)| we‡µZv Avg †`q, A_© †bq; Avi †µZv A_© †`q, Avg †bq| Df‡qB †`q Ges Df‡qB †bq| AvaywbK cwifvlvq G‡KB ejv nq reciprocal exchange; †KD †KD AviI ®úó K‡i e‡j‡Qb, µq-weµq n‡”Q ‘commutative contract’; A_ev ‘synallagmatic contract’12|

O) µq-weµq n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK ¶wZc~iY c~e©K wewbgq t µq-weµ‡q ci¯ú‡ii ¶wZc~iY K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx, †mev ev A_© wewbgq Kiv nq| A_©vr ‡µZv we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K hw` 1‡KwR Avg ‡bq Zvn‡j Avg nviv‡bv eve` we‡µZvi ¶wZ nq 1†KwR Avg ev Zvi g~j¨| †µZv mgg~‡jï 1†KwR Avg, A_©, ‡mev A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb m¤ú‡ì Øviv we‡µZvi D³ ¶wZ c~iY K‡i †`q| Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZv‡K Avg, A_© ev m¤ú` cÖ`vb Kivq †µZvi †h ¶wZ nq we‡µZv mgg~‡jï Avg w`‡q †µZvi †m ¶wZ c~iY K‡i †`q| †µZv-we‡µZv KZ…©K ci¯ú‡ii ¶wZ c~iY K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx, †mev ev A‡_©i wewbgq KivB n‡”Q µq-weµ‡qi g~j K_v| G‡Z


‡µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi wbR wbR cY¨ nviv‡bvi ¶wZ mgg~‡jï (Dc‡hvM) weKí †Kvb cY¨, †mev ev A‡_©i

Øviv c~iY n‡q hvq| d‡j µq-weµ‡qi c~‡e© Df‡qi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †h ch©v‡q wQj, µq-weµ‡qi c‡iI wVK †mB GKB Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K; µq-weµq ev wewbg‡qi d‡j KviI A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b nq bv| ‡Kvb c¶ wKQy nvivq bv, †Kvb c¶ wKQy †ekx cvq bv|

P) µq-weµq n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z wewbgq t cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ µq-weµ‡qi GKwU Acwinvh© kZ©; Avjvn ZvÕqvjvi wb‡`©k n‡”Q, Ò‡Zvgiv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z eëmv Ki|Ó (4:29) Gi Avmj K_v n‡”Q BRve (offer) Ges Keyj (acceptance)| wKš‘ cÖ¯—ve I MÖnY DfqwUB n‡Z n‡e cÖvß eq¯‹ (age of puberty), eyw×gvb (age of majority), my¯’ gb-gvbwmKZvi AwaKvix Ges m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb Z_v mKj cÖKvi cÖ‡ivPYv I Pvc-gy³ e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨, Zviv bvix †nvK ev cyi“l, hv‡Z mswkó c¶Øq G Pzw³i (contract) gg©, Zvrch© I djvdj h_v_©fv‡e Dcjw× K‡i †¯^”Qvq m¤§wZ w`‡Z cv‡i ev Am¤§wZ Ávcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

µq-weµq n‡”Q Bb&mvd t µq-weµ‡q †µZv ev we‡µZvi †KD V‡K bv, Avi †KD wR‡ZI bv| µq-weµq ev wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g `ywbqvi gvbyl †KD KviI ¶wZ bv K‡iB ci¯úi DcK…Z n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z c~Y© Bbmvd I mywePvi envj _v‡K, KviI cÖwZ †Kvb cÖKvi hyjyg ev †e-Bbmvdx nq bv| GLv‡b kZ© n‡”Q GB †h, µq-weµq ev eëmvq Aek¨B kwiqvn& m¤§Z fv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e| Bmjvg GB mywePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨B gvbyl‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q|

µq-weµ‡q Bb&mv‡di hgR gvb`Û t Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK I kixqZ‡eËv Be‡b i“k` G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, “Justice in transaction lies in approximating equivalence. So, when realizing equivalence was found to be almost impossible, dinar and dirham were made to evaluate them, that is, measure them. As different kind of commodities, I mean those that can neither be weighed nor measured, justice lies in their being proportionate. The ratio of the value of one thing to its kind should be equal to the ratio of the other things to that thing’s kind. To give an example: when a man is selling a horse for clothes, justice requires that the ratio of the value of that horse to horses should be same as

the ratio of the value of that piece of clothing to clothes. If the value of that horse is fifty, the value of those clothes must also be fifty. Let it be ten pieces of clothing, for example, that would ensure equivalence. So these commodities have to be unequal in number from one another in just transactions, as one horse is equivalent to ten pieces of clothing in example.”13


µq-weµ‡q mywePvi Kv‡q‡gi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Igi Pvciv e‡jb, “Justice can be rendered only if the two scales of the balance carry the same value of goods.”14 µq-weµ‡q counter value I reciprocity-‡K mywePv‡ii gvb`Û wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “The price and counter value should be just in all transactions where cash payment (irrespective of what constitutes price) is made by one party and the commodity or service is delivered reciprocally by the other.”15

Wt †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx equivalence I reciprocity †K µq-weµq †¶‡Î mywePv‡ii hgR gvb`Û (Twin norms of justice)16 e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| (p. 73) wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “it (justice) relies on the notions of equality and reciprocity.”17 wZwb AviI ‡Rvo w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, Justice is largely percived in terms of equivalence (in exchange transactions) and reciprocity (in social relationships.)18

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, wewbgq ev µq-weµ‡q mywePvi envj _vK‡Z n‡e| Avi G j¶¨ †Kej ZLbB AwR©Z n‡e hLb wewbgqKvix c¶Øq ev †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi cY¨, †mev ev A‡_©i g~j¨ mgvb mgvb n‡e Ges Zv ci¯úi ‡jb‡`b n‡e| ‡gvU K_v µq-weµq I wewbgq n‡”Q Ggb GK Pzw³ †hLv‡b mgg~‡j¨i cY¨, †mev ev A_© ci¯úi wewbgq Kiv nq| wewbgq bM‡` †nvK ev evKx‡Z ‡nvK mKj ‡¶‡ÎB mgvb mgvb g~‡j¨i wewbgq n‡Z n‡e|

gybvdv ev jvfDc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GK_v Rvbv †Mj †h, evB ev µq-weµq n‡”Q †µZv KZ©„K we‡µZvi Ges we‡µZv KZ…©K †µZvi

¶wZc~iY Kiv hv‡Z KviI A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b bv nq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, Zv n‡j gybvdv ev jvf wKfv‡e nq?

jvf A_© I msÁv t Aviex‡Z jvf‡K ejv nq ÔwieûbÕ|19 Avj-KziAv‡bi †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b jvf‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ÔbvdvÕ|20 kã `ywUi A_© n‡”Q cÖe„w×, DØ„Ë, Aewkóvsk, evowZ Ask BZ¨vw`| myZivs jvf n‡”Q cuywRi ewa©Zvsk| Gi wecix‡Z †jvKmvb n‡”Q cuywRi ¶q cÖvß Ask| K¬vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe` wiKv‡W©vi g‡Z jvf n‡”Q, Òthe return to capital and its organization in production.”21 Exploitation ZZ¡ Abymv‡i jvf n‡”Q, “residue after deducting the rental interest.22 Sraffa-Gi g‡Z jvf n‡”Q, ÒSurplus valueÓ.23 wdK¡vwe`‡ì g‡Z jvf n‡”Q cyuywRi cÖe„w× ev e„w× hv eëmvi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| Be‡b Avivex e‡j‡Qb, Òjvf n‡”Q †Kvb †mev ev c‡Yï weµq g~j¨ I µq gy‡jï eëavb|Ó24 myZivs jvf n‡”Q, “increase of value assets actually realized in 62 Interest – The Quranic View

exchange. It is an incremental valued accrue to the original capital or additional value of the initial capital.”25

jv‡fi Drm t jvf Av‡m wewb‡qvM ev Investment ‡_‡K; wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq evB ev µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g| wewb‡qvM gv‡b n‡”Q jvf Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb cY¨-mvgMÖx ev †mev µq ev Drcv`b Kiv hv‡Z †jvKmv‡bi SuywKI Aek¨B enb Ki‡Z nq| A_v©r wewb‡qv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q jvf Kiv; wKš‘ mKj wewb‡qvM me©`vB jvf †`q bv, jvf w`‡Z cv‡i bv| †h `v‡g/Li‡P cY¨ ev †mev µq ev Drcv`b Kiv nq, Zvi †P‡q †ekx `v‡g weµq Ki‡Z cvi‡jB ‡Kej jvf nq| wKš‘ KLbI KLbI Ggb nq †h, cY¨ ev †mev †h `v‡g µq ev Drcv`b Kiv nq, Gi evRvi `vg Zvi †P‡q ev‡o bv; eis mgvbB †_‡K hvq A_ev K‡g hvq- hv‡K ejv nq evRvi c‡o hvIqv| Giƒc †¶‡Î cY¨ wewµ K‡i †Kej g~jab D‡V Avm‡j G‡K ejv nq Avmj-Avmj ev ‘no profit no loss’| wKš‘ evRvi hw` c‡o hvq Ges cY¨wU hw` µq-g~‡jï †P‡q Kg `v‡g †ePv nq, Zvn‡j g~jab cy‡iv D‡V Av‡m bv| g~ja‡bi GB NvUwZ‡K ejv nq †jvKmvb (loss)| myZivs †jvKmv‡bi SuywK MÖnY c~e©K jvf Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb cY¨ ev †mev µq ev Drcv`b Kivi bvg n‡”Q

wewb‡qvM| Ab¨ K_vq, µq ev Drcv`b Kivi gv‡b n‡”Q A_© ev cuywR‡K cY¨ ev ‡mevq iƒcvš—i Kiv| Avi weµq Kivi A_© n‡”Q cY¨ ev †mev‡K cyYivq A_© ev cuywR‡Z wdwi‡q Avbv| †MvUv cÖwµqv‡K Gfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq tTransformation of Money into Goods with risk of loss; AZtci Avevi Transformation of Goods into Money.

cÖ_‡g cY¨ ev †mevq iƒcvš—wiZ A_© Ges c‡i cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i cÖvß A_©- G Dfq A‡_©i cwigv‡Yi cv_©K¨B n‡”Q gybvdv ev †jvKmvb| cv_©K¨ BwZevPK n‡j ejv nq jvf, Avi ‡bwZevPK n‡j nq †jvKmvb| Avi mgvb n‡j jvf ev †jvKmvb †KvbwUB bq| “The aspect that matters is the conversion of, for example $1000 into an asset, in which that $1000 asset may be worth more or less in the future, a condition that will lead to a profit or a loss.”26

e¨emvGjwg gynv¤§` b~i GB iƒcvš—i cÖwµqv‡K evwYwR¨K cÖwµqv e‡j‡Qb Ges G‡K wbæiƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡i‡Qbt27

M – C – M/; wZwb e‡j‡Qb, M n‡”Q cÖ_g wewb‡qvMK…Z A‡_©i cwigvY; C n‡”Q M Øviv µxZ cY¨-mvgMÖx; Avi M/

n‡”Q cY¨-mvgMÖx Avevi weµq K‡i cÖvß A‡_©i cwigvY| myZivs gybvdv n‡”Q M/ – M = > 0, A_ev EV = M/ – M = > 0; GLv‡b EV = Excess Value|Thoughts on Economics 63

wkí I K…wl‡Kej e¨emvq bq, wkí I K…wl Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡ZI GKBfv‡e cuywR‡K iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_‡g cuywR‡K KuvPvgvj, †gwkb, kªg BZ¨vw`‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z nq, hv cieZ©x ch©v‡q †Kvb bZzb c‡Y¨ cwiYwZ jvf K‡i Ges me †k‡l cY¨wU wewµ K‡i g~j cuywR iƒ‡c wdwi‡q Avbv nq| Rbve b~i GB cÖwµqv‡K wbæiƒ‡c mvwR‡q‡Qbt Monetary asset – Inputs – Intermediate goods – Final goods – Money; ms‡¶‡ct M – I – G – F – M/; GLv‡b M = Initial Money; I = Input; G = Intermediate goods; F = Final goods; M/ = Retransformed Money| myZivs Profit = M/ – M = >O|

gy`ªv µq-weµqwfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªv µq-weµq †¶‡Î †h gybvdv nq ZvI Avm‡j GB iƒcvš—i cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB Av‡m| G‡¶‡Î GK gy`ªv Øviv Ab¨ †`‡ki gy`ªv µq Kiv nq; µxZ gy`ªv‡K Avevi Avi †Kvb gy`ªvq iƒcvš—i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ae‡k‡l GB wfbœ gy`ªv‡K hLb Avevi g~j (cÖ_gKvi) gy`ªvq wdwi‡q Avbv nq, ZLb jvf-‡jvKmvb wbiƒcY Kiv hvq| ms‡¶‡c GB cÖwµqv‡K wbæiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvqtM – M/ – M/ Profit = M/ - M =>OGLv‡b, M = GK †`‡ki gy`ªv; M/ = wfbœ Avi GK †`‡ki gy`ªv Ges M/ = cÖ_g †`‡ki gy`ªvq iƒcvš—wiZ gy`ªv|

Rbve b~i AZ¨š— †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, “Islamic injunctions have clearly shown that the transformation process of objects and trading of goods one for another is itself the objective matter and it is considered as a necessary condition for seeking of profit.” (p. 159.) wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb, “this transaction is naturally the profit generating process which is not subject to riba.” (p. 154.) Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËv‡ì AwfgZ D‡jL K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “Some fiqh experts argued that, provided the nature of the good remains the same as its original form no profit can be derived.” (p. 159.) G cÖm‡½ mvB‡q¨` Avj wdwK¡i D×„wZ w`‡q bKwf e‡j‡Qb, “The extra money generated from the use of money without any transformation whatsoever the result of such use which may leave the commodity in its initial stage is not called profit.”28 myZivs wewb‡qvM Z_v cuywR‡K iƒcvš—i KivB n‡”Q gybvdv AR©‡bi GKgvÎ c_| eëmv Z_v gvj wK‡b AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq †nvK A_ev K…wl, wkí BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb gvj Drcv`b K‡i ‡nvK, cuywR‡K iƒcvš—i Kiv n‡jB †Kej cyuwRi cwigvY e„w× cvIqv m¤¢e|


gybvdv ms‡hvwRZ g~‡jï wewbgq t cÖkœ Rv‡M cY¨-mvgMÖx ev †mev †Kbvi mgq counter-value cÖ`vb K‡iB †Kbv nq| †KD V‡K bv, †KD wR‡ZI bv| Df‡qiB ¶wZc~iY nq; Avevi weµq Kv‡jI GKB Ae¯’vq †ePv-‡Kbv nq| Zvn‡j cÖ_‡g wewb‡qvMK…Z A_© Ges c‡i †diZcÖvß A‡_©i cwigv‡Y

cv_©K¨ nq †Kb I wKfv‡e? A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi A‡bK KviY eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †KD e‡j‡Qb, gybvdv n‡”Q D‡`¨vM I SuywK MÖn‡Yi cvwi‡ZvwlK; †KD e‡j‡Qb, jvf n‡”Q wewb‡qvM I cwikªg Kivi cyi¯‹vi; ‡KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb, wewb‡qvMKvix †h Dc‡hvM m„wó I g~j¨ mshvRb K‡i gybvdv n‡”Q ZviB cÖwZ`vb ev wewbgq| GKRb D‡`¨v³v ev wewb‡qvMKvix cyuwR wewb‡qvM K‡i, †jvKmv‡bi SuywK MÖnY K‡i, Zuvi †gav I kªg LvUvq Ges Dc‡hvM m„wó I g~j¨ ms‡hvRb K‡i _v‡K| A_©bxwZi fvlvq GB Dc‡hvM m„wó I g~j¨ ms‡hvRbB n‡”Q Drcv`b| “Producing means putting utility into” (Fraser) and thereby adding value.

Dc‡hvM m„wó ev Drcv`b wZbfv‡e Kiv hvq t c‡Yï iƒc-AvK…wZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †hgb, MvQ †K‡U KvV I †Uwej ˆZix Kiv; c‡Yï ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i †hgb, gvj‡qwkqvi wm‡g›U evsjv‡`‡k Avg`vbx Kiv n‡j G‡`‡ki †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q Gi Dc‡hvM m„wó nq; Ges Kvj ev mgq cwieZ©‡bi Øviv †hgb, †Mvj Avjyi ‡gŠmy‡g Avjy µq K‡i †Kvì ‡óv‡i‡R msi¶Y K‡i Abv‡gŠmy‡g evRviRvZ Kiv n‡j Gi Dc‡hvM †e‡o hvq| GBfv‡e m„ó evowZ Dc‡hvMB n‡”Q gybvdvi Drm| Avi ci¯úi wewbg‡qi gva¨‡gB gybvdv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| Dc‡hvM m„wó I gyj¨ ms‡hvR‡bi c×wZ †hUvB †nvK, †h‡nZz GB evowZ Dc‡hvM I ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ D‡`¨v³v ev wewb‡qvMKvixi kªg I cyuwR wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡jB m„wó n‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz GUv Zv‡ìB cÖvc¨, Zv‡ìB AwaKvi| GUvB Zv‡ì gybvdv| D‡`¨v³v µq-g~j¨ ev Drcv`b Li‡Pi mv‡_ GB ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ †hvM K‡i `vg avh© K‡i cY¨wU evRviRvZ Kivi gva¨‡g GB g~jÜv (gybvdv) †c‡Z Pvq| G e¨vcv‡i Wt wmwÏKx e‡j‡Qb, “Trade facilitates exchange, Exchange creates value. Traders try to capture part of the value so created.”29

gybvdv n‡”Q weµq g~j¨ I µq gy‡jï cv_©K¨ t wewb‡qvMKvix †h `vg ev Li‡P cY¨ µq ev Drcv`b K‡i Ges †h `vg avh© K‡i cY¨ evRviRvZ K‡i, GB `yB `v‡gi cv_©K¨ Z_v weµq g~j¨ I µq g~‡jï eëavbB n‡”Q gybvdv| AviI cwi®‹vi K‡i ejv hvq †h, cY¨-mvgMÖx µq ev Drcv`b Ki‡Z †h e¨q nq Zv‡K ejv nq †gvU LiP ev Total Cost (TC)| Avi ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ †hvM K‡i weµq Kivi ci †h Avq cvIqv hvq

Zv‡K ejv nq †gvU Avq ev Total Revenue (TR)| †gvU Avq †_‡K †gvU e¨q ev` w`‡j hv Aewkó _v‡K ZvB n‡”Q gybvdv| A_©vr TR-TC = Profit| “The margin between the price they paid and the price they charge, the difference between the sale price and the purchase price is called profit. The same is described as the difference Thoughts on Economics 65

between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC), in order to cover things made/prepared by the seller as in the handicraft and manufacture. A person selling agricultural products grown on his own land can also be covered by the same, and so on.”30

gybvdv n‡”Q Aewkóvsk t cvðvZ¨ A_©bxwZi g‡Z f~wg, kªg, g~jab I msMVb Drcv`‡bi GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q Drcv`b Kivi ci Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i cÖvß †gvU Avq (Total Revenue) n‡Z f~wg‡K †Ìqv nq c~e© wba©vwiZ fvov, kªg‡K †Ìqv nq c~e© wba©vwiZ gRyix Avi aviK…Z g~ja‡bi Rb¨ †Ìqv nq c~e© wba©vwiZ my`; Pzw³e× Gme †`bv cwi‡kva Kivi ci hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq gybvdv hv msMVb †c‡q _v‡K| ZvB gybvdv n‡”Q Aewkóvsk hv BwZevPK n‡Z cv‡i; Avevi FYvZ¥KI n‡Z cv‡i| Bmjv‡g my` wbwl×| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z ZvB cyuwRi Rb¨ my` w`‡Z nq bv; eis f~wg I kª‡gi cvIbv cwi‡kva Kivi ci hv Aewkó _v‡K ZvB cuywRi gvwjK I D‡`¨v³v Pzw³ Abymv‡i fvM K‡i †bq| myZivs GB A_©bxwZ‡ZI gybvdv n‡”Q Aewkóvsk|

gybvdv SuywKc~Y© t G K_v †g‡b †bqv Qvov Dcvq †bB †h, mKj cÖ‡Póv m‡Z¡I †Kvb Kvi‡Y evRv‡i Pvwn`v n«vm cvIqvi ì“b hw` c‡Yï `vg c‡o hvq A_ev †hvMvb †ekx nIqvi Kvi‡Y cY¨wUi `vg K‡g hvq, A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb we‡µZv KZ©„K AviI Kg `v‡g Abyiƒc cY¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Kvi‡Y cY¨wU Kg `v‡g weµq Ki‡Z nq ev Kg `v‡gi weKí †Kvb cY¨ evRv‡i Avmvq ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb Kvi‡Y c‡Yï evRvi c‡o †M‡j wewb‡qvMKvix Zvi wba©vwiZ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg `v‡g cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z eva¨ nq Ges Zv‡K †jvKmvb w`‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K, †Kvb Kvi‡Y hw` cY¨wUi `vg e„w× cvq Ges evRvi ì D‡V hvq Zvn‡j wewb‡qvMKvix Zvi Avkvi †P‡qI ‡ekx jvf †c‡q

hvq| G ch©v‡q Wt wmwÏKx e‡j‡Qb, “Sometimes the difference between the sale price and the purchase price is negative. In that case it is called loss. Trade is subject to profits as well as losses. No language has different words for loss making trade and profit making trade. It is the nature of this activity to be subject to occasional losses.”31

gybvdv evRv‡ii `vb t jvfÑ‡jvKmv‡bi welqwU Avm‡j evRv‡ii IciB wbf©ikxj| GRb¨B eëmv‡q SuywK en‡bi cÖkœ Av‡m| Ab¨_vq wewb‡qvM Kiv, wewb‡qv‡M †gav I kªg LvUv‡bv, Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv I g~j¨ ms‡hvR‡bi wewbgq wn‡m‡e gybvdv †Zv wbwðZ neviB K_v| myZivs P~ovš—fv‡e jvf I †jvKmvb n‡”Q evRv‡ii `vb ev Gift of market or Result of market|66 Interest – The Quranic View

gybvdv c~e© wba©vwiZ nq bv t “Profit is residual, a surplus determined post facto and could very well be negative.”32

gybvdv KLbI BwZevPK, KLbI †bwZevPK n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs jvf KLbI c~e©wba©vwiZ (Predetermined) nq bv| c~e©v‡nB Pzw³i gva¨‡g gybvdvi cwigvY ev nvi wba©viY Kiv hvq bv|

gybvdv cÖwZg~‡jï Aš—f©~³ t Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv †Mj †h, gybvdv ev jvf n‡”Q wewb‡qvMKvix KZ…©K ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hvM, g~j¨ Ges SuywKi `vg hv evRvi Dcv`v‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| evRv‡i †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ ì KlvKwli Øviv cY¨-mvgMÖxi †h `vg wba©vwiZ nq, gybvdv ev †jvKmvb Zvi Aš—f~©³, `vg ewnf©~Z ev AwZwi³ wKQy bq| gybvdv mgg~‡jï (counter-value) GKUv Ask ev Dcv`vb hvi wewbgq n‡”Q ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hvM ev g~j¨ Ges KvR| ‡µZv evRvi Abymv‡i `vg w`‡q mgg~‡jï cY¨ ev †mev cvq; Avi we‡µZv evRvi Abymv‡i cY¨ ev †mev w`‡q mgg~‡jï `vg cvq| A_©vr evRvi ì Abymv‡i mswkó mKj c‡¶i ¶wZ c~iY K‡i µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡gB jvf-‡jvKmvb n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z †Kvb c‡¶i VKv-‡RZv †bB| Avjvgv gI`~`x, G e¨vcv‡i e‡j‡Qb, Òeëmvq †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ mgvb mgvb g~‡jï wewbgq nq| †µZv we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K cY¨ µq K‡i gybvdv AR©b K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K we‡µZv †h eyw×,

kªg I †gav e¨q K‡i †µZvi Rb¨ cY¨wU †RvMvo ev Drcv`b K‡i †m ZviB g~j¨ MÖnY K‡i|Ó33 G cÖm‡½ Wt †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx e‡j‡Qb, Ògybvdv my‡ì b¨vq †Kvb AwZwi³ (excess) bq| µq-weµ‡q Dfq c¶B Zv‡ì wbR wbR ¯^vaxb cÖZ¨‡e¶Y, eyS I Dcjwä Abymv‡i mywbwÏ©ó DcKvi (advantage) †c‡q jvfevb nq| “In other words, there is always a counter value to profit in trade”. 34

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi mvi K_v n‡jv, µq-weµq n‡”Q `ywU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbgq; hvi g‡a¨ jvf-‡jvKmvbI Aek¨B Aš—fy©³ _v‡K| jvf Drcv`b LiP ev µq-g~‡jï mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ AwZwi³ (surplus), Ges counter-value-Gi Ask| wKš‘ †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Zv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i avh©K…Z AwZwi³ (excess) I KvD›Uvi f¨vjynxb (without counter-value) bq| Av‡jvPbvq GUvI ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, evB ev µq-weµ‡qi A_© e¨vcK I we¯Z…Z| Av‡jvP¨ AvqvZvs‡k ÔevBÕ e¨vcK A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, evB k‡ãi c~‡e© ms‡hvwRZ ÔAvjÕ Øviv mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hw` Zv h_v_©B cÖwZg~‡jï wewbgq nq| wb‡æ µq-weµ‡qi wewfbœ aiY Ges Zv‡Z cÖwZg~j¨ wbiƒcY I wba©vi‡Yi ixwZ-bxwZ I wewa-weavb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡”Q|

evB-Gi AvIZv I cwiwanvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn& Cgvg Avj-mvivLmx evB‡K e¨vcK A_©‡evaK kã e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡K nvjvj evB I nvivg evB wn‡m‡e `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| AZtci nvjvj evB-Gi msÁv w`‡q wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, “Permitted sale (by halal) is the exchange Thoughts on Economics 67

of wealth having a value with wealth also having a value”35 evB-Gi e¨vcKZv eySv‡Z wM‡q ‡ek KwZcq dK¡xn& Ò‘Muawadah’ kã Øviv evB-Gi A_© e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ‘Muawadah’ A_© n‡”Q compensation; counter value| Gfv‡e Zuviv cÖPwjZ A‡_© evB ej‡Z hv eySvq ZvQvovI †Kvb wRwbm Ab¨ wRwb‡mi ¶wZc~iY Ki‡j Zv‡KI evB-Gi g‡a¨ kvwgj K‡i‡Qb| GB A‡_© Zuviv BRviv‡KI evB e‡j‡Qb| KviY BRvivq †ewbwdU weµq

Kiv nq| GgbwK, mKj cÖKvi FY I †`bvi †jb‡`b‡KI µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ kvwgj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|Ó36

m¤cÖwZ Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wj‡L‡Qb, mvaviYZt Aviex evB k‡ãi Abyev` Kiv nq µq-weµq hv Øviv cwðgv A‡_© cY¨-mvgMÖx µq-weµq‡K eySv‡bv nq| wKš‘ “The word ‘bay’ in its widest meaning stands for a bilateral contract, that is, an exchange of promises by two persons that have an effect upon the counter-values, like transfer of ownership. Thus any transaction between two people that is an exchange of two counter-values is bay.”37 “This meaning is not restricted to customary sale, but includes all that is included in this definition, and among these is debt whatever its source, sale or loan.”

ÒAvjvn µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb, Avi wiev‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivgÓ- GB Avqv‡Zi D×„wZ w`‡q nvwkg Kvgvwj wj‡L‡Qb †h, Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔevBÕ kãwU n‡”Q GK eP‡Y we‡kl¨ c`, Avi Gi c~‡e© hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Avj (Avwjd jvg); d‡j GLv‡b evB-Gi A_© n‡q‡Q mvaviY ev AvÕg| Gi Øviv mKj cÖKvi evB‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mKj evB-B êa| BDmyd Avj-Kvi`vfxi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Avj-KziAv‡bi GB mvaviY weav‡bi g‡a¨ mKj cÖKvi evB †hgb, GK c‡Yï wewbg‡q Avi GK cY¨ weµq (evU©vi), GK gy`ªvi e`‡j Ab¨ gy`ªv weµq (Avj-mid), A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq (bM` weµq), AwMÖg weµq (mvjvg), LiP `v‡g weµq (Avj-ZvIwjqv), jv‡f weµq (gyivevnv), †jvKmv‡b weµq (Avj-Iqvw`qvn&), †gv³v`v‡g weµq (gymvIqvgvn) Ges wbjv‡g weµq (Avj-gyhvBqv`vn&) meB kvwgj i‡q‡Q| GmeB êa, GgbwK wdDPvim µq-weµq hw` my` I Nvivi gy³ nq, Zvn‡j ZvI êa| ZvQvov, mybœvn Øviv mywbwÏ©ófv‡e wbwl× Kiv nq bvB Ggb mKj evB-B ‰ea|38 wb‡æ evB-Gi aiY I †kªYx web¨vm msµvš— Av‡jvPbv †ck Kiv n‡jv|

µq-weµq I gybvdvi ¸i“Z¡µq-weµq I gybvdv gvbe mgv‡Ri Aw¯—‡Z¡i Rb¨ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I AZ¨vek¨Kxq| `ywbqvq gvby‡li Afve Amxg I eûg~Lx| wKš‘ GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li †hvM¨Zv-cÖwZfv

wfbœ wfbœ| gvby‡li i“wP‡eva I cQ›`-AcQ‡›ì g‡aÏ i‡q‡Q we¯—i cv_©K¨| ZvQvov weavZv cÖvK…wZK


m¤ú` I Dcvq-DcKiYI mKj gvbyl‡K mgvbfv‡e †`b bvB| GgbwK, c„w_exi wewfbœ GjvKvi AvenvIqv, Rjevq~ I cwi‡e‡ki g‡aÏ i‡q‡Q e¨vcK eëavb| Gme cv_©K¨ ¯^ZtB Bw½Z K‡i †h, c„w_exi †Kvb e¨w³, †Kvb †Mvôx Ges †Kvb RvwZ ev †`k GKKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq; eis e¨w³, ‡Mvôx I RvwZ mK‡jB ci¯úi wbf©ikxj Ges cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi eÜ‡b Ave×| e¯‘Zt c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb e¨w³, †Mvôx ev RvwZB Zvi mKj Afve c~iY Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq cY¨-mvgMÖx I ‡mev GKv wb‡RB Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, GRb¨ †h eûg~Lx †hvM¨Zv-cÖwZfv, Dcvq-DcKiY I cwi‡ek ìKvi Zv GKKfv‡e †Kvb e¨w³, †Mvôx I RvwZi Avq‡Z¡ †bB| †mB Rb¨ GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡K †Kej †mB cY¨-mvgMÖx ev †mev Drcv`b K‡i hv Drcv`b Kivq Zvi me©vwaK †hvM¨Zv-cÖwZfv i‡q‡Q, hvi cÖwZ Zvi ‡SvK-cÖeYZv †ekx, hvi Dcvq-DcKiY Zvi Rb¨ mnRjf¨ Ges cwi‡ek me‡P‡q †ekx AbyK‚j| GK K_vq, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³, †Mvôx I RvwZ †Kej †mB me cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mev Drcv`b K‡i hv †m me©vwaK `¶Zvi mv‡_ Ges Z~jbvg~jKfv‡e me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P Drcv`b Ki‡Z m¶g| AZtci ‡m Zvi Drcvw`Z cY¨-mvgMÖxi DØ„Ëvs‡ki wewbg‡q Ab¨ e¨w³, †Mvôx ev RvwZi KvQ †_‡K Acivci cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mev µq K‡i Zvi hveZxq Afve c~iY K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³, †Mvôx I RvwZi Drcv`b me©vwaK nq Ges LiP nq me© wbæ hvi dj¯îƒc we‡k¦i mvgwMÖK Drcv`b nq m‡e©v”P Ges me©‡gvU e¨q nq me© wbæ| Ab¨ K_vq, me© wbæ Li‡P me©vwaK Drcv`b m¤¢e nq| Avi cvi¯úwiK wewbgq I µq-weµq n‡q I‡V AZ¨vek¨Kxq| cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` G¨Wvg w¯§_ I †WwfW wiKv‡W©vB n‡”Qb cvð¨v‡Zï me©cÖ_g A_©bxwZwe` huviv evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g mKj c‡¶i DcK…Z nIqvi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb Ges Zzjbvg~jK myweav Z‡Z¡i ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| `ªe¨-mvgMÖx I †mevi ci¯úi wewbgq I µq-weµ‡qi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z e¨w³i Aw¯—Z¡ †hgb wecbœ n‡Z eva¨, †Zgwb µq-weµq eëmv-evwYR¨ Qvov †Mvôx I RvwZi Aw¯

—Z¡I Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| myZivs µq-weµq †Kej ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bq, gvbe RvwZi Aw¯—‡Z¡i RbÏ Acwinvh©|

µq-weµq n‡”Q gvbe mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK Kg©-Kv‡Ûi †K›`ªxq welq| µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡gB Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvwaZ nq Ges evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg myk„•Ljfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| µq-weµq n‡”Q evRvi A_©bxwZi wfwË I †gŠwjK êwkó¨|

Avi gybvdv n‡”Q hveZxq A_©‰bwZK ZrciZvi PvwjKv kw³; †Kej RxweKv bq, eis Dbœqb I mg„w×i evnbI n‡”Q gybvdv| K…lK nvofv½v LvUzwb †L‡U Rwg Pvl I exR ecY K‡i; Avkv †h, wewbg‡q †m AwaK dmj cv‡e| kªwgK gv_vi Nvg cv‡q †d‡j Zvi kªg wewb‡qvM K‡i; wewbg‡q gyRyix cvq, hvi Øviv †m RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| wkícwZ Zvi ‡gav I A_© LvwU‡q †QvU-eo KviLvbv M‡o †Zv‡j; Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ K‡i jvf KivB Zvi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨| eëmvqx cY¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡i †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q ‡`q‡Zv jvf cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨B| Aci c‡¶ j¶¨ Kiv hvq †h, gybvdvi m¤¢vebv †bB Ggb Kv‡R nvZ w`‡Z †KD Drmvn ‡eva


K‡i bv; †mme Kv‡R wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z †KD GwM‡q Av‡m bv| myZivs evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi f~wgKv LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| gybvdvB n‡”Q RxweKv AR©‡bi ‰ea I m¤§vbRbK c_| gybvdvB A_©‰bwZK Kv‡R Drmvn †hvMvq I D×y× K‡i; `¶Zv e„w× I bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi-D™¢ve‡b g~j †cÖiYvB n‡”Q gybvdv| gybvdv Qvov A_©‰bwZK KvR Kg© ¯’wei I APj n‡q co‡Z eva¨|

gybvdv Kj¨vYKi I AZ¨vek¨Kxq| RxweKv AR©b I m¤ú` Avni‡Yi c_ wn‡m‡e Bmjvg eëmv-evwYR¨ I gybvdvi Ici AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q Ges A_©‰bwZK Kvh©-Kjv‡ci g‡a¨ eëmv‡K me©vwaK jvfRbK I Kj¨vYKi Ges me‡P‡q gnr KvR e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z eëmv-evwYR¨ n‡”Q GKwU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ (Social obligation)|

Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËvMY eëmv-evwYR¨‡K di‡R wKdvBqv39

†NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| G `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv gymjgvb‡ì Ici mvgwMÖKfv‡e Aek¨ cvjbxq| mgv‡Ri mKj e¨w³ A_ev mK‡ji c¶ †_‡K †Kvb e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôx‡K G `vwqZ¡ Aek¨B AvÄvg w`‡Z n‡e; Ab¨_vq mgv‡Ri mKj‡KB G `vwqZ¡ Ae‡njv Kivi `v‡q `vwq n‡Z n‡e|

gnvMÖš’ Avj-KziAv‡b Avjvn myenvbvû ZvÕqvjv gybvdv‡K Avjvni AbyMÖn AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges gvbe RvwZi DcKviv‡_© b`x, mvMi I gnvmvM‡i RvnvR, †bŠKvi gva¨‡g gvjvgvj cwien‡bi Ici evievi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡K RxweKv AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, A_©vr bvbv cY¨ AvniY Ges Gi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| m~iv Avj-evKvivni 164 Avqv‡Z Avjvn e‡j‡Qb, Òhv‡ì my¯’ we‡eK-eyw× i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Rb¨ AvKvk I c„w_exi m„wó‡Z, ivÎ w`‡bi AveZ©‡b, gvby‡li Rb¨ DcKvix `ªe¨vw` wb‡q b`x I mgy‡`ª fvmgvb-Pjgvb †bŠKv mg~‡n, Ici †_‡K ewl©Z e„wói avivq, Gi Øviv c„w_ex‡Z mKj cÖKvi cÖvYkxj m„wói we¯—vi mva‡b, evq~i cÖev‡n, AvKvk I c„w_exi ga¨¯’v‡b wbqwš¿Z †gNgvjvq AmsL¨ wb`k©b i‡q‡Q|Ó (2t164)

Ggwbfv‡e Avj-KziAv‡bi eû msL¨K Avqv‡Z Avjvn ZvÕqvjv gvbyl‡K Avjvni AbyMÖn iƒ‡c gybvdv AR©‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Avj-KziAvb evi evi gvbyl‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q‡Q †h, Avjvn Zv‡ì‡K RvnvR ˆZixi DcKiY `vb K‡i‡Qb Ges b`x, mvMi I gnvmvMi‡K Zv‡ì Kj¨vYv‡_© wbqwš¿Z K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Avjvn e‡j‡Qb, ÒwZwbB Ñ whwb †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ b`x-mgy`ª‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i †i‡L‡Qb, †hb †Zvgiv Zv n‡Z bZzb ZvRv †Mvk&Z AvniY K‡i †L‡Z cvi Ges Ggb me †mŠ›`h©-‡kvfvi wRwbm †ei K‡i wb‡Z cvi hv †Zvgiv cwiavb Ki| †Zvgiv †`LQ †h, †bŠKv-RvnvR b`x-mgy‡`ªi eyK `xY© K‡i PjvPj K‡i| Gme wKQy GRb¨ †h, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì Avjvni AbyMÖn mÜvb K‡i wb‡e Ges Zuvi cÖwZ K…ZÁ n‡e|Ó (16t14) Avevi m~iv ewb BmivB‡j Avjvn e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Zvgv‡ì ie †Zv wZwbB whwb b`x-mg~‡`ª †Zvgv‡ì †bŠKv-RvnvR Pvjv‡”Qb †hb †Zvgiv Zvi AbyMÖn mÜvb Ki‡Z cvi| Avmj K_v n‡”Q, wZwb †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ AZ¨š— `qvjy|Ó (17t66)70 Interest – The Quranic View

GQvov, gvbyl hv‡Z Zv‡ì Rxe‡bvcKiY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ Avjvn ZvÕqvjv c„w_exi hgxb‡K gvby‡li Aaxb K‡i †Ìqvi K_vI e‡j‡Qb| m~iv Avj-g~jK-G ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò‡mB AvjvnB‡Zv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ f~‡MvjK‡K Aaxb evwb‡q ‡i‡L‡Qb, hv‡Z †Zvgiv Gi e‡¶i Ici PjvPj Ki Ges Zv †_‡K Avj-vni †`qv wihK LvI|Ó (67t15)

m‡e©vcwi Bmjvg gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxeb Avi Rxe‡bi e¯‘MZ w`K‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v As‡k wef³ K‡i ‡`qwb; eis Ava¨vwZ¥K wccvmvi cvkvcvwk e¯‘MZ cÖ‡qvRb‡K mgvb ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| Avj-KziAvb w`‡bi †ejvi mgq‡K gybvdv AR©‡bi Kv‡R eënvi Kivi Rb¨ ZvwK` K‡i‡Q| Bmjvg GKw`‡K mgqgZ bvgvR, we‡kl K‡i, Rygqvi bvgvR Av`vq Ges Rygqvi bvgv‡Ri Avhvb n‡jB †ePv-‡Kbv eÜ K‡i †`qvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q; Ab¨w`‡K bvgvR m¤úbœ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ RxweKv A‡š^l‡Yi Kv‡R †j‡M hvIqvi Rb¨ Av‡`k K‡i‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒI‡n hviv Cgvb G‡bQ, Rygqvi w`b hLb bvgv‡Ri Rb¨ WvK †Ìqv n‡e, ZLb Avjvni ¯§i‡Yi w`‡K †`ŠovI Ges †Kbv-‡euPv †Q‡o `vI| GUv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ AwaK DËg, hw` †Zvgiv Rvb| c‡i hLb bvgvR m¤ú~Y© n‡e ZLb c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co Ges Avjvni AbyMÖn mÜvb Ki|Ó (62t9-10)

ivm~jyjvni (mt) nv`x‡mI µq-weµq, eëmv-evwYR¨ I gybvdvi Ici h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb eëmvqx `j hw` mZ¨ K_v e‡j Ges Dc‡`k †`q Zvn‡j Zv‡ì eëmvq eiKZ nq; wKš‘ hw` Zviv VKvq Ges wg_¨v e‡j Zvn‡j Zv‡ì eëmv eiKZ ewÂZ nq|Ó40 bex (mt) AviI e‡j‡Qb, ÒBmjvgx weavb †g‡b eëmv Ki‡j †m eëmvqxi ¯’vb n‡e bex, wmÏxK, mv‡jnxb I knx`‡ì mv‡_|Ó myZivs Bmjv‡g ¸i“‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K eëmv Avi wRnv`‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi †Kvb AeKvk †bB|

gybvdvi mxgv t cvðvZ¨ A_©bxwZ‡Z m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b‡K (Profit maximization) A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi wfwË MY¨ Kiv nq| GB A_©bxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb dv‡g©i cÖvwš—K Avq (MR) †hLv‡b Gi cÖvwš—K e¨‡qi (MC)

mgvb nq †mLv‡b dv‡g©i gybvdv m‡e©v”P mxgvq †cuŠ‡Q| Drcv`b Gi †P‡q Kgv‡bv n‡j gybvdv m‡e©v”P chv©‡q †cuŠ‡Q bv Ges Drcv`b Gi †P‡q evov‡bv n‡j gybvdv m‡ev©”P ch©vq †_‡K bx‡P †b‡g hvq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b GB Z‡Ë¡i (Profit maximization) wfwË‡Z Pj‡e wKbv?

G wel‡q Bmjvgx A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ weZK© Av‡Q| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb c~uwRev`x A_©bxwZ n‡”Q gyj¨‡eva wbi‡c¶ (secular/positive)| G A_©bxwZ‡Z gvbyl‡K g‡b Kiv nq Ôc~Y© ¯^vaxb i¨vkbvj B‡KvbwgK g¨vbÕ| †mLv‡b g‡bvcwj, Kv‡U©j BZ¨vw` m„wói gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì †kvlY K‡i A¯^vfvweK gybvdv jy‡U †bIqv nq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ Bmjvgx gyj¨‡ev‡ai Ici wfwËkxj| GLv‡b gvbyl n‡”Q ÔBmjvwgK i¨vkbvj g¨vbÕ| Bmjvgx mgv‡R †Kvb gvbyl Thoughts on Economics 71

Ab¨ gvby‡li AwaKvi Le© ev niY K‡i bv| Zuv‡ì g‡Z gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY - cywRuev`x GB `k©‡bi ¯’vb Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z †bB| (bKfx) myZivs Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi mxgv wba©vwiZ _vKv DwPZ| Zv‡ì g‡Z, GB mxgv †gvU cyuwRi 10% ev 33% Gi AwaK nIqv DwPZ bq|41 wKš‘ Bmjvgx kixq‡Z GB g‡Zi c‡¶ †Kvb `wjj-cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv|42

Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi mxgv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Wt gvbœv‡bi AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, cuywRev‡ì mxgvnxb gybvdv n‡”Q g‡bvcwj I Kv‡U©‡ji dj| Bmjvg gybvdvi Aby‡gv`b w`‡q‡Q mxgve× A‡_©| myZivs Bmjv‡g gybvdv n‡e ¯^vfvweK (normal) gybvdv †hLv‡b †Kvb bZzb dv‡g©i Rb¨ Kviev‡i cÖ‡e‡ki cÖeYZv _vK‡e bv; Avevi cyivZb †Kvb dvg©I Kvievi †_‡K †ewi‡q hv‡e bv|43

Wt †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx G‡¶‡Î m‡š—vlRbK (Satisfactory profits) gybvdvi Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z Bmjv‡gi †Kvb wewa-weavb jsNb bv K‡i m‡ev©”P †h gybvdv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e †mUvB n‡e gybvdvi D×©Zb mxgv| Aciw`‡K Drcv`bKvixi Rb¨ fvjfv‡e

Rxeb hvcb Ges AZxZ †jvKmvb c~i‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó gybvdvB n‡”Q jv‡fi wbæZg mxgv| Zuvi g‡Z GB D×©Zb I wbæZg mxgvi gaëZ©x †h †Kvb cwigvY gybvdvB n‡”Q Ôm‡š—vlRbK gybvdvÕ|44 wKš‘ †ek wKQy msL¨K A_©bxwZwe` gybvdvi Gme aviYv‡K AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK (subjective) I A¯úó e‡j mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|45

gybvdvi mxgv m¤ú‡K© Wt Avix‡di AwfgZ n‡”Q, MR=MC bq; eis †Kvb dv‡g©i AR (ev Mo Avq) †hLv‡b AC-Gi (ev Mo e¨‡qi) mgvb n‡e Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z †mUvB n‡e fvimvg¨ we›`y Ges GB ch©v‡q †h cwigvY gybvdv cvIqv hv‡e GKRb gymwjg D‡`¨v³vi gybvdv †mB cwigvYB nIqv DwPZ|46 Gjwg b~‡ii g‡Z, mvgvwRK wePv‡i GmeB n‡”Q mw`”Qv (good wishes); wKš‘ Gi ‡gŠwjK hyw³ I A_©‰bwZK e¨vL¨v cÖkœvZxZ bq| Zuvi g‡Z, gybvdv AR©‡bi cÖ‡Póv‡K åvZ„Z¡m~jf ev gvbweK we‡ePbv ev Gnmvb I e`vb¨Zvi mv‡_ ¸wj‡q †djv wVK bq| KviY Bnmvb n‡”Q eëmvwqK Kvh©vejx I cÖ‡Póv †_‡K Avjv`v| Avi eëmvwqK Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q kixq‡Zi mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K AwaKZi gybvdv AR©b Kiv|47

‡RW, nvmv‡bi D×wZ w`‡q Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb48 †h, AvcvZ `„wó‡Z m‡e©v”P gybvdv jv‡fi D‡Ïk¨‡K A_©-wjáv Ges Bmjvgx ‰bwZK weav‡bi mv‡_ msNwl©K e‡j g‡b nq; wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z G Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY aviYvi GKwU mve©Rbxb êwkó¨ Av‡Q; †mRb¨ gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK AvPiY we‡klY Ges G m¤ú‡K© fwel¨r aviYv (predective) Kivi †¶‡Î m‡ev©”P gybvdv ZË¡B h_v_© ZZ¡ e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| cwieZ©bkxj (dynamic) AwbwðZ cwiw¯’wZi gyKvwejvq GB aviYvB †Kvb dvg©‡K m„wókxj I m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡Z †cÖiYv †hvMvq|72 Interest – The Quranic View

Gme Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, Bmjvg gybvdvi †Kvb mxgv wba©viY K‡i †`qwb| GgbwK, nv`x‡m †`Lv hvq †h, we‡kl Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z Avjvni ivm~j (mt) cY¨-

mvgMÖxi `vg †e‡a w`‡ZI ivRx nbwb; eis wZwb Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq e‡j‡Qb †h, Ò`vg †Zv Avjvn wba©viY K‡ib, msKxb©Zv I cÖk¯—`vbKvix GKgvÎ wZwbB Ges wZwbB wiwhK`vZvÕ|49 GB evYx Øviv wZwb evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ `v‡gi cÖwZB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| Avi GB c×wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ `v‡g hLb †h cwigvY gybvdv Av‡m †mB gybvdvB n‡”Q ¯^vfvweK I Aby‡gvw`Z gybvdv D³ nv`x‡m GK_viI Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| Ab¨ Avi GK nv`x‡m bex (mt) G wel‡q AviI ®úó Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒRvwei (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvB‡n Iqv mvjvg e‡j‡Qb t †Kvb knievmx †hb †Kvb cjxevmxi c‡¶ †Kbv‡ePv bv K‡i| ‡jvK‡ì ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †Q‡o `vI| Avjvn ZvÕqvjv Zv‡ì G‡Ki Øviv Ac‡ii wiwh‡Ki eë¯’v K‡ib|Ó50 GB nv`x‡mi wb‡`©k ¯úó; †jvK‡ì ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|

e¯‘Zt Bmjvg m¤ú‡ì e¨w³ gvwjKvbv‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q, Bmjvgx g~j¨‡ev‡ai AvIZvq D`¨g-D‡`¨v‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv w`‡q‡Q, gybvdv‡K Avjvni ‡bqvgZ ev AbyMÖn †NvlYv K‡i‡Q, `v‡gi (price) gva¨‡g m¤ú` eivÏ e›Ub I wewbg‡qi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q, evRv‡i Pvwn`v-‡hvMvb‡K ¯^vfvweK ivLvi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ wewa-weavb w`‡q‡Q, my` mn mKj cÖKvi hyjygg~jK µq-weµq wbwl× K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi BZ¨vKvi mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Kiv n‡j Zv A‰ea nIqvi †Kvb KviY †bB| ZvQvov gybvdvB n‡”Q A_©bwxZi g~j PvwjKv kw³, Drcv`b, DbœwZ I mg„w×i Avmj Pvwe-KvwV| myZivs gybvdvi mxgv wba©viY K‡i †Ìqv Bmjv‡gi Kvg¨ bq| ZvQvov cÖ‡Z¨K Kvievi Z_v wewb‡qv‡M m‡ev©”P jv‡fi m¤¢vebv †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb ‡jvKmv‡bi gva¨‡g mvKzj¨ cyuwR †Lvqv hvIqvi AvksKvI i‡q‡Q| Avi GK_v mZ¨ †h, †jvKmv‡bi †Kvb mxgv wba©viY K‡i †Ìqv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Gi wecix‡Z jv‡fi †Kvb mxgv bv _vKvUvB AwaK hyw³hy³|

G‡¶‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, b¨vq I mywePvi Kv‡qg KivB Bmjv‡gi D‡Ïk¨| myZivs †Kvb e¨w³ hv‡Z Zvi b¨vh¨ cvIbv †_‡K ewÂZ bv nq Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e; †m Rb¨ eëmv-evwY‡Rï g~j wfwË n‡Z n‡e cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv,

cvi¯úwiK Kj¨vY, mvgwóK ¯^v_© Ges b¨vqm½Z †jb‡`b I µq-weµq|

gybvdvi AwaKvi t BwZc~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gybvdvi Drm n‡”Q wewb‡qvM| Avi wewb‡qvM gv‡b n‡”Q cuywR‡K wfbœZi c‡Y¨ iƒcvš—i Kiv Ges cyYivq cuywR‡K Gi g~j AvKv‡i wdwi‡q Avbv| GB cÖwµqvq cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb nq cuywR, AZtci cuywR‡K iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ ìKvi nq gvbexq kªg, ‡gav I AwbðqZvi SuywK enb Kiv| myZivs gvwjKvbv, kªg I SzuwK n‡”Q gybvdvi AwaKvi cvIqvi kZ©| Avj-Kvmvwb e‡j‡Qb, cÖavbZt gybvdv cvIbv nq gvwjKvbv,


kªg, †`bv ev M¨vivw›Ui Kvi‡Y| gybvdv n‡”Q g~jZt cuywRi ewa©Z Ask (growth in capital)| myZivs cuywRi gvwjK hw` Kviev‡i cuywR eënvi K‡i Ges †jvKmv‡bi SzuwK †bq Zvn‡j †m gybvdv cvIqvi AwaKvix n‡e, GUvB ¯^vfvweK| D‡`¨v³v Kviev‡i Zvi kªg e¨q/wewb‡qvM K‡i| Gi cvwi‡ZvwlK wn‡m‡e †m gybvdv cvIqvi AwaKvi jvf K‡i; Avi †jvKmvb n‡j Zvi kªg e„_v hvq; Gi †Kvb wewbgq †m cvq bv| “As for liability, money is guaranteed by active partner, he becomes entitled through setting the guarantee versus al-kharaj as the holy Prophet (SM) stated that, “al-kharaj is in consideration of liability.”51 Be‡b Kz`vgvi g‡Z, “a guarantee entitles to a profit as it is evident in participation of the corporate.52

µq-weµ‡qi aiY I †kªYx web¨vmdK¡xMY wewfbœ `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx web¨vm K‡i‡Qb| Be‡b iƒk` µq-weµq‡K `yB †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| GK †kªYxi µq-weµq n‡”Q Ggb wewbgq ‡hLv‡b (gyqvev`vn) ev ¶wZc~iY ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ‡Ìqv nq; Avi Aci ‡kªYxi µq-weµq n‡jv †hLv‡b ¶wZc~iY ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy _v‡K bv, †hgb Dcnvi-Dc‡UŠKb Ges `vb| KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbgq‡K wZwb Avevi wZb cÖKv‡i fvM K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡”Q t

1| Ggb wewbgq hvi Øviv A_© ev cY¨ iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb, mvaviY µq-weµq, fvov, †gvnivbv, cvIbv

†gUv‡bv (settlement), Ges Pzw³ Øviv cÖ`Ë M¨vivw›U (amount guaranteed through) BZ¨vw`|

2| wØZxq cÖKvi µq-weµq n‡”Q ‡mB me µq-weµq hv iƒcvš—‡ii mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bq; eis hv gvbweK Kvi‡Y wewbgq Kiv nq; K`© ev FY n‡”Q GB †kªYxi wewbgq|

3| Z…Zxq †kªYxi µq-weµq n‡”Q †mB me µq-weµq hv‡Z iƒcvš—i I gvbweKZv Df‡qiB mswgkªY _v‡K; ‡hgb, Askx`vwiZ¡, BK¡vjv I ZvIwjqv|53

‡KD †KD µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘‡K (object of sale) mvg‡b †i‡L µq-weµq‡K Pvi †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| †kªYx PviwU n‡”Q t

1| c‡Yï wewbg‡q cY¨ ev evU©vi2| g~‡jï (price) wewbg‡q cY¨ ev mvaviY µq-weµq3| gy`ªvi wewbg‡q gy`ªv (currency for currency ev mid)

Ges4| c‡Yï wewbg‡q `vBb ev †`bv (mvjvg)54


‡KD †KD Avevi µq-weµq‡K wb‡æv‡jwLZ Pvi fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb t

1| †Kvb wba©vwiZ I wbwÏ©ó cwigvY (ayn) c‡Yï wewbg‡q †Kvb wba©vwiZ I wbwÏ©ó cwigvY cY¨ weµq Kiv; mvaviYfv‡e G ai‡Yi µq-weµq‡K ejv nq c‡Yï wewbg‡q cY¨ ev evU©vi;

2| `vBb ev †`bvi wewbg‡q †Kvb wba©vwiZ I wbwÏ©ó cwigvY cY¨ weµq Kiv; Giƒc µq-weµq n‡”Q Absolute Price (gy`ªv) A_ev wba©vwiZ I wbwÏ©ó cwigv‡Yi (described measure) cY¨ cieZx©‡Z cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© (debt) cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq Kiv;

3| `vB‡bi wewbg‡q `vBb weµq Kiv A_v©r absolute price Gi cwie‡Z© absolute price µq-weµq Kiv; absolute price

n‡”Q gy`ªv ev currency; myZivs Giƒc µq-weµq‡K ejv nq gy`ªv µq-weµq ev ÔevB Avj midÕ;

4| wba©vwiZ I wbwÏ©ó cwigvY cY¨-mvgMÖxi wewbg‡q `vBb weµq Kiv; Giƒc µq-weµq‡K ejv nq mvjvg ev AwMÖg µq-weµq|

j¶bxq †h, ÔevBÕ ej‡Z absolute exchange eySvq; Avi GB msÁvi wfwË‡ZB Zvr¶wYK wewbgq Kiv nqwb Ggb mKj µq-weµq Ges cY¨-mvgMÖxi evKx `vg Ges F‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy‡K µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ kvwgj ev MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|55

‡KD †KD Avevi evB-Gi AvIZvf~³ µq-weµq wZb iKg n‡Z cv‡i e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”Q t56

1| mvaviY µq-weµq (ordinary sale), †hgb A‡_©i wewbg‡q Mg;

2| evU©vi, †hgb, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg;3| gy`ªvi wewbg‡q gy`ªv ev mid, †hgb UvKvi

wewbg‡q gvwK©b Wjvi|

GB wefvR‡bI FY †jb‡`b‡K µq-weµq wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡K evB Avj mi‡di Aš—f~©³ e‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Gme dK¡x‡`i g‡Z F‡Yi †jb‡`b evB-Avj mi‡di wbqg-Kvbyb ØvivB cwiPvwjZ nq|

µq-weµ‡qi we¯—vwiZ †kªYx web¨vm K‡i‡Qb Wt †bRvZzj-vn wmwÏKx| wZwb µq-weµq‡K wb‡æv³ Qq cÖKv‡i wef³ K‡i‡Qb t

1| A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨ (goods for money)


2| †`bvi wewbg‡q cY¨ (goods for debts)

3| c‡Y¨i wewbg‡q cY¨ (goods for goods)

4| A‡_©i wewbg‡q †`bv (debt for money)

5| †`bvi wewbg‡q †`bv (debt for debt)

6| A‡_©i wewbg‡q A_© (money for money)

Wt wmwÏKxi g‡Z D‡jwLZ µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ_g wZb cÖKv‡ii µq-weµq mgš^‡q A_©bxwZi cÖK…Z LvZ ev Real Sector MwVZ nq| Gme µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨-mvgMÖx bM` A_ev fwel¨‡Z `vg cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv nq; GQvov, c‡Yï wewbg‡q cY¨ ev evU©viI GB evRv‡ii Aš—f~©³| Avi †kl wZb ai‡Yi µq-weµq wb‡q MwVZ nq Avw_©K LvZ ev Financial Market| GB evRv‡i A_©, A_© cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖ“wZcÎ, FY-‡`bv, BZ¨vw` µq-weµq Kiv nq; ÷K, †kqvi BZ¨vw` †Kbv-‡euPvI Avw_©K evRv‡ii Aš—f~©³ e‡j wZwb AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb|57

Bjwg gvngy` b~i m¤cÖwZ Zvi W‡±vivj wWmv‡U©k‡b c‡Yï cÖK…wZ, mgq Ges c‡Yï A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx web¨vm K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, mg‡qi wfwË‡Z µq-weµq (1) bM` I (2) evKx GB `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Avevi c‡Yï cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i µq-weµq‡K `yB †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i, ‡hgb, (1) cY¨ µq-weµq, Ges (2) †mev µq-weµq I BRviv|

AZtci wewbg‡qi c‡Yï g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z wZwb µq-weµq‡K AveviI `yB †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”Qt (1) GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ (Same kind of goods) wewbgq Ges (2) wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ (Different kind of goods) wewbgq|58

Gfv‡e ¯‹jviMY wewfbœ `„wófw½ mvg‡b wb‡q wewfbœfv‡e µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx-web¨vm K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e ¯^qs Avjvn Ges Zuvi ivm~j (mt) µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx-web¨vm Kivi †h Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb Avgv‡ì Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ ‡mwUB me‡P‡q cÖvmw½K Ges wiev‡K eySvi Rb¨ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|m~ivZzj evKvivni 282 Avqv‡Z Avjvn Zvqvjv hveZxq µq-weµq‡K evKx µq-weµq I bM` µq-weµq GB `yB ‡kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b Avjvn Zvqvjv ÔZv`vBqvbZzg we`vBwbbÕ Øviv evKx µq-weµq eywS‡q‡Qb Ges Zv wj‡L †bIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb; Avi Ô‡ZRvivZvb nvwRivZvbÕ

Øviv bM` µq-weµq‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Giƒc µq-weµq wjLv bv n‡jI †Kvb †`vl †bB e‡j Avjvn Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb|76 Interest – The Quranic View

Gw`‡K Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ †_‡K ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyj-vn (mt) µq-weµq‡K `yB fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qbt GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq †hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv BZ¨vw` Ges wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq, ‡hgb, †mvbvi wewbg‡q iƒcv, M‡gi wewbg‡q †LRyi BZ¨vw`|

Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡m D‡jwLZ wefw³‡K GK‡Î wgjv‡bv n‡j Zvi iƒc GB `uvovq †h, GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq bM` n‡Z cv‡i Avevi Zv evKx‡Z n‡Z cv‡i; ‡Zgwb wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq bM` I evKx DfqUvB n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs Avj-KziAvb I nv`x‡mi gg© Abymv‡i mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡K wb‡æv‡jwLZ Pvi cÖKv‡i †kªYxe× Kiv hvqt

1| GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev ev A_© bM` µq-weµq (Spot transaction of goods, services or currencies of same kind or same species under same genus) †hgb, ‡mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, UvKvi e`‡j UvKv, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi BZ¨vw`|

2| GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© evKx µq-weµq (Deferred sale of goods, services or currencies of same kind or same species under same genus); †hgb AvR †mvbv w`‡q GK gvm ci †mvbv ‡bIqv, AvR UvKv w`‡q GK gvm ci UvKv †bIqv, AvR †LRyi w`‡q GK gvm ci †LRyi †bIqv BZ¨vw`|

3| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© bM` µq-weµq (Spot sale of dissimilar, different or heterogeneous kinds of goods, services or currencies); †hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j iƒcv, UvKvi e`‡j Wjvi A_ev †LRy‡ii e`‡j Mg BZ¨vw`|

4| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© evKx µq-weµq (Deferred sale of dissimilar, different or heterogeneous kinds of goods, services or currencies); †hgb, AvR †mvbv w`‡q GK gvm ci iƒcv †bIqv, AvR UvKv w`‡q GK gvm

ci †Uwej †bIqv, AvR UvKv w`‡q GK gvm ci Wjvi †bIqv BZ¨vw`|Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z D³ nv`x‡m µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx-web¨vm wb‡`©k Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi µq-weµ‡qi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wbiƒcY-wba©vi‡Yi wewa-weavbI †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|


µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavbDev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`x‡m Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb, Ò‡mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv, M‡gi e`‡j Mg, h‡ei e`‡j he, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi Ges je‡Yi e`‡j jeY, GKB iKg (like for like), mgvb mgvb (equal for equal) I nv‡Z nv‡Z (hand to hand)| hw` cY¨ wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq, Zvn‡j †Zvgiv B”QvgZ (`v‡g) weµq Ki‡Z cvi, Z‡e nv‡Z nv‡Z (hand to hand)|Ó

D‡jL¨ †h, G nv`x‡m wiev k‡ãi Av‡`Š †Kvb D‡jL †bB| Avm‡j G nv`x‡m wiev m¤ú‡K© K_v ejv nqwb; eis GLv‡b †Kej µq-weµ‡qi aiY, cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡Yi µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb Ges cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ¸YMZ gvb, `vg wba©viY (ascertainment) cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b wbwðZ Kivi wbqg-Kvbyb eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbqvRx e‡j‡Qb, “This tradition will help us identify a number of sub-principles.”59

nv`x‡mi cÖ_gvs‡k µq-weµ‡qi cY¨, A_© I †mev hw` GKB Rv‡Zi nq, †hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi BZ¨vw`, Zvn‡j †m‡¶‡Î KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb wK n‡e Zv wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi nv`x‡mi wØZxqvs‡k wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wbiƒc‡Yi weavb eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov Ab¨ nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn (mt) GKB Rv‡Zi DbœZ gv‡bi c‡Y¨i mv‡_ wbæ gv‡bi cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi weavbI eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| †mg‡Z bx‡P cÖ_‡g mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡qi

`vg wbiƒc‡Yi weavb, AZtci GKRv‡Zi wbæ I DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb Ges me‡k‡l wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q|

mgRv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© µq-weµ‡q cÖwZg~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi weavbmgRv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© ej‡Z wK eySvq, ivm~jyjvn (mt) AwZ mnR I ¯úó fvlvq Zv eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv, M‡gi e`‡j Mg, h‡ei e`‡j he, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi Ges je‡Yi e`‡j jeY|Ó mKj gvhnv‡ei dKxne„›`, ¯‹jvi I we‡klÁMY Gi Øviv RvZMZ wgj (unity of genus) ev cÖRvwZMZ mgZv (unity of species) A_© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|60

D‡jL¨ †h, nv`x‡m gvÎ QqwU c‡Yï bvg D‡jL Kiv n‡jI M‡elK‡ì gZ n‡”Q, Dc‡hvM I g~j¨ Av‡Q Ggb †h †Kvb c‡Yï mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï ci¯úi wewbgq eySv‡bvB Gi D‡Ïk¨| bexi (mt) hy‡M D‡jwLZ QqwU cY¨ AwaK µq-weµq n‡Zv, GRb¨ nv`x‡m D`vniY wn‡m‡e GB cY¨ QqwUi bvg ejv n‡q‡Q|61 Avm‡j GB weavb Ab¨vb¨ mKj cY¨, 78 Interest – The Quranic View

A_© I †mev µq-weµq †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| Z`vbxš—bKv‡j Avi‡ei gvbyl w`bv‡ii mv‡_ w`bvi, wìnv‡gi mv‡_ wìnvg, †LRy‡ii mv‡_ †LRyi BZ¨vw` wewbgq KiZ| GKv‡jI G ai‡Yi wewbgq cÖ_v Pvjy Av‡Q| G‡`‡k MÖvgvÂ‡ji gvbyl GLbI gImy‡gi mgq Lvevi avb w`‡q exR avb e`wj‡q †bq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bI gvbyl 500 UvKvi ‡bvU w`‡q Zvi cwie‡Z© 100 UvKvi 5wU †bvU fvw½‡q †bq BZ¨vw`| Giƒc µq-weµ‡q cÖwZg~j¨ wba©viY hv‡Z mwVK nq, †µZv-we‡µZv KviI hv‡Z VKv-‡RZv bv nq Ges m‡e©vcwi µq-weµ‡q hv‡Z Bbmvd envj _v‡K †mRb¨ Avjvni ivm~j (mt) G‡¶‡Î KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb w`‡q‡Qb|

GB nv`x‡mi e¨vL¨vq mvaviYfv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h, D‡jwLZ QqwU c‡Yï g‡a¨ †Kvb GK Rv‡Zi c‡Yï mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi

cY¨, †hgb M‡gi cwie‡Z© Mg, †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î ivm~jyjvn (mt) Dfq cY¨ cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb nIqv (wgmjvb wewgwmwjb I mvIqvb wemvqvwqb) Ges Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbgq Kiv (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) GB `ywU kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Avi c‡Yï RvZ wfbœ wfbœ †hgb, M‡gi e`‡j †LRyi, A_ev †mvbvi cwie‡Z© iƒcv, n‡j †Kej Zvr¶wYK bM` †jb‡`‡bi GKwU kZ© w`‡q‡Qb| AZtci GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡q cwigvYMZ mgZvi kZ© f½ Ki‡j GK c‡¶i evowZ Ask n‡e wiev d`j (AwZwi³)| Avi Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbg‡qi kZ© jsNb K‡i †Kvb cY¨ cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivLv n‡j ¯’wMZKvj (deferred peroid) n‡e wiev bvmv ev bvwmqv| Avi hw` GKB mv‡_ Dfq kZ© f½ Kiv nq Zvn‡j ¯’wMZKvj n‡e wiev bvwmqv Avi wewbg‡q cÖ`Ë AwZwi³ n‡e wiev d`j| wfbœ wfbœ c‡Yï †¶‡Î †h‡nZz cwigvYMZ mgZvi kZ© †bB; eis †Kej Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbg‡qi kZ© †Ìqv n‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz GB kZ© f½ Ki‡j wiev bvwmqv ev wiev bvmvi D™¢e n‡e| myZivs G‡¶‡Î bvmv (mgq) wbwl×|62

wKš‘ Dev`v Be‡b mvwg‡Zi (ivt) D³ nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn (mt) †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv ejvi ci my¯úófv‡e AviI wZbwU k‡Z©i K_v e‡j‡Qb| kZ©¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1| wgmjvb wewgwmwjb (like for like)

2| mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb (equal for equal) I3| Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (hand to hand)

welq wZbwU eySv‡bvi Rb¨ Avjvni ivm~j (mt) Ab¨ KwZcq nv`x‡m AviI K‡qKwU cwikã eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †Kvb nv`x‡m wZwb e‡j‡Qb, IqvRbvb weIqvRwbb (IR‡b IR‡b), †Kvb nv`x‡m e‡j‡Qb AvBbvb weAvBwbb (cwigv‡Y cwigv‡Y), †Kv_vI Avevi e‡j‡Qb, nvÕqv nvÕqv (cwigv‡Y cwigv‡Y)| GQvov, jvÕZzwkd&dz evÕ`vû AvÕjv evÕw`b (GKwUi Ic‡i AciwU †ekx K‡ivbv); jvÕdv`vjv evqbvûgv (G‡ì g‡a¨ †KvbwU Kg-‡ekx K‡iv bv) BZ¨vw` K_vI wZwb e‡j‡Qb| ‡Kvb †Kvb nv`x‡m wZwb wZbwU kZ©, †hgb, IqvRbvb eIqvhwbb, wgmjvb Thoughts on Economics 79

wewgwmwjb, mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb Gi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, †Kvb nv`x‡m `ywU, †Kv_vI ev GKwU gvÎ k‡Z©iI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| bx‡P kZ© wZbwUi e¨vLv †ck Kiv n‡”Q|

1| wgmjvb wewgwmwjb (gvbMZ mgZv) wgmjvb wewgwmwjb ej‡Z dK¡xMY mvaviYfv‡e c‡Yï cwigvYMZ mgZv‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb Ges G‡ì ¸YMZ mgZvi welqwU D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb| nvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn Bgvg mviLwm Zuvi ÔAvj-gvemyZÕ-G e‡j‡Qb63, Òwgmjvb wewgwmwjbÓ (like for like) Gi A_© n‡”Q cwigvYMZ mgZv weavb Kiv, ¸YMZ bq, hwÌ mgZv kã Øviv Dfq cÖKvi mgZv‡KB eySvq|Ó Bgvg kvqevYxi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ÒkvqevYx Zuvi Avj-mid kxl©K MÖ‡š’i cÖvi‡¤¢ GB nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges ‡mLv‡b wZwb wgmjvb wewgwmwjb (like for like) k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb (weight for weight) kã wj‡L‡Qb| Gi e¨vL¨v GB †h, GB k‡ãi (wgmjvb wewgwmwjb) A_© n‡”Q cwigv‡Yi mgZv weavb Kiv, ¸‡Yi mgZv bq (c„t 5)|Ó “Gold dust and metal are the same”- Dev`v Be‡b mvwg‡Zi GB eY©bv D×„Z K‡i mvivLwm e‡j‡Qb, ÒGB K_v my¯úófv‡e e‡j w`‡”Q †h, mgZvi A_© n‡”Q cwigv‡Yi mgZv, gv‡bi mgZv bq; KviY ¯^Y© KYvi gvb ¯^Y© cv‡Zi gv‡bi mgvb bq| A_P IR‡b (cwigv‡Y) mgvb n‡jB DfqwU mgZzj¨ (equal) n‡q hvq|Ó

dK¡xMY cÖvq mK‡jB GB GKB iKg K_v e‡j‡Qb| GKRv‡Zi `ywU cY¨, gvbMZfv‡e GKwU AciwU A‡c¶v DbœZ ev wbæ gv‡bi nIqv m‡Z¡I dK¡xMY cwigvc (volume), IRb (weight) ev MYbvi wfwË‡Z Dfq c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb Kivi Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb Ges c‡Yï gvbMZ cv_©K¨ we‡ePbvq Avbv hv‡e bv e‡j gZ w`‡q‡Qb|64 Ab¨_vq, Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, c‡Yï ¸YMZ cv_©‡Kï ‡cÖw¶‡Z G‡ì cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx n‡j †mB evowZ Ask n‡e wiev|65 mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j †Kvb †Kvb Bmjvgx A_©bxwZwe‡ì †jLv‡ZI GKB ai‡Yi K_v cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯îƒc, iwdK Avj-wgmwi cwi¯‹vi fvlvq wj‡L‡Qb, Ò`ywU †LRyi hw` gv‡bi w`K w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ nq Zey cwigv‡ci Dchy³ (standard) gvb`‡Ûi wfwË‡Z G‡ì cwigvY mgvb n‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e DbœZgv‡bi (superior) c‡Yï AwaKvix wbægv‡bi (inferior) c‡Yï gvwj‡Ki cÖwZ D`vi (gynmxb,

generous) n‡e|Ó Ab¨_vq Zviv Z…Zxq †Kvb c‡Yï gva¨‡g Zv‡ì cY¨ wewbgq Ki‡e|Ó66 kvn& dqmvj †gŠjfx e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb gymjgvb hw` bex (mt) KZ…©K D‡jwLZ QqwU c‡Yï †Kvb GKwU cY¨ Gi mgRvZxq c‡Yï wewbg‡q weµx Ki‡Z gb¯’ K‡i Zvn‡j cY¨ `ywUi gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K Av‡`Š †Kvb we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z cvi‡e bv; A_©vr †m hw` 100 †KwR †LRyi wfbœZi gv‡bi †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q weµx Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j D³ †LRyi DbœZ gv‡bi †nvK ev wbægv‡bi †nvK, Zv‡K Aek¨B wVK 100 †KwR †LRyiB MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó67


Bgvg kvdx Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ (ivt) ewY©Z D³ nv`x‡m D‡jwLZ QqwU cY¨ †mvbv, iƒcv, Mg, he, †LRyi I jeY‡K my` enYKvix cY¨ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| kv‡dqx ¯‹z‡ji g‡Z ivm~‡ji (mt) wb‡`©k n‡”Q †h, GB QqwU c‡Yï g‡a¨ †Kvb GKwU cY¨ mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï mv‡_ wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j GK c‡¶i cY¨ DbœZ gv‡bi Ges Aci c‡¶i cY¨ wbæ gv‡bi nIqv m‡Z¡I G‡ì cwigv‡Yi (IRb, msL¨v) mgZv h_vh_fv‡e i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|68 (also see Nur p. 102, footnote 20)

wePvicwZ gvIjvbv Z¡wK Imgvwbi D×„wZ w`‡q Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h69, wePvicwZ Z¡wK Imgvwb wgmjvb wewgwmwjb k‡ãi cÖK…Z A_© e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwbI e‡j‡Qb †h, FY †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î Avek¨Kxq kZ© wgmwjq¨v‡Zi Zvrch© n‡”Q cwimsL¨vb ev cwigvYMZ mgZv, c‡Yï Aš—©wbwnZ g~‡jï mgZv bq| Rbve b~i AviI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, “The seminar on indexation held in Jeddah in 1987 also declared that the purpose of ahadith of riba and loan transactions essentially demand for similarity in kind and quantity in legal terms that is weight, volume, and counting not value/quality. What the Sunnah of Prophet (saw) showed is to cancel and completely ignore the quality consideration in trading items or riba in goods. A similar view is expressed also in the report of IIC (Islamic Ideology council) of Pakistan.”70

G cÖm‡½ mvB‡q¨` gI`~`x wj‡L‡Qb †h, mgRv‡Zi `ªe¨mg~n wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Zv‡ì g‡a¨ g~j¨ I gv‡bi †h Kg-‡ekx cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv D‡c¶v K‡i mgvb mgvb wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e| A_ev `ª‡eï mv‡_ `ª‡eï mivmwi wewbg‡qi cwie‡Z© wb‡Ri `ªe¨wU evRvi `‡i A‡_©i wewbg‡q wewµ K‡i A‡bï wbKU †_‡K H A‡_©i wewbg‡q evRv‡ii `‡i Zvi `ªe¨wU wK‡b wb‡Z n‡e|71

Bjwg gvn&gy` b~i G wel‡q wel` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wdK¡vn kv‡¯¿ mvaviYZt †Rbvm/KvBÛ (genus/kind/ginsi), ‰ewk‡óï mgZv (similitude/mithli) Ges cwigv‡ci mgZv (quantitative equality/musawat) †K GK mv‡_ GK K‡i †`Lv n‡q‡Q| KLbI Avevi wgmj I wRbm‡K GK g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GKB wRb‡mi Aš—f©~³ wewfbœ cÖRvwZi wfbœ wfbœ ¸YMZ êwk‡óï welqwU D‡c¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q| KLbI Avevi wgmj‡K gymvIqv‡Zi (cwigvYMZ mgZv) mv‡_ GKB A‡_© MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|72 wb‡æ D×„Z K‡qKwU nv`xm †_‡K welqwU AwaKZi ¯úó n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|1| mnxn& gymwj‡gi (5g LÛ) 3911 bs nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒjvÕ Zvweq~h&hvnvev weh&hvnvwe Iqv jvÕj IqvwiKv wej IqvwiwK Bjv Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb wemjvb wewgwmwjb mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb|Thoughts on Economics 81

Gi evsjv ZiRgvq ejv n‡q‡Q t ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© Ges †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ mgvb mgvb cwigvY I êwk‡ó¨ GK nIqv e¨ZxZ †ePv-‡Kbv K‡iv bv|Ó

j¶bxq †h, g~j nv`xmwU‡Z 3wU k‡Z©i D‡jL Av‡Q; wKš‘ ZiRgvq G‡m‡Q gvÎ 2wU kZ©| GLv‡b Iqvhbvb weIqvhwb‡bi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvb mgvb cwigvY; AZtci wgmjvb wewgwmwjb I mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb‡K wgwj‡q GK‡Î A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q ‰ewk‡ó¨ GK nIqv|

2| 3918 bs nv`x‡m Av‡Q ÒAvh&hvnvey we&hvnvwe ......... wgmjvb wewgwmwjb, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b dvgvbhv`v AvwemZvhv`v dvK¡v` Aviev|Ó

Gi evsjv ZiRgv Kiv n‡q‡Q t Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y©-.......... cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb I bM` Av`vb-cÖ`vb| myZivs †h e¨w³ †ekx w`j wKsev †ekx MÖnY Ki‡jv †mB my`x Kviev‡i wjß n‡jv|Ó

GLv‡b Avevi wgmjvb wewgwmwj‡bi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb| D‡jwLZ cÖ_g nv`x‡m wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q ‰ewk‡óï mgZv; wKš‘ GB nv`x‡m Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigvYMZ mgZv|

3| 3927 bs nv`x‡m Av‡Q, ÒAvwbj wdÏvwZ wejwdÏvwZ Iqvh&hvnvwe weh&hvnvwe Bjv mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqbÓ|Gi evsjv Kiv n‡q‡Q t Òcwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb bv n‡j iƒcvi wewbg‡q iƒcv Ges ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ Ki‡Z Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó

GLv‡b Avevi mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q, Òcwigv‡Y mgvb mgvbÓ hwÌ Ic‡ii cÖ_g nv`x‡m wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Gi mv‡_ wgwj‡q Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q êwk‡óï mgZv|

4| 3908 bs nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, Òjv Zvweq~h& hvnvev weh&hvnvwe Bjv wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Iqv jv Zzwkd&dz evÕ`vnv Avjv evÕw`b Iqv jvÕ Zvweq~ Avj-IqvwiKv wej IqvwiwK Bjv wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Iqv jv Zzwkd&dz evÕ`vnv Avjv evÕw`b|Ó

ZiRgvq ejv n‡q‡Q, ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© cwigv‡Y mgvb bv n‡j wewµ K‡iv bv Ges GKw`K Aciw`K A‡c¶v †ekx K‡iv bv, Ges cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb bv n‡j wKsev GKvsk Avi GK Ask n‡Z Kg ev †ekx n‡jI †iŠc¨ ‡iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q wewµ K‡iv bv|


GLv‡b Avevi wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigv‡Yi mgZv| Avi jv Zzwkd&dz A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q †ekx K‡iv bv| ejv hvq GLv‡b wgmjvb wewgwmwjb I jv-wkdz-Gi GKB A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q|

5| 3915 bs nv`x‡m Av‡Q, ÒmvwgZz ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvB‡n Iqvmvjvg Bqvbnv Avb evqwq Avj-hvnvwe weh&hvnvwe.......... Bjv mvIqvqvb wem&mvIqvwqb, Avqbvb weAvBwbb dvgvb hv`v AvIweh`v`v dvK¡v` Aviev|ÓZiRgvq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvwg ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvB‡n Iqv mvjvg‡K wb‡la Ki‡Z ï‡bwQ, ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© ........ †ePv-‡Kbv Ki‡Z| Z‡e GKB ‰ewkó¨ m¤úbœ Ges cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb n‡j †Kvb †`vl †bB; myZivs †h e¨w³ AwaK w`j wKsev wbj †m my‡` wjß n‡jv|Ó

GLv‡b mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q êwk‡óï mgZv (GKB ‰ewkó¨ m¤úbœ) Avi AvBbvb weAvBwbb A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigvYMZ mgZv (cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb)| A_P Ic‡i D‡jwLZ nv`x‡m mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb Avi GKevi Kiv n‡q‡Q êwk‡ó¨ mgvb|

6| 3919 bs nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvZ&Zvgi“ weZZvgwi.........wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Bqv`vb weBqvw`b......Ó

Abyev‡` ejv n‡q‡Q t Ò‡LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb Ges bM` †jb‡`b n‡Z n‡e|Ó GLv‡b Avevi wgmjvb wewgwmwjb A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb|

7| 3921 bs nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q t Avh&hvnvey weh&hvnvwe Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb wgmjvb wewgwmwjb......Ó

Abyev‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb|Ó

GLv‡b Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb Ges wgmjvb wewgwmwjb GB `ywU‡K wgwj‡q A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q- cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb|

8| 3929 bs nv`x‡m Av‡Q, ÒAvh&hvnvey weh&hvnvwe Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb|Ó

Abyev‡` ejv n‡q‡Q t Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© mgvb mgvb IR‡b wewµ Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

GLv‡b Avevi Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvb mgvb IRb|Thoughts on Economics 83

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯úó cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, nv`x‡mi ZiRgvq Ôwgmjvb wewgwmwjbÕ-Gi A_© GKevi Kiv n‡q‡Q êwk‡óï mgZv, Avevi Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigvYMZ mgZv| †Kv_vI wgmjvb wewgwmwjb-‡K mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwq‡bi mv‡_ GK K‡i ‡`Lv n‡q‡Q, †Kv_vI Avevi IqvRbvb weIqvRwbb Gi mv‡_ cwigvYMZ mgZv A‡_© G‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kv_vI Avevi g~j c‡Yï mv‡_ RvwZMZ wg‡ji A‡_©I wgmjvb wewgwmwjb‡K a‡i ‡bIqv n‡q‡Q|

‡gvU K_v A_©, †mev ev c‡Yï RvwZMZ wgj (unity of genus/kinds) _vK‡j †m‡¶‡Î †Kej c‡Yï cwigvYMZ mgZv weav‡bi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q Ges ¸YMZ mgZv weav‡bi w`K‡K cy‡ivcywi D‡c¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e ‡`Lv hvq, GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨ nIqv m‡Z¡I ¸YMZ ZviZ‡gï ìƒb G‡ì Dc‡hv‡M e¨vcK cv_©K¨ myPxZ nq Ges G‡ì `v‡gi g‡aÏ m„wó nq weivU eëavb| A_P †Kej GKB RvwZ ev cÖRvwZf~³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e, mvaviY eyw×I G‡Z mvq w`‡Z Pvq bv| AvaywbKKv‡ji †ek K‡qKRb M‡elK G e¨vcv‡i cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb|

Gm.G. Zv‡ni e‡j‡Qb †h, nv`x‡m †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv ejvi ci ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôwgmjvb wewgwmwjbÕ| Zuvi g‡Z Ò‡mvbvi e`‡j †mvbvÓ K_vi Øviv c‡Yï RvwZMZ wg‡ji K_v †Zv ejvB n‡q‡Q| AZtci Ôwgmjvb wewgwmwjbÕ-Gi A_©

RvwZMZ wg‡ji †P‡q AviI AwaK wKQy nIqv DwPZ| myZivs wZwb e‡j‡Qb, wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Gi Abyev` RvwZMZ mgZv n‡Z cv‡i bv|73 Bjwg gvn&gy` b~iI GB GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb, ÒRvwZ/cÖRvwZMZ wg‡ji K_v ejv‡Zv n‡qB †M‡Q; Zvi Ic‡i Ôwgmjvb wewgwmwjbÕ GKwU AwZwi³ kZ©| RvwZMZ mgZv A‡c¶v AwaK I wfbœZi A_© eySv‡bvi Rb¨B wgmjvb wewgwmwjb kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó74

Bjwg b~i G e¨vcv‡i e¨vcK AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q‡Qb| AbymÜv‡b cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z wZwb AZ¨š— `„pZvi mv‡_ wj‡L‡Qb75 †h, ÒÔwgmjÕ kã cÖavbZt cY¨-mvgMÖxi ¸YMZ êwkó¨‡K eySvq|Ó Avj-gywn`yj gywn`-Gi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb wj‡L‡Qb †h, wgwmj k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q ÔkvevnÕ| ÔkvevnÕ A_© mv`„k¨ (resemblance), GKiƒc (alikeness), mgZzj¨ (similarity) Ges wRwb‡mi ¸Y I êwkó¨MZ mgZv| An Advanced Learners Arabic Dictionary-Gi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, †mLv‡bI ÔwgmjÕ A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q mv`„k¨, m`„k, Abyiƒc, HK¨ (correspondence) I mgZv (equivalence)| Rbve b~i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wgmj kã †_‡K D™¢~Z Avj-gvmvj kãwU AwaKZi cQ›`bxq ¸YMZ êwkó¨ †hgb, †kªôZ¡ (excellence), DbœZi (superiority), cÖwZfv/†gav (merit), AwaKZi weï× (more perfect), c~Y©Zv (complete), wewkóZv (eminent) Ges †ekx fvj (better) ev DËg (best) BZ¨vw` A_© Ávcb K‡i| wgmj †_‡K D™¢~Z Avj-84 Interest – The Quranic View

gygvmvj (similarity) I mvIqvqvb †_‡K D™¢~Z Avj-gymvIqvZ (equivalence) kãØ‡qi AvwfavwbK A‡_©i Zzjbv K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, wgmj kã c‡Yï ¸YMZ w`K cÖ`k©b K‡i; wKš‘ Zvmvwf kã wRwb‡mi cwigvYMZ w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| Avj-gyRgv-Gi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, `ywU c‡Yï AwfbœZv eySv‡bv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb A‡_© Avj-gygvmvjv eëüZ nq bv; wKš‘ Avj-gymvIqvZ Awfbœ wRwbm Ges RvZ ev m„wóMZfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ wRwbm G Dfq †¶‡ÎB eëüZ nq; KviY ÔZvmvwfÕ †Kej cwigvYMZ mgZv eySvq, hvi A_© cwigv‡Y †ekxI bq, KgI bq| Be‡b evixi D×„wZ w`‡q Be‡b gbmyiI wjmvb Avj Avie-G wj‡L‡Qb †h, Avj-gygvmvj I Avj-gymvIqvZ Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q Avj-

gymvIqvZ m`„k I wem`„k Dfq c‡Yï †¶‡ÎB eëüZ nq, KviY ÔAvj-ZvmvwfÕ n‡”Q †Kej MYbv ev cwimsL¨vbMZ mgZv hvi Øviv eySv hvq †h, G `y‡Uv wRwbm cwigv‡Y mgvb, †KvbwU †ekx bq, Avevi †KvbwU KgI bq| wKš‘ gygvmvjv kãwU †Kej m`„k A_ev mgZzj¨ wRwb‡mi †¶‡ÎB eëüZ nq, A_©vr Gi Øviv is, ¯^v`, Ávb BZ¨vw` wel‡q mv`„k¨ eySvq| †KD hw` e‡j †h, ÒGKRb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ab¨R‡bi AbyiƒcÓ Zvi A_© nq ÔGB e¨w³ ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Ab¨Rb Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ A_ev †m ZZ`yi †h‡Z cv‡i hZ`yi A‡bïv cv‡i| A_ev hw` †KD e‡j †h, ÔAgyK we‡kl †¶‡Î wZwb Zvi gZBÕ Zvn‡j Gi A_© GB ùvovq †h, GB we‡kl †¶‡Î wZwb ZviB gZ mgvb| Be‡b evwiI GKB AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, wgmj kãwU ¸Y‡K eySvq, †hgb, Dchy³Zv (fitness), h_v_©Zv (suitability), I Ae¯’vb (status) A_ev Ae¯’v| Avj-KziAv‡b eëüZ wgmj k‡ãi A_© Zz‡j a‡i Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb, Avjvn Zuvi wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÒZuvi gZ (Kvwgmwjwn) wKQyB bvB Ges wZwb me †kv‡bb Ges me wKQy †`‡Lb (42:11)| Avjvn Ab¨Î e‡j‡Qb; Ò‡Zvgiv †hgb Cgvb G‡bQ ZvivI hw` wVK †mBiƒc (wewgmwj) Cgvb Av‡b, Z‡e Zviv mwVK c_ †cj; wKš‘ hw` Zviv gyL wdwi‡q †bq Zvn‡j Zviv KwVb †Mvovgx‡Z wbcwZZ Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| (2:137)| Gme Avqv‡Z wgmj kã Øviv ¸YMZ mgZv‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| myZivs we‡klÁ‡ì gZ n‡”Q, `ywU wRwbm wgwmwjq¨vZ nq ZLb hLb Dfq wRwbm G‡ì ¸Yvejx I ‰ewkó¨mn mKj w`K †_‡K ci¯úi mgvb nq| (Avj-gyRgv Avj IqvmxZ,......... gRgv Avj jyMvZ Avj Avivweq¨v)

Rbve b~‡ii g‡Z, fvlvMZ w`K †_‡K Avj-wgmj kã Øviv wRwb‡mi ¸Y‡K eySvq Avi G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb m‡›`n †bB †h, cwigvY GK I Awfbœ welq bq| A_©vr `ywU wRwbm m`„k, GK_v Øviv GUv eySvq bv †h, Giv cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb| AZGe Abyiƒc ev wgmj Øviv `ywU mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï g‡a¨ we`¨gvb êwkó¨MZ mv`„k¨ Ges mvaviY (common) ¸Yvejx‡K eySvq|

Rbve b~i e‡j‡Qb †h, wiev d`‡ji †¶‡Î GKRv‡Zi c‡Yï ¸YMZ mgZv weavb Kiv Ri“ix g‡b bv K‡i‡jI dK¡xMY mvaviYfv‡e wgmj m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gme Av‡jvPbvi mvigg© Zz‡j a‡i wZwb wj‡L‡Qb †h, `ywU wRwbm m`„k n‡Z n‡j G‡ì‡K `ywU kZ© c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e t


cÖ_gZ, wRbm (genus) ev RvwZMZfv‡e G‡ì‡K mg‡kªYx I GKB `jfy³ n‡Z n‡e; A_©vr G‡ì GKB cÖRvwZf~³ n‡Z n‡e| GKB Drm †_‡K DrmvwiZ n‡Z n‡e Ges G‡ì GKB eënvi _vK‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZt G‡ì gy‡jï mgZv _vK‡Z n‡e; A_©vr Dfq c‡Yï evRvi `vg n‡Z n‡e me©‡Zvfv‡e (absolutely) mgvb|

b~‡ii g‡Z, cÖ_g kZ©wU ivm~j (mt) Gi nv`xm †_‡KB ¯úó n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iƒcvi cwie‡Z© iƒcv, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b †Rbvm ev RvZMZ wg‡ji K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| nvbvwd ¯‹z‡ji AwfgZ Zz‡j a‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, Zuv‡ì g‡Z `ywU cÖRvwZ (specious) Abyiƒc ev m`„k nq hw` Giv GKB RvZ (genus) f~³ nq, G‡ì `vg GK nq, GKB Drm n‡Z G‡ì Rb¥ (origin) nq Ges GKB wbwÏ©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ G‡ì eënvi Kiv nq| D`vniY¯îƒc GK Rv‡Zi cïi †Mv‡¯—i K_v ejv hvq, †hgb QvM‡ji †Mv¯—, `y¤^vi †Mv¯—, D‡Ui †Mv¯— BZ¨vw`| Aciw`‡K, Zuv‡ì g‡Z mKj cÖKvi †LRyi‡K GKB RvZf~³ e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Rbve b~i e‡j‡Qb †h, kvwd ¯‹y‡ji dK¡xe„›` G e¨vcv‡i c‡Yï bvg A‡c¶v Gi Drm I eënv‡ii Ici AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z `ywU c‡Yï bvg GK nIqv m‡Z¡I Dr‡mi wewfbœZvi ì“b Giv `yB RvZf~³ e‡j MY¨ nq| ‡hgb, fyÆv †_‡K cÖvß AvUv Avi Mg †_‡K cÖvß AvUv GK RvZf~³ bq; A_P Df‡qi bvg AvUv; †Zgwb bvg wf‡bMvi; wKš‘ †LRyi †_‡K ‰Zix wf‡bMvi I Av½yi †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z wf‡bMvi GK RvZf~³ e‡j we‡ewPZ bq| Abyiƒcfv‡e eënv‡ii ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡YI GKB cïi kix‡ii wewfbœ Ask †hgb Pwe©, †Mv¯—, nvo BZ¨vw`‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v RvZf~³ e‡j aiv nq| Rbve b~i e‡jb †h, gvwjKx ¯‹z‡ji dK¡xMYI c‡Yï bvg I Drm A‡c¶v eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨‡K †ekx ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb|

cY¨ m`„k nIqvi wØZxq kZ© n‡”Q `v‡gi mgZv| Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h, Bmjvgx AvBb kv‡¯¿ G wØZxq kZ©wU cÖ_g k‡Z©i b¨vq ¸i“Z¡ cvqwb| Z‡e †ek K‡qKRb wewkó ¯‹jvi G e¨vcv‡i AZ¨š— ewjô I hyw³c~Y© e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb| Zv‡ì AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, ÔwgmjÕ Ggb wRwbm‡K eySvq hvi Ask

mg~‡ni `vg ci¯úi mgvb| b~i G‡K e‡j‡Qb, “equality of the parts of a thing in price”- Gi A_© GB ùvov‡”Q †h, cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki ¸Y-‰ewkó¨ GK iKg ev Lye KvQvKvwQ A_ev G‡ì g‡a¨ gvbMZ w`K †_‡K D‡jL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki `vg Acivci As‡ki mgvb| A_©vr †Kvb GKwU c‡Yï A‡a©K As‡ki (10 †KwR Mg) `vg hw` 10 cvt nq Zvn‡j Gi evKx A‡a©‡Ki `vgI nq 10 cvt| wKsev 10 wK‡jv †LRy‡ii `vg hw` 2 cvt nq Zvn‡j GKB †LRy‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K 10 wK‡jvi `vg n‡Z n‡e 2 cvt|

dK¡xMY e‡j‡Qb, wgmj k‡ãi wecixZ kã n‡”Q ÔwKwgÕ| Avi wKwg ejv nq Ggb wRwbm‡K hvi cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki `vg nq wfbœ wfbœ| Gi A_© n‡”Q, wRwbmwUi cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki ¸Y-‰ewkó¨ 86 Interest – The Quranic View

Acivci As‡ki ¸Y-‰ewkó¨ †_‡K wfbœ I Avjv`v| Rbve b~i e‡jb, Be‡b ZvBwgqv, Be‡b KvBq~g, Cgvg MvRvjx, Avey BDmyd cÖg~L cÖL¨vZ Bmjvgx ¯‹jviMY G wel‡q Mfxi Aa¨qb K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv GB wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb †h, Ô`v‡gi cv_©K¨ c‡Yï mv`„k¨ `~ixf~Z K‡i †`qÓ, Ab¨ K_vq, `v‡gi wfbœZv _vK‡j c‡Yï mv`„k¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Be‡b ZvBwgqv G e¨vcv‡i AZ¨š— †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, Ò`ywU g~jëvb cY¨ ‡Kej ZLwb m`„k n‡Z cv‡i hLb Zv‡ì `vg mgvb nq, wKš‘ G‡ì wewbgq g~‡j¨ cv_©K¨ _vK‡j Giv mgZzj¨ nq bv|Ó Rbve b~i e‡j‡Qb †h, dK¡x‡ì D³ Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z Avjx Lwdd G e¨vcv‡i Dcmsnvi †U‡b e‡j‡Qb, Ò`ywU e¯‘ c~Y© m`„k (absolutely alike) n‡Z n‡j G‡ì Acwinvh© ‰ewkó¨ mg~n [hv †kªYx (kind) ev RvZ (genus) wbiƒcY K‡i] me©‡Zvfv‡e GKiƒc n‡Z n‡e Ges G‡ì evRvi g~j¨ n‡Z n‡e mgvb mgvb|

Rbve b~i wgmj k‡ãi A_© I e¨vL¨v msµvš— Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kivi ci e‡j‡Qb, wgmj k‡ãi fvlvMZ †h e¨vL¨v †ck Kiv n‡jv Gi mv‡_ ¸Y (quality) k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A‡_©iI wgj i‡q‡Q| ¸Y kã Øviv GKB Rv‡Zi `ywU e¯‘i Zzjbvg~jK Dchy³Zv (fitness), cÖwZfv/†gav (merit) I DrKl©Zv‡K (excellence) ev gvbMZ Ae¯’vb‡K eySvq| Avi GK_v

wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, DbœZ gv‡bi e¯‘ gvby‡li Kv‡Q ¯^ZtB AwaKZi cQ›`bxq n‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ ivm~jyjvn (mt) evi evi ZvwK` K‡i‡Qb †h, wewbg‡qi e¯‘ hw` GKRv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j ¸Y/gvbMZfv‡eI Zv‡ì GKB iKg n‡Z n‡e Ab¨_vq Zv‡Z wiev nevi AvksKv †_‡K hv‡e|

Dc‡i D‡jwLZ nv`xm¸‡jvi Abyev‡Ì †`Lv hvq †h, †Kvb †Kvb nv`x‡m wgmjvb wewgwmwj‡bi Abyev` êwk‡óï mgZv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUvB n‡”Q wgmjvb wewgwmwjb Gi mwVK ZiRgv|

evsjvq G ai‡Yi mv`„k¨ eySv‡Z mvaviYZ GK RvwZ, GK cÖRvwZ, GK †kªYx, GK iKg, m`„k, Abyiƒc, Awfbœ, mgZzj¨, mgcÖK…wZ, mgagx©, GKB ¸Y-‰ewkó¨ m¤^wjZ BZ¨vw` kã eënvi Kiv nq| Bs‡iRx‡Z ejv nq similar, identical, homogeneous BZ¨vw`| Avi Aviex‡Z G‡K ejv nq ÔwgmjÕ| Avjvni ivm~j (mt) RvZMZ wgj Z_v †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv ejvi ci Ôwgmjvb wewgwmwjbÕ k‡Z©i D‡jL K‡i G K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb †h, wewbg‡qi e¯‘ cY¨, A_© ev †mev GKRv‡Zi n‡j G‡ì ¸Y I gvbMZ mgZvI _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡ì `vg ev wewbgq g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kiv hvq| Avi Zvn‡jB G‡K ejv hv‡e m`„k, Abyiƒc, Awfbœ ev similar, identical or homogeneous.

BwZc~‡e© D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, GKB Rv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï g‡a¨ ¸Y I gvbMZ ZviZg¨ _vKv m‡Z¡I cÖPwjZ avivi dK¡xMY G‡ì cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i wewbgq Kivi Ici †Rvi Thoughts on Economics 87

w`‡q‡Qb Ges G‡ì ¸YMZ cv_©K¨‡K Avg‡j Avbv hv‡e bv e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb| Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h, A_P FY †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î G‡m m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY Ôwgwmwjq¨vZÕ Z_v c‡Yï ¸Y I gvbMZ mgZv‡K F‡Yi AZ¨vek¨Kxq kZ© wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, †dK¡v kv‡¯¿ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, FY‡hvM¨ c‡Yï wgwmwjq¨vZ Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e A_©vr †Kej †mB me cY¨ FY †Ìqv hv‡e hvi cÖvgvY¨ (standard) m`„k cY¨ cvIqv m¤¢e| A_©vr F‡Yi e¯‘‡K Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gi GKwUi gy‡jï mv‡_ Aci ‡KvbUvi wewbgq g~‡jï

†Kvb cv_©K¨ bv _v‡K, †hgb, gy`ªv, wkí cY¨ BZ¨vw` hvi cwigvc cÖvgvY¨ Ges hv gvbMZ w`K †_‡K m¤ú~Y© GK iKg (absolutely identical)|

G e¨vcv‡i nvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji AwfgZ Zz‡j a‡i b~i e‡jb ‡h, Zuv‡ì g‡Z K`© n‡”Q, ÒAbyiƒc cY¨ †diZ †Ìqvi Pzw³ ev M¨vivw›U| myZivs †Kej wgwmwjq¨vZ e¯‘ ØvivB FY †Ìqv ‰ea| nvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji Ab¨Zg dK¡xn& Avj-Kvmvwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvm‡ji h_v_© m`„k Abyiƒc e¯‘ ØvivB FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó (Avj-Kvmvwb, ev`vB, fwj-7, c„t 395 D×„Z, b~i 116) Be‡b Av‡e`xb wj‡L‡Qb, Ôm`„k cY¨ e¨ZxZ FY cÖ`vb Aby‡gvw`Z bq|Ó GKBfv‡e Be‡b Kz`vgv Avj-gyNwb‡Z e‡j‡Qb, ÒFY †Kej †mB me gvj ev e¯‘ Øviv †Ìqv hv‡e ¸YMZ w`K †`‡q †h¸‡jvi m`„k gvj ev e¯‘ Av‡Q|Ó Rbve b~‡ii g‡Z G wel‡q kvdx ¯‹z‡ji AwfgZ GKUz wfbœ| Zuv‡ì g‡Z dvwÄej (wgmj) I bb-dvwÄej (wKwg), Dfq cÖKvi c‡Y¨B FY †Ìqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e FY hw` gy`ªv ev dvwÄej c‡Y¨ nq Zvn‡j FYMÖnxZv‡K Aek¨B Avm‡ji m`„k gy`ªv ev cY¨ ØvivB FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| Rvdix dK¡xMYI GB GKB k‡Z©i K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, ÒdvwÄej c‡Yï F‡Yi †¶‡Î FYMÖnxZvi `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Abyiƒc cY¨ †diZ †Ìqv|Ó Gi `vg e„w× cvK A_ev n«vm cvK|Ó (Avj LygvBbx, Zvnwii, fwj-1, c„t 655|)

GLv‡b cÖkœ n‡”Q, F‡Y †h Rv‡Zi e¯‘ †Ìqv nq cieZx© †Kvb mg‡q Abyiƒc cY¨B †diZ †bIqv nq| †Ìqv Ges †bIqvi gvSLv‡b †Kej mg‡qi eëavb _v‡K| A_©vr FY n‡”Q GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi evKx µq-weµq| G‡¶‡Î weÁ dK¡xMY c‡Yï ¸Y I gv‡bi mgZv i¶v Kiv Ri“ix g‡b K‡i‡Qb †Kej ZvB bq; eis gv‡bi mgZv‡K F‡Yi Acwinvh© kZ© e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges G kZ© cwicvjb Kiv bv n‡j FY ‰ea n‡e bv e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb| A_P GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev Dcw¯’Z bM` wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Zviv Dfq c‡¶i cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ¸Y I gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K we‡ePbvq Avbv hv‡e bv e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avmj K_v GB ùvov‡jv †h, GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ evKx‡Z wewbgq Kiv n‡j c‡Yï gvb mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e; wKš‘ GB wewbgqB hw` Dcw¯’Z bM` bM` Kiv nq,Zvn‡j Dfq c‡Yï gvbMZ cv_©K¨ Avg‡j †bqv hv‡e bv| weÁ dK¡x‡ì

Giƒc wm×v‡š—i wfwË n‡”Q ivm~j (mt) n‡Z ewY©Z KwZcq nv`xm|


GLv‡b K‡qKwU nv`x‡mi evsjv Abyev` Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|1| Avey mvC` Lyìx (iv) e‡jb, wejvj (iv) DbœZ gv‡bi

†LRyi wb‡q Avm‡jb| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Zuv‡K wRÁvm Ki‡jb t ÒG¸‡jv †Kv_v †_‡K G‡bQ?Ó wejvj (iv) ej‡jb, ÒAvgv‡ì wKQy Lvivc †LRyi wQj| bex (mvt) †K LvIqv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ G¸‡jvi GK-mvÕ Gi wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì `yB-mvÕ (wbægv‡bi) †LRyi wewµ K‡iwQ|Ó ZLb ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, Ònvq! G‡Zv GK ev‡i my`| Giƒc K‡iv bv; eis hLb Zzwg (DËg) †LRyi Lwi` Ki‡Z PvI, †Zvgvi (Lvivc) †LRyi wfbœfv‡e wewµ K‡i `vI| AZtci Zvi g~j¨ w`‡q G¸‡jv Lwi` Ki|Ó (gymwjg, evsjv Abyev`, c„t 353|)

2| Avey ûivqiv (iv) I Avey mvC` Lyìx (iv) eY©bv K‡ib, ivm~jyjvn (mt) ewb Av` Avj-Avbmvix †Mv‡Îi GK e¨w³‡K ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ LvBevi GjvKvq cvVv‡jb| †m †mLvb †_‡K wKQy DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi wb‡q wd‡i Avmj| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒLvBev‡ii me †LRyiB wK GB iƒc?Ó †m ej‡jv, Òbv, †n Avjvni ivm~j| Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii wgwkªZ `yB mvÕ (wbægv‡bi) †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q GK mvÕ DËg †LRyi Lwi` K‡iwQ|Ó ZLb ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, ÒZv K‡iv bv, eis cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (wgmvjvb wewgwmwjb) wb‡Z n‡e| A_ev †Zvgv‡ì Lvivc †LRyi wewµ K‡i Zvi g~j¨ w`‡q DËg ‡LRyi Lwi` Ki‡e| Gfv‡eB cwigvc (wghvb) c~Y© n‡e| (gymwjg, 5g LÛ, c„t 352)

3| Avey mvC` Lyìx (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjvn (mt) Gi RxeÏkvq Avgv‡ì wewfbœ gv‡bi †LRyi (GK‡Î wgwk‡q) †L‡Z †Ìqv n‡Zv| Avgiv GK mvÕ DËg †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì `yB mvÕ wewµ

KiZvg| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Gi wbKU G msev` †cuŠQv‡j wZwb †NvlYv Ki‡jb t GK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ ‡LRyi , GK mvÕ M‡gi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ Mg Ges `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv| (gymwjg, 5g LÛ, c„t 354-355)

4| Avey mvC` I Avey ûivqiv (iv) e‡jb, Òivm~jyjvn (mt) KZ…©K Lqe‡i wbhy³ GK e¨w³ Lqei †_‡K Rvwbem (Lye DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi) G‡b ivm~jyjvn (mt) †K w`j| ivm~jyjvn †mB †jvK‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒLqe‡ii †LRyi wK GZ DbœZ gv‡bi?Ó †jvKwU DË‡i ej‡jv, Òe¨vcvi Zv bq|Ó †m AviI ej‡jv †h, Zviv Zv‡ì wbæ gv‡bi `yB ev wZb mvÕ (IRb) †LRyi w`‡q GB DbœZ gv‡bi GK mvÕ †LRyi e`wj‡q wb‡q‡Q| bex Kixg (mt) ej‡jb, ÒGiƒc K‡iv bv; †Zvgvi wbæ gv‡bi †LRyi wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q wewµ Ki, AZtci wìnvg Øviv Rvwbem wK‡b bvI| †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j Gi IRb mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e|Ó (eyLvix, wKZveyj eyqy, gymwjg I bvmvC|)


5| Avey bvìv †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg Be‡b Dgvi I Be‡b AveŸvm‡K (iv) mid m¤ú©‡K wRÁvmv Kijvg| Zuviv Df‡q G‡Z †Kvb †`vl g‡b K‡ib bv| GK`v Avwg Avey mvC` Lyìxi wbKU emv wQjvg| Avwg Zv‡K mid m¤ú‡K© wRÁvm Kijvg| wZwb ej‡jb hv AwZwi³ n‡e Zv my`| Avwg Zv‡ì `yÕR‡bi Awfg‡Zi ‡cÖw¶‡Z Zvi G K_v †g‡b wb‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvjvg| Rev‡e wZwb ej‡jb, Avwg †Kej †mB K_vB †Zvgv‡K ej‡ev hv Avwg ivm~jyjvn (mt) Gi Kv‡Q ï‡bwQ| Zv n‡jv GBt GK †LRyi evMv‡bi gvwjK DbœZ gv‡bi GK mvÕ †LRyi wb‡q Zuvi wbKU Avm‡jv A_P bex (mt) Gi †LRyi wQj wfbœ i‡Oi| bex (mt) Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jbt ÒZzwg G¸‡jv †Kv_vq †c‡qQ?Ó †m ej‡jv, ÒAvwg `y mvÕ †LRyi wb‡q evRv‡i wM‡qwQjvg Ges Zv w`‡q GB GK mvÕ Lwi` K‡iwQ| evRv‡i G¸‡jvi cÖPwjZ `vg GB Ges G¸‡jvi (DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi)

cÖPwjZ `vg GB|Ó ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jbt Ò‡Zvgvi Ag½j †nvK| Zzwg‡Zv my`x Kvievi K‡iQ| Zzwg hLb Giƒc Ki‡Z PvI cÖ_‡g †Zvgvi †LRyi¸‡jv bM` g~‡j¨ wewµ K‡i bvI| AZtci †mB g~j¨ w`‡q ‡Zvgvi cQ›`mB ‡LRyi Lwi` K‡i bvI|ÓAvey mvC` (ivt) e‡jb, †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q (gv‡bi wfwË‡Z IR‡bi ZviZ‡g¨) †LRyi µq-weµq Kivi g‡a¨ my‡ì Dcv`vb _vKvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| A_ev †mvbvi wewbg‡q †mvbv (IR‡bi ZviZ‡g¨ †jb‡`b Kivi g‡a¨ my` _vKvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK).....(gymwjg)

nv`xm KqwU †_‡K g~j †h e³e¨ cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Q t1| gv‡bi cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y GKRv‡Zi cY¨ wewbg‡q G‡ì

cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Ki‡j wiev nq, GRb¨ ivm~jyjvn (mt) Giƒc Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|

2| †LRy‡ii e`‡j ‡LRyi wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j Gi IRb mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e|

3| GK mvÕ †LRyi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ †LRyi, GK mvÕ M‡gi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ Mg Ges `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg µq-weµq Kiv hv‡e bv|

4| wbæ gv‡bi †LRyi A_© ev Ab¨ wKQyi wewbg‡q weµq K‡i weµqj× A_© ev cY¨ Øviv DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi wK‡b wb‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| Avjvni ivm~j (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Gfv‡eB Gi IRb mgvb n‡e|

Gme nv`xm †_‡K GUv a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mevi g‡a¨ ¸Y I gvbMZ ZviZg¨ _vK‡j †mB cv_©K¨‡K we‡ePbvq G‡b fv‡jv gv‡bi c‡Yï Kg cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi Lvivc gv‡bi c‡Yï †ekx cwigv‡Yi wewbgq Kiv n‡j †mB evowZ Ask 90 Interest – The Quranic View

wiev nq| GRb¨ ivm~jyjvn (mt) Giƒc †¶‡Î cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i wewbgq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb Ges c‡Yï gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K Avg‡j Avb‡Z gvbv K‡i‡Qb|76

wKš‘ GKUz Mfxifv‡e †`L‡jB eySv hvq †h, e¨vcvi Avm‡j Giƒc bq| ivm~jyjvn (mt) †Kv_vI G K_v e‡jbwb †h, ÒGK Rv‡Zi c‡Yï ¸Y-gvYMZ cv_©K¨‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó (b~i, c„t 103|) eis ivm~‡ji (mv) evYxi Avmj evZ©v (message) n‡”Q, GKRv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï ¸YMZ ZviZg¨‡K Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gvbMZ ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y Dfq c‡Yï `v‡g †h eëavb m„wó Zvi mgš^q Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e| G cÖm‡½ ivm~‡ji (mt) me KwU nv`x‡m evi evi GB GKwU wel‡qi IciB †Rvi ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q †h, GKRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ¸YMZ cv_©‡Kï ìƒY Dfq cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `v‡g †h cv_©K¨ m„wó nq, G‡ì wewbgq †iwmI‡Z †mB `v‡gi h_v_© cÖwZdjb Aek¨B NUv‡Z n‡e|77

ivm~jyjvn (mt)-Gi evYx‡Z G K_v ¯úó †h, GKRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ci¯úi wewbgq †iwmI n‡”Q 1t1| A_©vr Df‡qi cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kiv| wKš‘ ¸Y-gvbMZ cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Z¡I Dfq c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb Ki‡j G‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb n‡e bv; eis gv‡bi ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y GK c¶ †ekx g~j¨ cv‡e Ges Aci c¶ †ekx w`‡q Kg g~j¨ †diZ cv‡e; GKc¶ wRZ‡e, Avi GK c¶ VK‡e|| G‡Z wiev ‡_‡K hv‡e|

Aciw`‡K gv‡bi cv_©‡Kï ì“b fvjÕi KZ cwigv‡Yi wewbg‡q g‡›ì KZ cwigvY w`‡j ev †Kvb ‡iwkI‡Z wewbgq Ki‡j G‡ì cÖK…Z `vg ci¯úi mgvb mgvb n‡e, mivmwi wewbg‡q Zv wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq| fvji wewfbœ ¯—i I †kªYx Av‡Q; Abyiƒcfv‡e g‡›ìI wewfbœ ¯—i I †kªYx Av‡Q| myZivs †Kvb ¯—‡ii fvji mv‡_ †Kvb ¯—‡ii g‡›ì cwigvY KZ n‡j Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb n‡e Zv wbiƒcY Kivi †Kvb gvb`Û G‡¶‡Î †bB| d‡j Dfq c‡Yï wewbg‡qi nvi wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z Ges G‡Z wiev †_‡K hvIqv ¯^vfvweK| Dc‡i D‡jwLZ Avey bvìv (µwgK-5) ewY©Z nv`x‡mi †k‡l mnxn gymwj‡g Avey mvC‡ì wb‡Ri wKQy K_v ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z GB K_vUvB wZwb ¯úó K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Avey mvC` (iv) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi (gv‡bi wfwË‡Z IR‡b ZviZg¨ K‡i) µq-weµq Kivi g‡a¨ my‡ì Dcv`vb _vKvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| A_ev †mvbvi wewbg‡q †mvbv (IR‡b ZviZg¨ K‡i †jb‡`b Kivi g‡a¨ my` _vKvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK|)

Rv‡njx hy‡M Avie †`‡k ¯^Y© gy`ªv wn‡m‡e w`bvi Ges †iŠc¨ gy`ªv wn‡m‡e wìnvg cÖPwjZ wQj| Be‡bj Kvwq¨g wj‡L‡Qb, Ò(Avieiv) `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg weµq KiZ| wìnv‡gi ¸YMZ cv_©K¨, G‡ì gy`ªvsKb ‰ewkó¨ A_ev IR‡bi ZviZg¨ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YB Zviv Giƒc Kg-‡ekx K‡i wewbgq KiZ|Ó78 G cÖms‡M W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb, ÒZrKv‡j (Avie GjvKvq cÖPwjZ gy`ªv wQj ¯^Y© I iƒcvi ˆZix)| GZ`m‡Z¡I


Gme gy`ªvi cÖvgvwYK ‡Kvb AvKvi AvqZb wQj bv| bvbv †fRvj †gkv‡bvi ì“Y GKB Rv‡Zi gy`ªvi g‡a¨ ¸YMZ gv‡b wQj ‡ek cv_©K¨; GQvov GKB bv‡g cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi IR‡bI wQj Kg-†ekx| Gme Kvi‡Y †jb‡`b wQj †ek RwUj, we‡kl K‡i, cjx GjvKvi Awkw¶Z ‡jvK‡ì Rb¨, hviv ¯^©b-‡iŠ‡cï †jb‡`‡b †Zgb Af¨¯— wQj bv| d‡j †h †Kvb †jvK AwZ mn‡RB Ab¨‡K cÖZvwiZ K‡i ¸YMZ gv‡bi ZviZ‡gï ARynv‡Z †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv (wcÛ ev gy`ªv) Ges iƒcvi mv‡_ iƒcv (wcÛ ev gy`ªv) Kg cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ †ekx cwigvY wewbgq K‡i wb‡Z cviZ|Ó79

G cÖm‡½ mvB‡q¨` gI`~`x wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAv‡Mi hy‡M mg¯— gy`ªv LuvwU †mvbv I iƒcvi ‰Zix n‡Zv Ges H †mvbv I iƒcvi gyj¨ n‡Zv gy`ªv¸‡jvi g~j¨| †m hy‡M wìnv‡gi mv‡_ wìnv‡gi Ges w`bv‡ii mv‡_ w`bv‡ii wewbgq Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †Kvb †Kvb mgq †`Lv w`Z| †hgb, BivKx wìnv‡gi e`‡j †Kvb e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv i“gx wìnv‡gi ev i“gx wìnv‡gi cwie‡Z© BivKx w`bv‡ii| G RvZxq cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq Bqvû`x gnvRb I Ab¨vb¨ A‰ea gybvdv AR©bKvixiv `ynv‡Z A‰eafv‡e gybvdv jyV‡Zv, A‡bKUv AvR‡Ki hy‡M ê‡`wkK gy`ªv wewbg‡qi mgq evÆv MÖnY A_ev wbR †`‡k UvKvi †ivRMvix PvIqvi ev `k UvKv cuvP UvKvi ‡bvU fv½v‡bvi mgq wKQy cqmv Dm~j Kivi g‡Zv| ZvB ivm~jyjvn (mt) †Kvb cÖKvi e„w× ev NvUwZ mnKv‡i †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv I iƒcvi mv‡_ iƒcv wewbgq Ki‡Z Ges GK wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q `y wìnvg wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la Ki‡Qb|Ó80 Giƒc †Kbv‡ePvi K_v nv`x‡mI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| dv`vjv Be‡b DevB` (iv) ewY©Zt wZwb e‡jb, LvBe‡ii w`b Avgiv ivm~jyjvni (mt) mv‡_

wQjvg| Avgiv Bû`x‡ì mv‡_ GK DwKqv ¯^Y© `yB A_ev wZb w`bv‡ii wewbg‡q ‡Kbv-‡ePv KiZvg| ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, †Zvgiv mgvb mgvb IRb Qvov ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„t 350|)

G cÖm‡½ W. Pvcov e‡j‡Qb, GKRv‡Zi wbæ I DbœZ gv‡bi c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Pvjy _vK‡j mgv‡Ri A‡c¶vK…Z ¯^í eyw×i †jv‡Kiv PvjvK †jvK‡ì cÖZviYv I VKevRxi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY w`‡q wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, †Kvb PZzi eëmvqx `vex K‡i ej‡Z cv‡i †h, GB Mg¸‡jv AwZ DbœZ gv‡bi; Gi GK Bi`ve (IRb) Mg wb‡Z n‡j †Zvgvi M‡gi 3 Bi`ve (IRb) w`‡Z n‡e; A_ev GB MnbvwU Abb¨ (unique) gv‡bi †mvbv w`‡q ‰Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q; GB Mnbvi `vg (wfbœ gv‡bi †mvbvq) Gi IR‡bi wØ¸Y †mvbvi mgvb| Giƒc wewbg‡q wbtm‡›`‡n gvbyl‡K †avKv †Ìqv I Gfv‡e Zv‡ì ¶wZMÖ¯— Kivi AvksKv i‡q‡Q|81 Gjwg gvngy` b~iI GB GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb wbæ fvlvq t“It is hardly to find some one accepting inequality in quantity if the two items are the same in quality, but there is every possibility that an undued quantitative discrepancy may be acquired by either party through quality difference knowingly or unknowingly and with the satisfaction of the both parties.”82


Gme Kvi‡Y bex Kixg (mt) wbæ gv‡bi †Kvb c‡Yï †ekx cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi DbœZ gv‡bi c‡Yï Kg cwigv‡Yi wewbgq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ ‡LRyi, GK mvÕ M‡gi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ Mg Ges `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg µq-weµq Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„t 355) GKB mv‡_ Giƒc wewbg‡q wKfv‡e Dfq c‡Yï g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi cš’vI wZwb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| A_© ev wfbœ ‡Kvb c‡Yï wewbg‡q Lvivc †LRyi wewµ K‡i weµqj× A_© ev wfbœ c‡Yï Øviv cQ›`gZ †LRyi wK‡b ‡bIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGfv‡eB cwigvc (wghvb) c~Y© n‡e|Ó (µwgK-2) ivm~jyjvni (mt) wb‡`©k AZ¨š— ¯úó| evRv‡i

GKB Rv‡Zi Lvivc I fvj gv‡bi c‡Yï `vg GK iKg nq bv; eis gv‡bi ¯—i Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡bi c‡Yï `vg wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| d‡j †h †Kvb gv‡bi Lvivc †LRyi evRv‡i wewµ Ki‡j evRvi ì Abyhvqx Zvi cÖK…Z `vg cvIqv hv‡e; †Zgwb cÖvß †mB `vg w`‡q DbœZ gv‡bi †Kvb †LRyi µq Ki‡j evRvi ì Abymv‡i †h cwigvY †LRyi cÖvc¨ n‡e h_vh_fv‡e †mB cwigvY †LRyiB cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e| Gfv‡e cÖ_g weµqK…Z Lvivc †LRy‡ii cwigvY Ges †k‡l µqK…Z DbœZ gv‡bi ‡LRy‡ii cwigvY Øviv Dfq gv‡bi †LRy‡ii wewbg‡qi ‡iwmI wbwY©Z n‡q hv‡e| Gfv‡eB cwigvc (wghvb) c~Y© n‡eÓ- evK¨ Øviv Avjvni ivm~j (mt) h_v_© cwigvY †LRyi †jb‡`b nIqvi K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb|

e¯‘Zt Giƒc †¶‡Î Avjvni ivm~j (mt) Z…Zxq †Kvb cY¨ ev A_©‡K wewbg‡qi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi gvb I ‡m Abyhvqx `vg cwigvc Kivi gvb`Û evbv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Avi Gfv‡e c‡Yï gvb Abymv‡i Gi `vg cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g G‡¶‡Î hveZxq Ab¨vh¨ (unfair) wewbg‡qi AvksKv `~i K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| myZivs GKRv‡Zi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi cY¨, A_© ev †mev cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡q G‡ì gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K Aek¨B we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e Ges wfbœZi Z…Zxq †Kvb cY¨ ev A‡_©i gva¨‡g G‡ì µq-weµq m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e; mivmwi fvj I g‡›ì cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i A_ev gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K m¤ú~Y© D‡c¶v K‡i Df‡qi cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i µq-weµq Kiv hv‡e bv|

Gjwg b~i G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, ÒIf the two goods are homogeneous, they have observable quality difference, the only way to assess this difference is through their market prices. The prevailing price in the market in its normal condition can be the measuring rod of the qualitative discrepancy between any two commodities of similar kindÓ.83

GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, wbæ gv‡bi †LRyi, A_© ev cY¨ wfbœZi †Kvb A_© ev c‡Yï wewbg‡q wewµ Kiv A_© n‡”Q `ywU wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµq; A_©vr µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi| Abyiƒcfv‡e weµqj× A_© ev cY¨ Øviv DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi µ‡qi †¶‡ÎI µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘


`yB Rv‡Zi n‡”Q| myZivs G‡¶‡Î GKRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qi weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv; eis G †¶‡Î wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qi weavb Kvh©Ki n‡e| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb Av‡jvPbvq G wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e Bbkvjvn&|

GLv‡b cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i †h, Z…Zxq †Kvb c‡Yï wewbg‡q weµq Kiv A_ev µq-weµq Kivi Rb¨ evRv‡i hvIqv Avmv BZ¨vw` evowZ Sv‡gjv Ges AwZwi³ Avw_©K e¨q mv‡c¶ e¨vcvi| G cÖm‡½ Gjwg b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h, G ai‡Yi evowZ KvR I kª‡gi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| KviY kixq‡Zi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li Ici †_‡K †evSv jvNe Kiv, †evSv e„w× Kiv bq| Bmjvg gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR‡K mnR K‡i‡Q, KwVb K‡iwb| ZvQvov A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K evRv‡i hvIqv-Avmvi e¨q enb KiviI †Kvb ìKvi n‡e bv hw` c‡Yï evRvi ì Rvbv _v‡K| Zuvi g‡Z evRv‡i cÖPwjZ ì Rvbv _vK‡j Zvi wfwË‡Z c‡Yï wewbgq nvi wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G cÖms‡M wZwb GKwU nv`x‡mi K_vI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “Perhaps, this was the case of selling a camel for a number of camels by the Prophet (saw), that he referred the price of the sold camel to the market value and then accordingly purchased the number of camels which the Prophet (saw) wanted, provided the hadith is authentic.”84

2| mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb (cwigvYMZ mgZv)mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi wØZxq kZ© n‡”Q mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb ev cwigvYMZ mgZv| †µZv we‡µZv Df‡qi c‡Yï RvZ I gvb GK iKg (identical or homogeneous) nIqvi ci G‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb nIqv m¤¢e †Kej cwigv‡Yi mgZvi gva¨‡g| GRb¨ Avj-vni ivm~j (mt) Dfq c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb Ges cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Ki‡j wiev n‡e e‡j mZK© K‡i‡Qb| Avey mvC` Lyìx (iv) †_‡K ewY©Zt ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡LRy‡ii cwie‡Z© †LRyi..... h‡ei e`‡j he...... nv‡Z nv‡Z, iK‡g iK‡g Ges cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx n‡e bv, †h †ekx Ki‡jv A_ev Kg Ki‡jv †mB weiv †j‡b‡`‡b

wjß n‡jv, IRb I cwigvc‡hvM¨ mKj c‡Y¨ (GB weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|)Ó (Avj-evqnvKx, Avj-mybvb Avj Kzeiv, fwj-5, c„t 282; Avj-gymvìvK, fwj-3, c„t 42|)

e¯‘Zt mgRvZ I mggv‡bi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi Dc‡hvM mgvb; Gi Pvwn`v I †hvMvbI mgvb| myZivs G‡ì g~j¨ mgvb n‡Z n‡j Df‡qi cwigvY mgvb n‡Z n‡e| D`vniY ¯îƒc ejv hvq, 100 UvKvi Dc‡hvM 100 UvKvi mgvb; 100 UvKv †_‡K 100 UvKvi ‡ekx Dc‡hvM cvIqv hvq bv, ‡Zgwb 100 UvKvi Dc‡hvM 99 UvKvi mgvbI nq bv| myZivs UvKvq 100 UvKvi g~j¨ 100 UvKvB, KgI bq, †ekxI bq| GB `vg mg‡qi MwZi mv‡_


n«vm-e„w×I nq bv| A_©vr UvKvq 100 UvKvi `vg AvR 100 UvKv; AvMvgx KvjI Gi `vg 100 UvKv, GgbwK 1 eQi ev 5 eQi ciI UvKvq 100 UvKvi `vg 100 UvKvB| Abyiƒcfv‡e †jsov Rv‡Zi 1 †KwR Av‡gi Dc‡hvM 1 †KwR mggv‡bi Av‡gi mgvb| myZivs Av‡g 1 †KwR †jsov Av‡gi `vg GKB gv‡bi 1 †KwR Avg| GB `vg AvR‡K †hgb 1 †KwR KvjI 1 †KwR Ges fwel¨‡Zi †h †Kvb mg‡q Gi `vg 1 ‡KwR Avg| G cÖm‡½ Be‡b iƒk` wj‡L‡Qb, “As for (fungible) goods measured by volume or weight, they are relatively homogeneous, and thus have similar benefits (utilities). Since it is not necessary for a person owning one type of those goods to exchange it for the exact same type, justice in this case is achieved by equating volume or weight since the benefits (utilities) are very similar.”85 ‡gvU K_v, mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `vg G‡ì gvb I cwigvYMZ mgZvi ØvivB wba©vwiZ nq| GUvB weavb| GB weavb cÖvK…wZK (natural), wPiš—b I kvk¦Z| G‡¶‡Î †µZv-we‡µZv cvi¯úwiK †¯^”Qv m¤§wZi gva¨‡g cY¨, A_© ev †mevi cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Ki‡j Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ Avi †Kvbfv‡eB mgvb nIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB `vg wba©vi‡Y cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ Z_v ì KlvKwl K‡i `vg wba©vi‡Yi weavb G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| GLv‡b †µZv ev we‡µZv KviB †m AwaKvi †bB| Wt †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx GB K_vB e‡j‡Qb, “it (perception) cannot be acceptable between the same things, i.e., in exchange of money for money. It has to be

measurable equality as there is no room for perception.”86 wZwb ZvB e‡j‡Qb, ÒmgRv‡Zi cY¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Bmjvg c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb Kivi kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|Ó87

c~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµq n‡”Q, †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi cvi¯úwiK ¶wZc~iY K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx wewbgq Kiv| mgRvZ I GKB gv‡bi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q Dfq c‡¶i ¶wZc~iY n‡e hw` Df‡qi cY¨, A_© I †mevi cwigvY mgvb nq| D`vniY ¯îƒc, †Kvb †µZv hw` we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K Rvwbe gv‡bi GK †KwR †LRyi †bq Zvn‡j we‡µZvi ¶wZ n‡e GK †KwR Rvwbe †LRyi| AZtci †µZv hw` †LRyi w`‡qB we‡µZvi G ¶wZc~iY Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Rvwbe gv‡bi 1 †KwR †LRyi w`‡jB †Kej we‡µZvi ¶wZ h_v_©fv‡e c~iY n‡e| Aciw`‡K †µZv 1 †KwR †LRyi wb‡qwQj; GLb Zvi mgvb †LRyi †diZ †Ìqvq ZviI ¶wZ n‡e bv| wKš‘ †µZv hw` GK †KwRi †P‡q Kg cwigvY †LRyi we‡µZv‡K †`q Zvn‡j we‡µZvi †LRyi nviv‡bvi ¶wZ m¤ú~Y© c~iY n‡e bv; eis Zvi ¶wZ wKQyUv Ac~Y© †_‡K hv‡e; Avi †µZv GB ¶wZi mgcwigvY jvfevb n‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e ‡µZv hw` 1 †KwRi †P‡q †ekx †LRyi we‡µZv‡K ‡`q, Zv‡Z we‡µZvi ¶wZc~iY n‡qI jvf n‡e; wKš‘ †µZvi G jv‡fi mgcwigvY ¶wZ Ac~Y© †_‡K hv‡e| mZzivs †µZv we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K GK RvZ I GKB gv‡bi †h cwigvY cY¨, A_© ev †mev MÖnY Ki‡e wVK Zvi mgcwigvY cY¨, A_© ev †mevB Zv‡K cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Gfv‡eB Df‡qi ¶wZ h_vh_fv‡e c~iY Thoughts on Economics 95

n‡e| GUvB n‡”Q mgg~‡jï wewbgq Z_v µq-weµq| AZGe †Kvb cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `vg ev cÖwZg~j¨ n‡”Q GKB RvZ I gv‡bi mgcwigvY cY¨, A_© ev †mev, Zvi †ekxI bq, KgI bq| G cÖm‡½ Gjwg gvngy` b~i wj‡L‡Qb, “Any object however valuable it might be is completely mute in respect of itself; and the exchanges of two similar things remain the same. In other words, the price of an article in respect of itself is equivalent to itself only and nothing else.”88 A_©vr Av‡g Av‡gi `vg, M‡g M‡gi `vg, Pv‡j Pv‡ji `vg, Wjv‡i Wjv‡ii `vg, Kv‡R Kv‡Ri `vg BZ¨vw` †h †Kvb cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `vg †mB GKB wRwb‡mi mgcwigvY| ZvB GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev

ci¯úi wewbg‡q G‡ì gvb I cwigvY mgvb n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †Kvb iKg †ni‡di Ki‡j G‡ì g~j¨ Avi †Kvb †iwkI‡ZB mgvb n‡e bv| d‡j †Kvb bv c¶ Aek¨B AwePvi I hyjy‡gi wkKvi n‡e| Ab¨ K_vq GK c‡¶i ¶wZi wewbg‡q Acic¶ †ekx g~j¨ cv‡e| ZvB G‡¶‡Î mywePv‡ii cÖvK…wZK weavb n‡”Q, Dfq c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb nIqv A_©vr wewbgq †iwkI n‡Z n‡e 1t1|

Rbve b~i GKwU †iLv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g welqwU AwaKZi ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Zvi e¨vL¨vwU ms‡¶‡c †ck Kiv n‡jv89 t

wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, K I L `yB e¨w³i Kv‡Q GKB RvZ I gv‡bi GKwU gvÎ cY¨ Av‡Q hvi bvg n‡”Q Y| OM ‡iLv‡Z Y Gi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ON ‡iLv‡ZI Y Gi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi MN †iLvq GKB cY¨ Y-Gi mv‡_ Y wewbg‡qi wewfbœ AbycvZ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| K hw` OM cwigvY Y ‡bq Zvn‡j L Gi Rb¨ Avi Y _v‡K bv, †m wKQyB cvq bv| Aciw`‡K L hw` ON ch©š— Y †bq Zvn‡j K wKQyB cvq bv| 450 OC †iLv MN ‡iLv‡K C we›`y‡Z mgvb `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Q| C we›`y‡Z K cvq OYa

c ch©š— Y Ges L cvq OYbc ch©š— Y;

GLv‡b Df‡q Y Gi mgvb mgvb Ask cvq| wewbg‡qi 96 Interest – The Quranic View

AbycvZ n‡”Q 1t1| AZtci K-Gi Ask e„w× Ki‡j L-Gi Ask Aek¨B K‡g hv‡e; Avi L- Gi Ask e„w× Ki‡j K Kg cv‡e| A_©vr C we›`y †_‡K wewbg‡qi nvi cwieZ©b Kiv n‡j Dfq c‡¶i g~j¨ Avi †Kvb wKQy‡ZB mgvb n‡e bv; eis †m‡¶‡Î GK R‡bi ¶wZi wewbg‡q AciRb jvfevb n‡e| d‡j †Kvb bv †Kvb

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c¶ Aek¨B AwePvi I hyjy‡gi wkKvi n‡e| ZvB G‡¶‡Î mywePv‡ii cÖvK…wZK (natural) weavb n‡”Q, cwigvY mgvb mgvb nIqv| `ywbqvi me©ÎB G weavb cÖPwjZ wQj, GLbI Av‡Q| Bmjvg GB weav‡bi Ici we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|

Wt Igi Pvciv bex Kixg (mt) Gi †mB weL¨vZ nv`xmwUi D×„wZ w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, D³ nv`x‡m bex Kixg (mt) QqwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡Y¨i bvg D‡jL K‡i AZ¨š— †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, Òcvjvi GKw`‡K hw` Gi GKwU cY¨ _v‡K, cvjvi Aciw`‡KI GKB Rv‡Zi mgcwigvY cY¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| (like for like and equal for equal)|Ó90

wePvicwZ ZwK Imgvwb Zuvi HwZnvwmK iv‡q welqwU my›`ifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒA‡_©i (gy`ªvi) mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi A‡_©i (gy`ªvi) wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j Df‡qi g~j¨ mgvb n‡Z n‡e| cvwK¯—vbx 1000/- iƒcxR Gi GKwU †bv‡Ui mv‡_ GKB †`‡ki Ab¨ †bv‡Ui wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j Ab¨ †bvU¸‡jvi g~j¨ Aek¨B 1000/- iƒcx‡Ri mgvb n‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b iƒcx‡Ri As‡K cÖ_g 1000/- iƒcx‡Ri †bvUwUi `vg ‡hgb e„w× Kiv hv‡e bv, †Zgwb Gi `vg n«vm KivI hv‡e bv|

.....GKB Rv‡Zi gy`ªv wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Dfq c‡¶i g~j¨ mgvb nIqvi GB wewa bM` Zvr¶wYK wewbgq †¶‡Î (spot exchange) †hgb cÖ‡hvR¨, †Zgwb evKx wewbgq ev F‡Yi †¶‡ÎI Zv mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|91

3| Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z) Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z D³ nv`x‡m †`Lv hv‡”Q, ivm~jyjvn (mt) GK Rv‡Zi `ywU cY¨, A_© ev †mev wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Z…Zxq kZ© wn‡m‡e Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z) kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| AZtci cY¨, A_© ev †mevi RvZ hw` wfbœ wfbœ nq Zvn‡jI, Ò†Zvgiv †h †Kvb `v‡g wewµ Ki‡Z cviÓ GB k‡Z©i mv‡_ ÔBqv`vb weBqvw`bÕ k‡Z©i K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| myZivs cY¨, A_© ev †mev GKRv‡Zi †nvK ev wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi †nvK mKj µq-weµ‡qB Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kZ© cwicvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| G †_‡K Bqv`vb weBqvw`b k‡Z©i ¸i“Z¡ mn‡RB Dcjw× Kiv hvq| GRb¨

m¤§vwbZ dK¡x, M‡elK I ¯‹jviMY welqwUi Ici mwe‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|


Ab¨vb¨ nv`x‡m GRb¨ AviI KwZcq cwifvlv eëüZ n‡q‡Q †hgbt GK nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q ÒDcw¯’Z c‡Yï mv‡_ Dcw¯’Z cY¨Ó, Avi GK nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒGLv‡b Zzwg, GLv‡b ZzwgÓ, Ab¨Î Avevi ejv n‡q‡Q, Òhv Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q Zv‡K hv Dcw¯’Z †bB Zvi mv‡_ wewgbq K‡iv bvÓ, Òhv nv‡Z nv‡Z Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvwmqv Zv wievÓ, BZ¨vw`| Gme mvg‡b †i‡L mvaviYfv‡e ÔBqv`vb weBqvw`bÕ-Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ (hand to hand)| AwaKvsk dK¡x Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi Av¶wiK GB A_©B MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi Øviv Dcw¯’Z bM` nv‡Z nv‡Z †j‡b‡`b Ges m‡½ m‡½ `Lj †bIqv eywS‡q‡Qb|92 Zuviv AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ GKRv‡Zi †nvK ev wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi †nvK mKj †¶‡ÎB Dfq c‡¶i †jb‡`b Dcw¯’Z, bM` nv‡Z nv‡Z I GKB êV‡K mgvß n‡Z n‡e|

Zuviv e‡j‡Qb wiev n‡”Q ÔAwZwi³Õ (excess)| Avi AwZwi³ n‡”Q `yB cÖKvit GKwU n‡”Q mgqMZ (bvwmqv ev bvmv); Avi AciwU n‡”Q cwigvYMZ (Zvd`yj)| mvivLwm wj‡L‡Qb, “The excess (fadl) is riba”; imply fadl (excess) through qadr (estimation) they imply fadl (excess) through a period of delay, with one being delivered on the spot and the other by way of nasiah, and each one of them is intended.”93 Zuv‡ì AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, nv`x‡m D‡jwLZ QqwU cY¨mn IRb, cwigvc I MYbvi gva¨‡g †jb‡`b Kiv nq Ggb mKj c‡Yï †¶‡Î µq-weµ‡qi weavb wbæ iƒc n‡Z n‡e|

1| †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi cY¨ hw` GK Rv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j Df‡qi c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb Ges †jb‡`b Zvr¶wYK bM`-GKB êV‡K m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

2| †µZv-we‡µZvi cY¨ hw` wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j Dfq c‡Yï †jb‡`b Zvr¶wbK-bM`-nv‡Z nv‡Z, GKB ‰eV‡K n‡Z n‡e|

Ab¨_vq cÖ_g kZ© jsNb K‡i †µZv-we‡µZv hw` Zv‡ì GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï Kg cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ †ekx cwigvY (1 †KwR †LRy‡ii mv‡_ 2 ‡KwR †LRyi) Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbgq K‡i Zvn‡j GK c‡¶i AwZwi³ Ask (evowZ GK †KwR) n‡e Zvdv`yj ev wiev d`j| Avi †µZv-we‡µZv hw` Zv‡ì GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb (1 †KwR = 1 †KwR) K‡i Ges GK c¶ Zvi cY¨ (1 †KwR †LRyi) 1 gvm c‡i n¯—vš—i Kivi kZ© K‡i, Zvn‡j GB wejw¤^Z mgq/†gqv` (1gvm) n‡e bvmv ev bvwmqv; GB †gqv`‡KB ejv n‡q‡Q wiev bvwmqv| wKsev hw` †µZv-we‡µZv Zv‡ì GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨ Kg cwgv‡bi mv‡_ †ekx cwigvb (1 †KwR †LRy‡ii mv‡_ 2 †KwR †LRyi) wewbg‡qi Pzw³ K‡i Ges GK c¶ 1 gvm c‡i e„w× mn Zvi (2 ‡KwR †LRyi) cY¨ n¯—vš—i K‡i Zvn‡j G‡¶‡Î ewa©Z cwigvY n‡e Zvdv`yj ev wiev d`j Ges mieivn ¯’wMZ ivLvi †gqv` (1gvm) n‡e wiev bvwmqv| F‡Yi †¶‡Î FY`vZv †bq c‡Yï AwZwi³ cwigvY Avi FYMÖnxZv wejw¤^Z mg‡q cY¨ eënvi


Kivi my‡hvM (benefit) cvq|94 Gfv‡e †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, wiev d`j n‡”Q wiev bvwmqvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy; Avi wiev bvwmqv n‡”Q wiev d`‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| “Fadl and nasiah are counter values for each other”.95 “Thus, an ordinary loan transaction with interest involves both riba al-nasiah and riba al-fadl: riba al-fadl is being paid for riba al-nasiah.”96 A_©vr wiev d`j n‡”Q wejw¤^Z mgq ev †gqv‡ì Potential benefit97-Gi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy|

kvdx ghnv‡ei dK¡xMY GLv‡b Z…Zxq Avi GK cÖKvi wiev, Òwiev Avj Bqv`Ó n‡e e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb| kvdx ¯‹z‡ji gZ n‡”Q, µq-weµ‡q †Kvb GK c‡¶i cY¨ n¯—vš—i ¯’wMZ ivLv n‡j wiev Avj-Bqv‡ì D™¢e N‡U| Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, wiev Avj-Bqv` wiev Avj-bvwmqv †_‡K Avjv`v| KviY wiev bvwmqv n‡”Q Pzw³‡Z wba©vwiZ wejw¤^Z mgq| wKš‘ c~e© cwiKíbv e¨ZxZ Pzw³ Kv‡j †Kvb GK c‡¶i cY¨ Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j wiev Avj-Bqv‡ì D™¢e N‡U| Zv‡ì g‡Z Pzw³ Kivi ci

†Kvb Kvi‡Y †µZv-we‡µZv hw` cY¨ n¯—vš—i bv K‡iB ci¯úi wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq Zvn‡jB wiev Avj-Bqv‡ì m„wó nq Ges G †jb‡`b evwZj e‡j MY¨ nq|98 Be‡bj Kvwq¨g, wejw¤^Z mgq‡K e‡j‡Qb cÖ”Qbœ wiev (covert, concealed or hidden riba) Ges ewa©Z Ask‡K e‡j‡Qb cÖKvk¨ wiev (overt or manifest riba)| Zuvi g‡Z cÖ”Qbœ wiev‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kej cÖKvk¨ wievi c_ eÜ Kivi Rb¨|99 Z‡e G‡¶‡Î AwaKvsk dK¡x g‡b K‡ib †h, wiev bvwmqv I wiev Avj-Bqv` Avm‡j GKB A_©vr wejw¤^Z mgq| GLv‡b D‡jL Kiv ìKvi †h, wiev Avj-K`© (riba al-qard) ev wiev Avj-`vCb (riba al-dayn) Gi D™¢e N‡U h_vµ‡g FY I evKx µq weµ‡qi †¶‡Î| GLv‡b mgq/‡gqv`‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev bvwmqv| ‡KD †KD †Zv GZ`~i e‡j‡Qb †h, A_© Øviv mvaviY my`gy³ FY †Ìqv êa bq; Z‡e K‡`© nvmvbvn& †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|100 Zuv‡ì g‡Z mvaviY my`gy³ FY †_‡K K‡`© nvmvbvn Avjv`v| KviY mvaviY my`gy³ F‡Y †gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K; wKš‘ K‡`© nvmvbvq mgq wba©viY Kiv êa bq| ZvQvov K‡`© nvmvbvn n‡”Q mv`vKvn| GB Rb¨ K‡`© nvmvbvn& †jb‡`b Kiv n‡”Q mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨Zxµg|101

Dc‡i D‡jwLZ wØZxq k‡Z© wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q cwigvY mgvb Kivi kZ© †bB; wKš‘ Dfq cY¨ Zvr¶wYK bM` nv‡Z nv‡Z †jb‡`b Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †Kvb GK c‡¶i cY¨, A_© ev †mev evKx ev cY¨ cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivLv n‡j, Pzw³i mgq †_‡K evKx g~j¨ cwi‡kva ch©š— mgq/†gqv` n‡e wiev bvwmqv hv wbwl×| myZivs Zuv‡ì gZvbymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ we‡kl K‡i, nv`x‡m D‡jwLZ QqwU cY¨mn IRb, cwigvc I MYbv †hvM¨ mKj c‡Yï †¶‡Î c‡Yï RvZ wfbœ n‡jI G‡ì evKx µq-weµq wbwl×| Z‡e Zviv mvjvg (AwMÖg µq-weµq) I ¯^vfvweK evB-gyqv¾j (evKx µq-weµq) Gi Aby‡gv`b‡K wbq‡gi e¨Zxµg e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|102


G cÖm‡½ Gjwg gvn&gy` b~i e‡j‡Qb †h, dK¡xMY GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© µq-weµq †Kvb GK c‡¶i cY¨ ev A‡_©i cwigvY †ekx n‡j ‡mB AwZwi³ cwigvY‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb|

Aciw`‡K Dfq c‡¶i c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb nIqv m‡Z¡I †Kvb GK c‡¶i cY¨ ev A_© n¯—vš—i wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ evKx ivLv n‡j evKxi †mB †gqv`‡KI ejv n‡q‡Q wiev| wKš‘ F‡Yi †¶‡Î Avevi GB †gqv‡ì welqwU m¤ú~Y© D‡c¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q; Z‡e F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev| Gfv‡e GKevi ïay †bIqv I †Ìqvi g‡a¨ mg‡qi eëavb‡K wiev MY¨ Kiv n‡”Q; Avevi mg‡qi eëavb‡K ev` w`‡q ‡Kej Avm‡ji Ici Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³‡K wiev ejv n‡”Q| GwU Avm‡j ci¯úi we‡ivax GKUv Ae¯’v| GKB wRwbm‡K GKevi Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avevi Zv‡K evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov c‡Yï AwZwi³ cwigvY (Zvdv`yj) Ges mg‡qi eëavb‡K (bvmvqv) AvBbMZfv‡e GKB ch©v‡q MY¨ Kivi welqwUI †evaMg¨ bq| Z`ycwi Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ‡K hw` F‡Yi †gqv‡ì cÖv°wjZ (estimated), AbywgZ (assumed) ev m¤¢ve¨ (potential) g~j¨ ejv nq Zvn‡j A‡_©i mgq-g~j¨‡K (Time value of Money) cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi mycÖwZwôZ g‡Zi c‡¶ Avi †Kvb hyw³ (essential raison detre) Aewkó _v‡K e‡j g‡b nq bv|103 Gici FY‡K mvaviY K`© Ges K‡`© nvmvbvn- GB `yB †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q ïay GB hyyw³‡Z †h, mvaviY F‡Y mgq/†gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K; wKš‘ K‡`© nvmvbvq †gqv` wba©viY Kiv ‰ea bq| wKš‘ G e¨vcv‡i wewkó dK¡x‡ì AwfgZ i‡q‡Q †h, †`bv kãwU n‡”Q e¨vcK A_©‡evaK; Ges FYI GK cÖKvi †`bv; Avi mKj cÖKvi †`bvi †¶‡ÎB mgq wba©viY Kiv êa|104 Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ ØvivB GK_v mycÖwZwôZ| (2t282) GQvov evKx µq-weµq wbwl× g‡g© hv ejv n‡q‡Q ZvI ¯^qs ivm~jyjvn (mt), mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi AbykxwjZ Kg©bxwZ Ges G hver gymwjg mgv‡R P‡j Avmv AvPi‡Yi cwicš’x e‡j g‡b nq| m‡e©vcwi Bqv`vb weBqvw`b‡K Av¶wiK A‡_© e¨vL¨v Kivi ìƒb Avj-KziAv‡bi wiev Ges Avj-mybœvni wiev wfbœ wfbœ iƒc wb‡q‡Q| A_P Dm~‡ji w`K †_‡K mybœvn n‡”Q Avj-KziAv‡biB e¨vL¨v, we‡klY I ev¯—e iƒc| myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kã‡K Gi Av¶wiK A‡_© MÖnY Kivi welqwU cybwe©‡ePbvi `vex iv‡L Ges G e¨vcv‡i AviI Mfxi wPš—v-fvebv I M‡elYv Kiv ìKvi|

Bgvg mvivLwm Bqv`vb weBqvw`b-Gi †h e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Zv Aek¨B cÖwbavb‡hvM¨| mvivLwm Zuvi Avj-gvemy‡Z

AZ¨š— ewjô hyw³ w`‡q wj‡L‡Qb, Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ (hand to hand)-Gi cÖK…Z A_© n‡”Q, ÒGLb wba©vwiZ c‡Yï wewbg‡q GLb wba©vwiZ cY¨ (present determined commodity (ayn) with a present determined commodity (ayn); KviY nv‡Zi Bkviv (indication) ØvivB c‡Yï cwigvY wba©viY (Tayin) Kiv m¤¢e|Ó c~e©eZ©x dK¡x‡ì e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒZv‡ì †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb †h, nv‡Z nv‡Z A_© n‡”Q ÒDfq cY¨ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ci¯úi n¯—vš—i Kiv I `Lj †bIqv (actual physical possession)| Zuviv nhiZ Ig‡ii (iv) e³‡eï wfwË‡Z Giƒc g‡b 100 Interest – The Quranic View

K‡i‡Qb| nhiZ Igi mid m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Zvgvi nvZ †_‡K Zvi nv‡Z| †m hw` †Zvgv‡K e‡j (N‡ii) †`qv‡ji †cQ‡b A‡c¶v Ki, Zvn‡j Zvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v K‡iv bv, †m hw` Qv‡ì Ici †_‡K jvd †`q, Z‡e Zzwg Zvi mv‡_ jvd `vI|Ó Z‡e Gi (nv‡Z nv‡Z) weï× e¨vL¨v n‡”Q †h, Dfq cY¨‡K wba©viY (ascertainment ev ZvCb) K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gi A_© hw` `Lj ev n¯—vš—i Kiv n‡Zv Zvn‡j ej‡Z n‡Zv Òwgb Bqvw`b Bjv Bqvw`bÓ; KviY `Lj †Zv KviI nvZ †_‡KB †bIqv nq| myZivs Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ ej‡Z Avgiv GUvB eywS †h, Gi Avmj A_© n‡”Q ÔZvCbÕ (ascertainment)|Ó nhiZ Ig‡ii (iv) eY©bv m¤ú‡K© mvivLwm e‡jb, Ònv`x‡m D‡jwLZ ÔZvCbÕ (ascertainment) Gi kZ© cyi‡Yi Rb¨ Pzw³‡Z `L‡ji D‡jL Kiv evÃbxq| ÒGLv‡b Zzwg, GLv‡b Zzwg, K_vi Øviv nhiZ Igi (iv) GB w`‡KB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi G K_vi A_© n‡”Q, ÔGBUvi cwie‡Z© GBUvÕ (this for this)|Ó myZivs wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgv‡ì g‡Z Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ (from hand to hand)-Gi A_© n‡”Q ÔZvCbÕ (ascertained commodity)-Gi wewbg‡q ZvCb (ascertained commodity)|105

G cÖm‡½ Gjwg gvn&gy` b~i e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒG wel‡q dK¡xMY e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv bv Ki‡jI, †ek K‡qKR‡bi Av‡jvPbvq G wel‡q my®úó Bw½Z cvIqv hvq|Ó nvbvdx wdK¡vwe`‡ì g‡Z, `Lj µq-weµ‡qi kZ© bq; eis µq-weµ‡qi dj| Zuviv e‡jb, Bqvw`b weBqvw`b Gi A_© Zvr¶wYK (immediate) †hgb n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb Gi A_© †¯úwmwd‡KkbI (specificatoin) n‡Z cv‡i| KviY nvZ n‡”Q Ggb GK hš¿ ev nvwZqvi hvi Øviv †¯úwmwd‡Kkb I `Lj Kiv nq| Avj Kvmvwbi D×„wZ w`‡q

wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, wbwl× wRwbm n‡”Q, g~‡jï Ici evowZ (addition) ev AwZwi³ (excess) hv Avj-d`j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| F‡Yi †¶‡Î FY`vZv Pzw³ Kv‡j Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kivi AwaKvi m„wó K‡i; wKš‘ ¯^vfvweK µq-weµ‡q †Kvb c‡¶i e¯‘ cÖ`vb wejw¤^Z (deferred) Kiv n‡j G‡Z †Kvb AwZwi³ (wiev) _v‡K bv| (Al-Kasani, ev`vB Dj mvbvB dx Avj ZiwZe Avj kivB, fwj 5, c„t 188|) G Kvi‡Y mywbwÏó gv‡bi (specified standard) †Kvb cY¨ weµq Ki‡j G‡Z †Kvb wiev nq bv| G e¨vcv‡i AwaKvsk dK¡xB GKgZ †h, wbwl× welq n‡”Q AwZwi³ ev ev¯—e e„w×| mgm¨v µq-weµ‡q bq eis mgm¨vi cÖK…Z KviY n‡”Q Avmj cwigv‡Yi Ici AwZwi‡³i Dcw¯’wZ| GKvi‡Y Igi web Avãyj Avhxh e‡j‡Qb, mywbwÏ©ó gv‡bi (standardized) †Kvb cY¨ GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï mv‡_ evKx‡Z wewbgq Kiv n‡j Zv‡K êa µq-weµq e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Avj KziAvb mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q| mvaviY GB weavb †_‡KB D³ weavb ‡ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| (Igi web Avãyj Avhxh D×„Z b~i, c„t 134|) myZivs Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ kZ© Øviv G K_v eySvq bv †h, `ywU wRwb‡mi wewbgq Aek¨B Zvr¶wbK I GKB RvqMvq mgvß Ki‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq Zv wievq ch©ewmZ n‡e| eis Gi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv (ascertainment)| Ônv‡Z


nv‡ZÕ k‡Z©i g~j D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ n‡”Q wewbg‡qi `yBwU cY¨ wPwnZ Kiv (indentification) Ges G‡ì ¸Y-gvb h_v_© wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv|106 µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ GKRvZf~³ ‡nvK ev wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi †nvK, Avi µq-weµq bM` †nvK A_ev evKx‡Z †nvK mKj †¶‡ÎB †µZv-we‡µZv G‡K Ac‡ii e¯‘ †`‡L-ï‡b, †R‡b-ey‡S wbwðZ nevi ciB weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡e| Ab¨ K_vq cY¨ †`Lv, Gi ¸Y-gvb m¤ú‡K© mš‘ó nIqv (knowledge) Ges g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv e¨ZxZ µq-weµq êa bq| †µZv I we‡µZv DfqB †µZv, Df‡qB we‡µZv| Zviv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e©B GKRb Avi GKR‡bi cY¨, A_© ev †mev ‡`L‡e, Gi ¸Y-gvb ciL Ki‡e, cwigvY ev `vg-`¯‘i wba©viY Ki‡e Ges µq-weµq Pzw³ Ki‡e| AZtci ci¯úi gv‡ji n¯—vš—i Zvr¶wbK bM` nv‡Z nv‡Z n‡Z cv‡i A_ev n¯—vš—i evKxI ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| µq-weµq

hw` bM` bM` nq, Zvn‡j †m‡¶‡Î Df‡qi gvj ev A_© Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| G‡Z Dfq c¶B hvi hvi evwÃZ gvj †`‡L, ciL K‡i, ¸Y-gvb m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡q `vg `¯—i wVK K‡i IRb, cwigvc ev MYbv †kl K‡i ci¯úi wewbgq n¯—vš—i K‡i µq-weµ‡qi KvR †kl Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †Kvb Amyweav nq bv Ges G ai‡Yi bM` µq-weµq m¤ú‡K© †Kvb weZK©I †bB| wKš‘ µq-weµq hw` evKx‡Z nq, †Kvb GK c‡¶i gvj/`vg Abycw¯’Z _v‡K ‡hgb, FY, wdDPvim, Ackb, evB-‡gvqv¾j, evB-mvjvg I evB-BmwZbvq nq, A_ev hw` Dfq c‡¶i gvj Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zvn‡j gvj †`Lv, ciL Kiv I ¸Y-gvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ `yB fv‡e n‡Z cv‡it bg~bv ev †m¤ú‡ji gva¨‡g Ges weeiY ev †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g| Rbve Gjwg b~i ZvB e‡j‡Qb, “this axiom essentially implies ascertainment which can take place either through inspection or specification.”107 Z‡e evKxi †¶‡Î AviI K‡qKwU AwZwi³ kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv n‡”Q, evKx `vg ev gvj KLb, †Kv_vq Ges wKfv‡e cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e Pzw³ Kivi c~‡e©B Zv w¯’i K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

nv`x‡m Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kZ© Øviv µq-weµq Pzw³i c~‡e©B GBiƒc wba©vi‡Yi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| mvivLwmi fvlvq GUvB n‡”Q, ÒDcw¯’Z (present) wba©vwiZ c‡Yï wewbg‡q Dcw¯’Z wba©vwiZ cY¨|Ó mvivLwm Dfq w`‡K cY¨ _vKvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q, ZrKv‡j Avi‡e gy`ªv wQj ‡mvbv I iƒcvi; GQvov cY¨ wewbgq (evU©vi) cÖ_vI cÖPwjZ wQj| Z`ycwi g~‡jï mvi K_v n‡jv, Òobjects express their exchange values reciprocally.Ó108 A_©vr `ywU c‡Yï GKwU AciwUi As‡K Zv‡ì g~j¨ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GB gyj¨‡K A‡_©i As‡K cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K ejv nq `vg| µq-weµq Dfq w`‡K cY¨ Dfq w`‡K A_© A_ev Dfq w`‡K ‡mev _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKsev GKw`‡K A_© Ab¨ w`‡K cY¨ ev †mevI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gi mKj Ae¯’v‡ZB GKwU n‡”Q AciwUi g~j¨ ev `vg| myZivs c‡Yï wewbg‡q cY¨ ej‡Z `ywU c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ ev `vg‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi Dcw¯’Z wba©vwiZ (present determined) ej‡Z Pzw³i c~‡e© wba©vwiZ cY¨ Gi ¸Y-gvb I cwigvY‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨fvlvq wZwb G‡K e‡j‡Qb wba©viY (ascertainment)| nv`x‡mi fvlv †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, GBiƒc wba©viY Qvov µq-weµq êa n‡e bv, Zv bM` †nvK ev evKx| GB Rb¨B Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi kZ© c~iY bv K‡i µq-weµq wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|102 Interest – The Quranic View

cÖPwjZ AvB‡bI Pzw³‡Z hvIqvi c~‡e©B †µZv‡K Zvi evwÃZ c‡Y¨ †Kvb Î“wU Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L †bIqvi AwaKvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi fvlvq †µZvi G AwaKvi‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Caveat Emptor.109 wKš‘ cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq G‡¶‡Î we‡µZv bxie _v‡K Ges †µZv‡K †`‡L wb‡Z e‡j| Bmjvg G e¨vcv‡i †µZv‡K bxie _vKvi GLwZqvi †`qwb eis Zvi Rvbv g‡Z c‡Yï †Kvb µwU _vK‡j Zv †µZv‡K c~e©v‡nB Rvwb‡q ‡Ìqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| AZtci †µZv cY¨ †`L‡e, mš‘ó n‡j µq-weµq Pzw³ Ki‡e Ges c‡Yï `Lj n¯—MZ Ki‡e| AZtci cY¨ `L‡j †bIqvi ciI hw` ‡µZvi wbKU c‡Yï Ggb †Kvb Î“wU aiv c‡i hv c~e© †_‡KB we`¨gvb wQj Zvn‡j Bmjvg †µZv‡K G AwaKvi w`‡q‡Q †h, †m B‡”Q Ki‡j K…Z Pzw³ envj ivL‡Z cv‡i A_ev Zv evwZj K‡i cY¨ †diZ w`‡q cÖ`Ë `vg †diZ wb‡Z cv‡i| kiqx cwifvlvq ‡µZvi G AwaKvi‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ÔAvj-wLqvi Avj-AvwqeÕ|110 Bgvg beex Gi msÁv Gfv‡e w`‡q‡Qb, ÒA purchaser has a right of option on account of defects in the things bought of which he became aware only after taking possession, but which existed previously.Ó111

G m¤ú‡K© nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, Dev`v Be‡b Avwgi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, ÒIt is illegal for one to sell a thing if one (seller) knows that it has a defect unless one (seller) informs the buyer of that defect.” Ab¨ Avi GK eY©bvq Av‡Q, “The Prophet (s) said, “A Muslim is the brother of a Muslim. It is not lawful for a Muslim to buy from his brother a good with defect unless he informs it.Ó112

evKx µq-weµ‡qi †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi ¸i“Z¡ Ges †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi wK wK welq D‡jL Kiv Ri“ix †m m¤ú‡K© nv`x‡m my®úó w`K wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| ÒBe‡b AveŸvm †_‡K ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, bex (mt) hLb g`xbvq Av‡mb ZLb g`xbvi †jv‡Kiv GK A_ev `yB eQi †gqv‡` d‡ji evMvb AwMÖg µq-weµq KiZ| wZwb (bex mt) ej‡jb, †h e¨w³ AwMÖg †LRy‡ii evMvb µq K‡i †m †hb wbw`©ó gv‡c, wbw`©ó IR‡b I wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ Zv µq K‡i|Ó (gymwjg, nv`xm bs 3972) mnxn gymwj‡g GB nv`x‡mi UxKvq †jLv n‡q‡Q, Òwbæ wjwLZ k‡Z© evB-mvjvg Rv‡qh; gv‡ji eY©bv, †kªYx, cwigvY, †gqv` Ges `vg wbw`©ó n‡Z

n‡e| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv Gi mv‡_ AviI GKwU kZ© †hvM K‡i‡Qb| Zv n‡”Q cY¨ mieiv‡ni ¯’vbI wbw`©ó n‡Z n‡e|Ó (gymwjg, evsjv Abyw`Z, cÂg LÛ, c„t 374|)

GQvov †Lv` KziAvb gRx‡` FY †jb‡`b wj‡L †bIqvi wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q; Avi †jLK cvIqv bv †M‡j †i‡nb ev eÜK Øviv KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| m~iv Avj-evKvivni 282 Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò‡n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv hw` †Kvb wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ FY †jb‡`b Ki Z‡e Zv wj‡L jI; Avevi 283 Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò‡Zvgiv hw` cÖevmx Thoughts on Economics 103

Ae¯’vq _vK Ges `¯—v‡eR †jLvi Rb¨ †Kvb †jLK cvIqv bv hvq Z‡e †i‡nb ev eÜK Øviv KvR m¤úbœ Ki|Ó KziAvb gRx` FY †jb‡`‡b `jxj †jLvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mv¶x ivLviI wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| (Avj-evKvivnt 282)| Avi bM` µq-weµ‡q wj‡L ‡bIqvi kZ© bv w`‡jI eëmvwqK welq¸‡jv w¯’i Kivi mgq mv¶x ivLvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| (Avj-evKvivnt 283) ZvQvov Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wb‡R Zuvi ‡jŠn eg© eÜK †i‡L evKx‡Z Lv`¨ `ªe¨ wK‡b‡Qb Zvi cÖgvY nv`x‡m cvIqv hvq| (mnxn, gymwjg, nv`xm bs 3968, c„t 372|)

Gme Z_¨ I wb‡`©kvejx †_‡K GUvB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, µq-weµ‡q Dfq c‡Yï †jb‡`b Aek¨B wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| Avi ascertainment I specification k‡ã wbwðZKi‡Yi A_©I kvwgj i‡q‡Q| myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi Zvrch© n‡”Q cY¨ wbix¶Y Kiv, c‡Yï ¸Y-gvb cix¶v Kiv, cY¨ wbw`©ó Kiv, `vg-`¯‘i wVK Kiv Ges c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i wbwðZ Kiv| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq Bqv`vb weBqvw`b n‡”Q wbix¶Y, cix¶Y Ges wbw`©ó I wbwðZKiY| wKš‘ GB ch©š— n‡jB µq-weµq n‡e bv, G‡ZB µq-weµq n‡q †M‡Q G K_v ejv hv‡e bv| µq-weµq m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡j me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †h KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q Dfq c‡Yï ev¯—e n¯—vš—i|

‡µZv Zvi nvZ †_‡K cY¨ we‡µZvi nv‡Z cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges we‡µZvi cY¨ MÖnY Ki‡e; Avi we‡µZv Zvi cY¨ †µZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i K‡i ‡µZvi cY¨ MÖnY Ki‡e| nv‡Z nv‡Z GBiƒc †Ìqv I ‡bIqv Ges †Ìqv I †bIqv m¤úbœ nIqvi ciB †Kej µq-weµq

m¤cbœ n‡q‡Q ejv hv‡e| cvi¯úwiK GB n¯—vš—i I `LjB µq-weµ‡qi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ Avi GB D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡jB µq-weµq m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q ejv hvq| myZivs Bqv`b weBqvw`b Gi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK nv‡Z nv‡Z n¯—vš—i I `Lj| GB n¯—vš—i Zvr¶wYK bM` GKB êV‡K Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Avevi wej‡¤Î Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| m¤§vwbZ wd°vnwe`‡ì A‡b‡KB Bqv`vb weBqvw`b‡K n¯—vš—i I `Lj A‡_© wb‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ Zuviv G‡K †Kej Zvr¶wYK I bM` Ges GKB êV‡Ki g‡a¨ mxwgZ K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| d‡j evKx/wejw¤^Z µq-weµq Ges K`© †jb‡`‡bi e¨vcK-we¯Z…Z †¶ÎwU weZwK©Z n‡q c‡o‡Q| A_P evKx µq-weµq I K`© †jb‡`b KyiAvb mybœvn Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z Ges gymwjg mgvR ïi“ †_‡KB Zv Abykxjb K‡i Avm‡Q| myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`b n‡”Q n¯—vš—i I `Lj- nv‡Z nv‡Z †jb‡`b G‡Z ‡Kvb m‡›`n †bB| AZtci GB n¯—vš—i Zvr¶wbK n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wej‡¤Î n¯—vš—i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡I; GB e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡j Avi †Kvb RwUjZv _v‡K bv| ZvQvov Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn (mt) GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡q wZbwU, gvbMZ mgZv, cwigvYMZ mgZv Ges Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi kZ© w`‡q‡Qb| µq-weµq bM` n‡e bv evKx‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© wZwb (bex mt) wKQzB e‡jbwb| Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q µq-weµq bM` †nvK ev wejw¤^Z †nvK, mKj †¶‡ÎB cY¨ GK Rv‡Zi n‡j GB wZbwU kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi evKx µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î wej‡¤^ cY¨ n¯—vš—‡ii welqwU hw` wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ Kiv nq †hgb, BwZc~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j ‡Zv Zv bM` †jb‡`‡bi gZ mskq gy³ n‡q hvq|104 Interest – The Quranic View

GLv‡b cÖkœ †_‡K hvq †h, ivm~jyjvn (mt) Zuvi KwZcq nv`x‡m e‡j‡Qb, Ôhv Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q Zvi mv‡_ hv Dcw¯’Z †bB Zv wewbgq K‡iv bv; Ôhv nv‡Z nv‡Z Zv‡Z †Kvb wiev †bBÕ; wKš‘ hv bvwmqv Zv wievÕ - Gm‡ei Zvrch© Zvn‡j wK? †¯úwmwd‡Kkb mv‡c‡¶ evB-mvjvg Gi Aby‡gv`b, wb‡Ri eg© eÜK †i‡L evKx‡Z Lv`¨-`ªe¨ µq Ges Rvwei (iv) Gi DU µq Kivi ci D‡Ui `vg I D‡Ui n¯—vš—i evKx ivLv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wb‡RB G cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡q †M‡Qb| welqwU AwggvsmxZ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv|

myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Gi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q, wbix¶Y, cix¶Y, wba©viY, wbwðZKiY I ev¯—e n¯—vš—i|

BwZc~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GKB Rv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î G‡ì ¸YMZ gvb mgvb ev GKiƒc n‡Z n‡e Ges Df‡qi cwigvY mgvb mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kZ© Abymv‡i †µZv-we‡µZv Dfq‡KB Zv‡ì evwÃZ cY¨ †`L‡Z n‡e, G‡ì ¸Y-gvb cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e, cwigvY mgvb mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ci¯úi n¯—vš—i m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| n¯—vš—i hw` hLb-ZLb bM` bM` Kiv nq Zvn‡j µq-weµq †mLv‡bB mgvß n‡q hv‡e| wKš‘ †Kvb GK c‡¶i cY¨ ev Dfq c‡¶i cY¨ hw` Pzw³i mg‡q Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Ges wej‡¤^ n¯—vš—i Kiv n‡e e‡j w¯’i Kiv nq Zvn‡j c‡Yï bgybv ev c‡Yï eY©bvi (specification) gva¨‡g G‡ì gvbMZ mgZv, cwigvYMZ mgZv, cY¨ n¯—vš—‡ii mgq Ges ev¯—e n¯—vš—i BZ¨vw` welq wbwðZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges h_v mg‡q cY¨ n¯—vš—‡ii Øviv µq-weµq †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q †h, ivm~jyjvn (mt) GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î wZbwU weavb w`‡q‡Qb| Zv n‡”Q, wgwmjvb wewgwmwjb, mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb I Bqv`vb weBqvw`b| Av‡jvPbvq GUvI cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, wgwmjvb wewgwmwjb Øviv Dfq c‡¶i cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ¸Y I gvbMZ mgZv weavb Kiv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q; mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb Øviv Dfq c‡¶i cY¨, A_© ev †mevi cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q; Ges Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Øviv Dfq cY¨, A_© ev †mev wbix¶Y, cix¶Y, wba©viY I ev¯—e n¯—vš—‡ii weavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| D‡jL¨ †h, GB wZbwU weavb bM` µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î †hgb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e †Zgwb evKx µq-weµ‡qi †ejv‡ZI Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi ‡Kvb GKwU kZ© jsNb Ki‡j µq-weµq êa n‡e bv eis Zv‡Z wiev n‡e| wiev wKfv‡e n‡e ‡m Av‡jvPbv cieZx ch©v‡q Kiv n‡e Bbkvjvn&|

wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb

µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ hw` wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi (different kind/geneous) ‡hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j iƒcv, †LRy‡ii cwie‡Z© jeY, UvKvi wewbg‡q Mg, gvwK©b Wjv‡ii wewbg‡q ‡mŠw` wi‡qj,


Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv BZ¨vw` nq †m‡¶‡Î ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Òhw` cY¨ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq, Zvn‡j †Zvgiv B”Qv g‡Zv (`v‡g) weµq Ki‡Z cvi Z‡e nv‡Z nv‡Z|Ó c~‡e©B D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY GLv‡b GKwU gvÎ kZ© Av‡Q e‡j e‡j‡Qb; Avi ‡mwU n‡”Q Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbg‡qi kZ©| GB kZ© f½ Ki‡j, Ges †Kvb c‡¶i cY¨ Aci c‡¶i Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i wejw¤^Z Kiv n‡j †mB wejw¤^ZKvj n‡e wiev bvwmqv ev wiev bvmv| eySv hv‡”Q, Ò‡Zvgiv †h †Kvb (`v‡g) wewµ Ki‡Z cviÓ- ivm~‡ji (mt) nv`x‡mi GB Ask‡K µq-weµ‡qi kZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nqwb| wKš‘ cÖK…Z c‡¶ we‡µZv †h †Kvb `v‡g Zvi cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †m †h †Kvb `vg nvK‡Z cv‡i gvÎ, GB AwaKvi Zvi Av‡Q; AZtci †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qB †h `v‡g m¤§Z nq †mB `v‡g †euPv-‡Kbv n‡q _v‡K| e¯‘Zt ivm~j (mt) GLv‡b GB bxwZB Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb †h, †µZv-we‡µZv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z †h `vg wba©viY Ki‡e †mUvB n‡”Q êa `vg, †mB `v‡gB †ePv-‡Kbv Kiv êa n‡e| A_©vr †µZv-we‡µZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z `vg wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e - GwU GKwU kZ© ev weavb| Gi c‡i ejv n‡q‡Q Bqv`vb weBqvw`b| GwU Avi GKwU kZ©| myZivs wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY I µq-weµ‡qi kZ© GKwU bq, `yBwUt GKwU kZ© n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ Avi wØZxqwU n‡”Q Bqv`vb weBqvw`b|

cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ (Mutual Consent) t Ôdv weq~ KvBdv wkÕZzgÕ- †Zvgiv †hfv‡e Lykx wewµ Ki‡Z cvi Ñ nv`x‡mi GB evK¨vsk Avj-KziAv‡b wee„Z weav‡bi e¨vL¨v| Avj-KziAv‡bi wb‡`©k n‡”Q, Ò‡n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv G‡K A‡bï m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e f¶Y K‡iv bv; eis cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z eëmv Ki|Ó (4t29) GB Avqv‡Z `ywU wb‡`©k

†Ìqv n‡q‡Qt GK, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ KviI m¤ú` †bIqv n‡”Q evwZj cš’vq c‡ii m¤ú` f¶Y Kiv; GUv A‰ea ev wbwl×; `yB, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z m¤ú` ‡jb‡`b Kiv êa- GUv Kivi Rb¨ Av‡`k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡K µq-weµ‡qi Acwinvh© kZ© Kiv n‡q‡Q hv c~iY Kiv bv n‡j µq-weµq êa n‡e bv| BwZc~‡e© µq-weµ‡qi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµq n‡”Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi ci¯úi wewbgq| Avi GK Rv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖx µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †h, G‡¶‡Î Dfq cY¨ ev A‡_©i gvb GKiƒc Ges cwigvY mgvb mgvb n‡jB GKwU AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| G‡Z †µZv-we‡µZvi m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB; eis Zviv †Kej Dfq c‡Yï gvb I cwigvY hv‡Z mgvb nq Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †¯^”Qv m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z Zv †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi e¨Zxµ‡g hw` Zviv †¯^Qv m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z Dfq c‡Yï g‡a¨ gvbMZ AmgZv A_ev G‡ì cwigvYMZ AmgZv A_ev gvb I cwigvY Dfq w`K w`‡q AmgZv m„wó K‡i Zv n‡j †m µq-weµq n‡e m¤ú~Y© A‰ea| wKš‘ µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ hLb wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq ZLb G‡ì g‡a¨ gvbMZ mgZv weavb Kiv †hgb Am¤¢e †Zgwb cwigvYMZ mgZvi gva¨‡gI G‡ì g~j¨ mgvb Kiv ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY Kiv Aev¯—e| A_P wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖxi cvi¯úwiK wewbgq I µq-


weµq gvbe mgv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kej Ri“ix bq; eis gvbe RvwZi Aw¯—‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh©| ZvB Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j (mt) G ai‡Yi µq-weµ‡q cvi¯úwiK †¯^”Qv m¤§wZ‡K KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb evwb‡q‡Qb| eis ejv hvq, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi c‡Yï †¶‡Î KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi GKgvÎ c_ n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ|

wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi (dissimilar, different or heterogeneous) e¯‘ µq-weµq Kv‡j ‡µZv GB wPš—v K‡i †h, †m †h cY¨, A_© ev †mev wKb‡Z hv‡”Q Zv †_‡K ‡m †h cwigvY Dc‡hvM, †ewbwdU ev Z…wß cv‡e, Zvi g~j¨, Avi GRb¨ we‡µZv †h

`vg (A_©, cY¨ ev †mev) `vex Ki‡Q Zvi g~j¨ mgvb wK bv| GUv n‡”Q †µZvi gvbwmK Ae¯’v, gvbwmK wPš—v| Gfv‡e †µZvi hw` aviYv nq †h, we‡µZv ‡h `vg cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q Zvi g~j¨ Ges cY¨, A_© ev †mevi g~j¨ mgvb n‡”Q bv, Zvn‡j †m we‡µZvi cÖ¯—vweZ `v‡g e¯‘wU µq Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvq Ges `vg Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ weKí cÖ¯—ve K‡i| Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZvI wPš—v K‡i, †m †h cY¨, A_© ev †mevwU wewµ Ki‡Q Zvi g~j¨ Avi ‡µZv †h `vg cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q Zvi g~j¨ mgvb wK bv| hw` Zvi g‡b nq †h, Zvi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi g~j¨ Ges †µZv KZ…©K cÖ¯—vweZ `v‡gi g~j¨ mgvb bq, Zvn‡j †m cY¨, A_© ev †mevwU cÖ¯—vweZ `v‡g wewµ Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvq Ges `vg AviI evov‡bvi Rb¨ weKí cÖ¯—ve †`q| AvaywbK fvlvq †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ Giƒc cÖ¯—ve I cvëv cÖ¯—ve‡K ejv nq ìKlvKwl (bargaining)| kiqx fvlvq G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q, BRve I Keyj| Be‡b Avj Avivex G m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “If the need of the seller for the price or money is relatively stronger he would add more of his commodity or services for a given price. If on the other hand the relative need of the buyer for the commodity is stronger, he would add more of his price for a given commodity or service” (quoted by Nur, p. 75 from Ismail- Ibid) Ab¨ K_vq †h †Kvb wewbg‡q cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `vg Gi Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i Ges wewfbœ evRvi cwiw¯’wZ Abymv‡i `vg wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K|

GBfv‡e Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wfwË‡Z ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g GK ch©v‡q †µZv hLb g‡b K‡i †h, cY¨, A_© ev †mevwU GB `v‡g wKb‡j Zvi cÖ`Ë `v‡gi ¶wZc~iY n‡e, ZLb †m ‡mB `v‡g wKb‡Z ivRx n‡q hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZvI hLb g‡b K‡i †h, cÖ¯—vweZ `vg Øviv Zvi cY¨ ev †mev nviv‡bvi ¶wZc~iY n‡”Q, ZLb †m †mB `v‡g Zvi cY¨, A_© ev †mev wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx n‡q hvq| we‡µZv e‡j w`jvg, Avi †µZv e‡j wbjvg; AZxZKv‡ji kã Øviv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡q hvq|

“The great philosophers, i.e. Hegel, Simmel etc. also recognized that the commodity exchange is such that the exchangeability of goods


ultimately rests on the complementary acts of will by which the commodity owners choose to trade what each other owns. Of course to be exchangeable the goods must have conventional qualities of being objects existing to satisfy specific market needs. (Richard D. Windfield, ‘The Just Economy, Routledge, New York, 1988, p. 109: Quted by Nur, E. M. P. 147). What then gives the traded commodities both the common quality of exchangeability and specific exchange values are (is) nothing but the mutual acts by which the owners render them equivalently exchangeable.”

‡µZv-we‡µZv m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbfv‡e, mKj cÖKvi Pvc I evaëvaKZv n‡Z gy³ †_‡K, †Kvb cÖKvi †auvKv-cÖZviYvi Avkªq bv wb‡q, Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wfwË‡Z ci¯úi †¯^”Qv-m¤§wZi gva¨‡g Ggb GKUv `v‡g cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµq K‡i †hLv‡b †µZv g‡b K‡i, †m †h g~j¨ w`‡q‡Q Zvi mgvb g~j¨ †m †diZ ‡c‡q‡Q; Avi we‡µZvI g‡b K‡i †h †m †h g~j¨ nvwi‡q‡Q Zvi mgvb g~j¨ †diZ ‡c‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e cY¨, A_© ev †mevi cvi¯úwiK g~‡jï mgZv ¯’vwcZ nq; GKwU AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy‡Z cwiYZ nq| gvbyl Avw`Kvj †_‡K Gfv‡eB µq-weµq K‡i Avm&‡Q| GUvB µq-weµ‡qi ¯^vfvweK c×wZ ev cÖvK…wZK weavb (natural law)| Avj-KziAvb GB ¯^vfvweK c×wZ‡ZB eëmv (c×wZ) Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q|

Dc‡i D‡jwLZ m~ivZzj evKvivni 29 AvqvZ Øviv Avm‡j cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡K `vg ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY Kivi weavb (rule) wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `vg wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ GB c×wZ Qvov Avi †Kvb weKí gvby‡li Avq‡Ë †bB|

myZivs wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY Kivi weavb n‡”Q, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e©B `vg wba©viY I wbwðZ Kiv| Wt †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx GB K_vB e‡j‡Qb wbæ fvlvq t

“Perception in equality is acceptable in place of objective equality in exchange of dissimilar things, as money and commodity.” (p. 74)

nv`x‡mI AZ¨š— ewjô fvlvq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAek¨B µq-weµq cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi Ici wfwËkxjÓ (dZûj evwi, fwj-8, c„t 230, D×„Z, B.b~i. BweW, c„t 200|) Ab¨Î ejv n‡q‡Q, “Someone’s property will not be lawfully acquired by another unless it was given to him willingly.” (dZûj evwi, BweW|) bM` µq-weµq I evKx µq-weµq Dfq †¶‡Î GB GKB weavb cÖ‡hvR¨| 108 Interest – The Quranic View

Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z) t Bqv`vb weBqvw`b k‡Z©i wel‡q BwZc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b we‡klÁ‡ì Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Øviv †Kej Zvr¶wYK bM` n¯—vš—i eySvq bv; eis Gi A_© AviI e¨vcK I we¯Z…Z| Gi Øviv cY¨ wbix¶Y Kiv, cY¨-mvgMÖxi ¸Y-gvb cix¶v Kiv Ges `vg wba©viY Kiv BZ¨vwÌ (ascertainment) eySvq| GQvov Dfq c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i wbwðZ Kiv Ges ev¯—e n¯—vš—i KivI Gi A‡_©i g‡a¨ kvwgj i‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡”Q, ev¯—e n¯—vš—i Qvov Ab¨ me¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Z n‡e µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e©| Avi cY¨ cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z n‡e Ôwbjvg-w`jvgÕ ejv A_©vr µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci hv m‡½ m‡½ Zvr¶wYKI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i A_ev kZ© Abymv‡i cieZx© †Kvb mg‡qI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡j hw` †Kvb GKwU ev Dfq cY¨ Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zvn‡j bg~bv ev ‡¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g c‡Yï bvg, cwiwPwZ, ¸Y-gvb, `vg, cwigvY, n¯—vš—‡ii wbðqZv (security, guarantee BZ¨vw`) n¯—vš—‡ii ¯’vb, mgq BZ¨vw` wbwðZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| AZtci h_vmg‡q c‡Yï ev¯—e n¯—vš—i m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

evB-Gi Ab¨vb¨ kZ© t wKš‘ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ‡h‡nZz ¯^v_©ciZv Av‡Q Ges †Kvb †Kvb †jvK ev Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ gvbweK `ye©jZv _vKvI A¯^vfvweK bq †mRb¨ ¯^v‡_©i ekeZ©x n‡q Ges Ab¨‡ì `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Mvôx hv‡Z Ab¨ e¨w³ ev †Mvôx‡K VKv‡Z bv cv‡i ev evRvi‡K weK…Z I KjywlZ K‡i b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ µq-weµ‡qi c‡_

euvav-cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, †mRb¨ Dchy³ AvBb-Kvbyb I bRi`vwi AZ¨vek¨K| AvaywbK Kv‡j wewfbœ iv‡óª G e¨vcv‡i †ek m‡PZbZv cwijw¶Z n‡”Q| Zviv †fv³vi ¯^v_© i¶v I evRv‡ii Pvwn`v-†hvMvb‡K A‰ea cÖfve †_‡K gy³ ivLv BZ¨vw` j‡¶¨ bvbv cÖKvi eë¯’v wb‡”Q I AvBb-Kvbyb Pvjy Ki‡Q| Bmjvg G e¨vcv‡i KwZcq kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wewa-weavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|

Bmjvgx AvBb-Kvbyb I kZ©vejxi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© K‡qKwU n‡”Q t

1| µq-weµq †¶‡Î mswkó cY¨, †mev I A‡_©i Aw¯—Z¡ Aek¨B eZ©gvb _vK‡Z n‡e|

2| µq-weµ‡qi cY¨ I A‡_©i Ici h_vµ‡g we‡µZv I †µZvi gvwjKvbv I `Lj (ownership and possession) _vK‡Z n‡e|

3| µq-weµ‡q cY¨ I Gi `vg m¤ú‡K© †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi c~Y© Ávb ev AewnwZ _vK‡Z n‡e|

4| cY¨ ev †mev Ges Gi `vg wba©vwiZ n‡Z n‡e| 5| †µZv I we‡µZv Dfq‡KB †¯^”Qvq m¤§Z n‡Z n‡e|5| cY¨ I `vg ci¯úi †jb‡`b Ki‡Z n‡e|


evRvi‡K weK…wZ I Kjylgy³ ivLvi Rb¨ †h wewa-weavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q t1| my` wbwl× KiY, 2| Ryqv wbwl× KiY, 3| MveY ev cÖZviYv wbwl× KiY, 4| BKivn& ev Rei`w¯— wbwl× KiY, 5| evB Avj-gy`Zvi ev Ri“ix cÖ‡qvR‡bi my‡hv‡M Pov `vg nvKv ‡_‡K weiZ _vKv, 6| Bn&wZKvi ev gRy``vix eÜ Kiv, 7| bvRm ev wg_¨v Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g `vg e„w× eÜ Kiv, 8| Nvivi ev Ø¨v_©‡evaKZv I A¯úóZvi Avkªq bv †bIqv, 9| Rvn‡j gydw` Bjvj wbhv ev we‡iv‡ai w`‡K †V‡j w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb AÁZv bv _vKv BZ¨vw`|

evKx µq-weµ‡q `vg wba©vi‡Yi weavb t A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨ I †mev µq-weµq bM` n‡j †hgb A_© I c‡Yï Pvwn`v †hvMvb I †µZv we‡µZvi †¯^”Qv m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z

KvD›Uvi †fjy¨ wba©vwiZ nq, evKx‡Z µq-weµq n‡jI GKBfv‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z KvD›Uvi †fjy¨ wba©vwiZ n‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cÖkœ n‡”Q, bM` µq-weµ‡q †h `vg nq, evKx `vg wK Zvi mgvbB n‡e, bv wK Kg-‡ekx n‡Z cvi‡e?

evKx `vg wK bM` `v‡gi ‡P‡q †ekx n‡Z cv‡i t evKx µq-weµq K‡qK ai‡Yi nq| GK n‡”Q evB-‡gvqv¾vj ev evKx µq-weµq| evB-‡gvqv¾v‡j cY¨ ev †mev Gi gvwjKvbv I `Ljmn Zvr¶wYKfv‡e †µZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i Kiv nq; wKš‘ †µZv Gi `vg cieZx© †Kvb wba©vwiZ mg‡q cwi‡kva K‡i| A_©vr cY¨ bM` †Ìqv nq, `vg evKx _v‡K| evKx µq-weµ‡qi Avi GK aiY n‡”Q, evB-mvjvg ev AwMÖg µq-weµq| evB mvjv‡g †h cY¨ GLbI Drcvw`Z ev ˆZix nqwb †mB cY¨ bM` g~‡jï wewbg‡q AwMÖg weµq Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î c‡Yï `vg Zvr¶wYKfv‡e we‡µZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i Kiv nq; wKš‘ cY¨ cieZ©x‡Z Drcvw`Z ev ˆZix nIqvi ci wba©vwiZ †Kvb mg‡q mieivn Kiv nq| GLv‡b `vg bM` †Ìqv nq, wKš‘ cY¨ evKx _v‡K| evKx µq-weµ‡qi Aci GK cÖKvi n‡”Q, BmwZmbv, (order sale or Av‡`k µq)| BmwZmbvq †µZv †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb cY¨ ˆZix K‡i †Ìqvi Av‡`k †`q| Av‡`k MÖnxZv (cÖ¯‘ZKvix ev Manufacturer) Avw`ó cY¨ †Zix ev msMÖn K‡i wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ mieivn K‡i| GB c×wZ‡Z gv‡ji n¯—vš—i gvj ˆZix nIqv ch©š— evKx _v‡K; Avi `vg cwi‡kva AwMÖg Pzw³i mg‡q n‡Z cv‡i A_ev cieZx© †h †Kvb mg‡q cwi‡kv‡ai kZ© Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr BmwZmbvq cY¨ evKx _vK‡eB; Avi `vgI evKx ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| wdDPvim I Acmbm µq-weµq evKx µq-weµ‡qi GK GKUv aiY| GLv‡b cÖkœ n‡”Q, evKx `vg, c‡Yï AvKv‡i †nvK ev A‡_©i AvKv‡i ‡nvK, bM` `v‡gi †P‡q †ekx nIqv êa wK bv? hw` ‰ea nq Zvn‡j BwZc~‡e© cvi¯úwiK mgg~‡jï †h K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv envj _v‡K wK bv?

G e¨vcv‡i we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ Av‡Q| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, bM` `v‡gi †P‡q evKx `vg evwo‡q aiv nq ïay `vg cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgq †Ìqvi Kvi‡Y| myZivs Zv mg‡qi wewbgq, hv my‡ì mgZzj¨; Zv êa n‡Z cv‡i bv| “Placing a value on time when 110 Interest – The Quranic View

dealing with murabaha transaction (Bai Muajjal) is not permissible” (Pervez, Imtiaz Ahmed, “What is the Islamic View on Time Value of Money and How Does it Differ from that of the Traditional ones?” New Horizon (London) No. 65 (July 1997 : 4)

wKš‘ G e¨vcv‡i AwaKvsk †dKvn&we‡ì gZ n‡”Q †h, bM` `v‡gi †P‡q evKx `vg †ekx avh© Kiv êa| KviY evKx †h `vg †ekx †bIqv n‡”Q †m `vgUvI Avm‡j cÖwZg~j¨B (counter value)| G cÖm‡½ Avj-Kvmvwb e‡j‡Qb, “The price may be increased based on deferment.” Ibn Rushd “has given time a share in the price.” Avj-beexi g‡Z, “Deferment earns a portion of the price.” Be‡b ZvBwgqvi AwfgZ n‡”Q, “Deferment takes a share of the price.” AiMvbvB‡Rkb Ae BmjvwgK Kbdv‡iÝ (OIC) Gi wdK&n& GKv‡WgxI bM` I evKx `v‡gi cv_©K¨‡K êa e‡j Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q|

Avj-KziAv‡bi cÖL¨vZ ZdmxiKvi‡ì g‡a¨ Be‡b Avwe nvwZg Avj ivwh, Rvjvj DÏxb Avj myq~wZ, Be‡b Rvwii AvZZvevwi, Bgvg wZiwgwR cÖg~L gydvmwmiMYI bM` `v‡gi †P‡q evKx `vg †ekx n‡Z cv‡i e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov AwaKvsk wdKvn&we‡ì AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, bM` Ges evKx `vg wfbœ wfbœ nIqvq †Kvb †`vl †bB| G‡ì g‡a¨ Avj-mvivLwmi bvg D‡jL‡hvM¨| AvaywbK M‡elK Aveªvnvg Gj, D‡`vwfPI mvivLwmi gZ‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|

G e¨vcv‡i AvaywbK M‡elKMY hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, eëmv-evwY‡Rï e¨vcv‡i Avj-KziAvb cÖ`Ë g~jbxwZ n‡”Q, Ôcvi¯úwiK m¤§wZÕ| bM` `v‡gi †P‡q evKx `vg e„w× Kiv Avj-KziAv‡bi GB g~jbxwZi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©| Giƒc µq-weµ‡q we‡µZv AwaK `vg †c‡q jvfevb nq, Avi †µZv `vg cwi‡kva Kivi c~‡e©B cY¨ †fvM-eënvi Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| GBw`K †_‡K Df‡qB mgvb jvfevb nq| ZvQvov Avj-KziAvb I mybœvn my¯úófv‡e wbwl× K‡i‡Q Ggb µq-weµq e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡K Avjvn êa †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Avi GK_v mZ¨ †h, bM` `v‡gi †P‡q evKx `vg †ekx †bIqv wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb cÖgvY KziAvb-mybœvnq †bB|

Wt wmwÏKx G e¨vcv‡i wj‡L‡Qb, “The twin norms of justice in transaction, equivalence and reciprocity…..are not violated in sale on credit with mark-up on current price. There is perceived equivalence between the commodity received by the buyer and the price received by the seller, as is the case in voluntary exchanges between commodity on the one side and money on the other. Reciprocity inheres in the seller’s Thoughts on Economics 111

advantage of a mark-up….being matched by the buyer’s advantage of getting the time and opportunity of using the commodity ahead of paying the price.” wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, gvK©-Avc †hvM Kiv nq c‡Yï `v‡gi mv‡_, Avi Bmjvgx kixqZ g‡Z, c‡Yï †h `vg GKevi wba©vwiZ nq, †µZv wba©vwiZ mg‡q †m `vg cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j Ges Zv‡K AviI AwZwi³ mgq †Ìqv n‡j, ewa©Z mg‡qi Kvi‡Y †mB wba©vwiZ `vg Avi evov‡bv hvq bv| G †_‡K GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, c‡Yï D³ wba©vwiZ `v‡gi g‡a¨ †KejgvÎ AwZµvš— mg‡qi `vg wn‡m‡e †Kvb we‡kl cwigv‡Yi A_© avh© Kiv nqwb|

wePvicwZ Z¡Kx Imgvwb my‡ì Ici cÖ`Ë Zuvi HwZnvwmK iv‡q G wel‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒcY¨-mvgMÖxi wbR¯^ Dc‡hvM Av‡Q, Avi Av‡Q wewfbœ ¸Y-‰ewkó¨| cY¨-mvgMÖxi gvwj‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q, †m Zvi B”QvgZ †h †Kvb `v‡g Zvi cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i; Aek¨ hw` †µZv †¯^”Qvq µq Ki‡Z ivRx nq| †µZv ivRx _vK‡j we‡µZv evRvi `v‡gi †P‡q †ekx `v‡g Zvi cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e we‡µZv bM‡` weµqKv‡j †hgb evRvi `v‡gi †P‡q †ekx `vg wb‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb evKx‡Z wewµ Kivi mg‡qI evowZ `vg avh© Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Gme †¶‡Î we‡µZv‡K Aek¨B G kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, †m ‡µZvi mv‡_ †avKv ev VKevRx Ki‡e bv; Zv‡K cY¨ µ‡q †Kvb fv‡eB eva¨ Ki‡e bv| Aciw`‡K †µZv‡KI m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbfv‡e I ‡¯^”Qvq m¤§Z nIqvi kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

bM` µq-weµ‡q `vg †ekx wb‡j Zv mg‡qi Kvi‡Y †bIqv nq bv| GRb¨ Zv êa nq| wKš‘ bM` `v‡gi †P‡q evKx `vg †ekx

†bIqv nq mg‡qi Kvi‡Y| ZvB Zv my‡ì mgZzj¨| G hyw³ LÛb K‡i wePvicwZ Imgvwb e‡j‡Qb †h, GB aviYv mwVK bq| wZwb hyw³ w`‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨ weµq Kiv n‡j, †m c‡Yï `vg wba©vi‡Yi mgq we‡µZv A‡bK welq we‡ePbv K‡i hvi g‡a¨ `vg cwi‡kv‡ai mgqI GKUv we‡eP¨ welq wn‡m‡e _v‡K| Abyiƒcfv‡e †µZvI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ‡ekx `vg w`‡q cY¨ µq Ki‡Z ivRx n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, hvi g‡a¨ `vg cwi‡kv‡ai mgqI Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY ¯îƒc, †µZvi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv wbæiƒc n‡Z cv‡i t

1| we‡µZvi †`vKvb †µZvi evmvi wbK‡U;2| we‡µZv Ab¨vb¨ †`vKvbxi †P‡q AwaKZi wek¦¯— I

Av¯’vfvRb, †m wbLyuZ wRwbm †`q;3| we‡µZv †µZv‡K h_v_© ¸i“Z¡ I AMÖvwaKvi †`q;4| we‡µZvi †`vKvb Ab¨vb¨ †`vKv‡bi †P‡q †ekx cwi¯‹vi-

cwi”Qbœ;5| we‡µZv Ab¨vb¨ †`vKvbxi †P‡q f`ª, bgª I webqx,

BZ¨vw`|


Ggb AviI eûwea Kvi‡Y †µZv bM` `v‡gi †P‡q ‡ekx `v‡g cY¨ µ‡q ivRx n‡Z cv‡i| Abyiƒcfv‡e GB me Kvi‡Y we‡µZvI bM` `v‡gi Zzjbvq evKx‡Z †ekx `vg PvB‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e we‡µZv hw` GB Kvi‡Y Zvi c‡Yï `vg †ekx Pvq †h, †µZv GK eQi ci `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡e Zvn‡j Bmjvgx kixqZ Abymv‡i Zv A‰ea bq| KviY c‡Yï `vg †ekx avh© Kivi KviY hvB †nvK, `vg wba©vwiZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B †MvUv `vgUvB †Kej c‡Yï `vg wn‡m‡eB MY¨ nq| hwÌ †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qB `vg cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv`‡K we‡ePbv K‡iB D”PZi `vg wba©viY Ki‡Q, Zey GK_v ¯^xKvi bv K‡i Dcvq †bB †h, hLbB `vg wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq ZLbB †mB `v‡gi m¤úK© nq †Kej c‡Yï mv‡_, wba©vwiZ mg‡qi mv‡_ GB `v‡gi Avi †Kvb m¤úK© _v‡K bv| GRb¨ `vg cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` evov‡bv n‡jI G `vg Avi e„w× Kiv hvq bv| wba©vwiZ `vg ev Gi wbwÏ©ó †Kvb Ask hw` †Kej mg‡qi wecix‡Z n‡Zv Zv n‡j, †gqv` †k‡l mgq evwo‡q †Ìqvi wewbg‡q cvIbv `vgI GKB

nv‡i evov‡bv †hZ| (c„t 141-142) Z¡Kx Imgvwbi g‡Z Pvi gvhnveB me©m¤§Zfv‡e G ivq w`‡q‡Q Ges AwaKvsk ‡dKvn&weÌ Gi mv‡_ m¤ú~Y© HK¨gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|

dKxn&‡ì HK¨gZ m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q dvwng Lvb e‡j‡Qb, Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËvMY evB-‡gvqv¾‡ji ‡¶‡Î cY¨-mvgMÖxi bM` `vg I evKx `v‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Qb| dKxn&MY Dcjw× K‡i‡Qb ‡h, wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q cY¨-mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| m¤¢eZt GKvi‡YB Zuviv bM` `vg I evKx `v‡gi eëavb‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Qb| Pvwn`v I †hvMvb m¤ú‡K© GB Dcjw×i Kvi‡YB Zuviv evB-‡gvqv¾vj I evB-mvjvg †Kbv-‡ePvq evKx `vg (future price), bM` `v‡gi (present price) ‡P‡q †ekx, Kg ev mgvb n‡Z cv‡i e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Rbve Lvb Gi fvlvq, “allowing for any difference in the price of a commodity to be delivered in the futures is likely to be simply a recognition of the forces of supply and demand that may cause prices to be different at different points in time.” (p. 70)

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi mvigg© GB ùvov‡jv †h, ÒGK Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q hLb wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_© ev cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq Kiv nq, ZLb ‡µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi †¯^”Qv m¤§wZµ‡gB c‡Yï `vg wba©vwiZ nq| myZivs †µZv-we‡µZv m¤§Z n‡j GB `vg evRv‡i cÖPwjZ `‡ii †P‡q †ekxI n‡Z cv‡i| wewµ bM` n‡jI evRvi `‡ii †P‡q G `vg †ekx n‡Z cv‡i; Avi evKx‡Z n‡jI `vg †ekx n‡Z cv‡i| evKx‡Z wewµ n‡j †mB cvIbv `vg cwi‡kva Kivi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë †gqv` c‡Yï D”PZi `vg wba©vi‡Y GKwU Avbymw½K KviY wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ F‡Yi †ejvq F‡Yi †gqv`‡K †hgb Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kivi GKgvÎ KviY wn‡m‡e aiv nq, evKx‡Z cY¨ µq-weµ‡q †ekx `vg wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î †ZgbwU Kiv nq bv|


Dcmsnviµq-weµq, gybvdv I my‡ì cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv G ch©v‡q µq-weµq Kv‡K e‡j, gybvdv wK I wKfv‡e Gi DrcwË nq, µq-

weµ‡qi †kªYxweb¨vm Ges wewfbœ ai‡Yi µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµq n‡”Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev mgvb mgvb g~‡jï cvi¯úwiK wewbgq; µq-weµq n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK ¶wZ c~iY K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx, A_© I †mevi ci¯úi wewbgq| Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gybvdvi Drm n‡”Q wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„ó evowZ Dc‡hvM hv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Aš—f~©³; A_©vr KvD›Uvi f¨vjyiB Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb ch©v‡q †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡q Dfq c‡Yï gvbMZ mgZv I cwgvYMZ mgZvi gva¨‡gB `vg mgvb mgvb nIqv m¤¢e| AZtci wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi GKgvÎ cš’v n‡”Q †µZv-we‡µZvi ¯^vaxb I †¯^”Qv m¤§wZ| cieZx© ch©v‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb jsNb Ki‡j wKfv‡e my‡ì D™¢e N‡U †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e Bbkvjvn&|

Z_¨m~Ît1A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Edited by John Milton Cowan, Third Printing, Macdonald & Evans Ltd., London, 1994, P. 86-170.2Al Munjed on Words and Information, Catholic Church Group, Dar El-Mashreque Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1986, p., 57.3Arbi Bangla Ovidhan, Bangla Academy, 1984, Second Edition, Vol. 1, p. 745.4m~iv AvZ-ZIev t 11|5Al-Hedaya, Shaikhul Islam Burhanuddin, Al-Faragani Al-Murginani, Classical Printers Delhi, India, vol. 2, p. 2.6Dc‡iv³, c„t 2|7Al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madhahib al-Arba’ah, Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol-2, p. 147.8Dc‡iv³, c„t 147|9Dc‡iv³, c„t 147|10Dc‡iv³, c„t 147|11Shaokani, Muhammad, Nailul Awtar, Idaratul Quran al Ummul Islamiat, Karachi, Pakistan, vol. 5, p. 150.12Nyazee, Imran Ihsan Khan, The Rules and Definition of Riba, [email protected], Dec. 2000, p. 5.

mailto:[email protected]


13Ibn Rushd 1988, vol. 2, p. 135, D×„Z K‡i‡Qb wmwÏKx 2004, c„t 51|14The Nature of Riba, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, July-Sept 1989, p. 10.15Ibid, p. 10.16 wmwÏKx, †gvnv¤§` †bRvZzjvn, Riba, Bank Interest and the Rationale of its Prohibition, Islamic Development Bank, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Jeddah, KSA, 2004, p. 73.17 wmwÏKx, Ibid, p. 45.18 Ibid, p. 24.19 Avj-KziAvb, 2t16|20 Avj-KziAvb, 87t9|21 David Ricardo: Works and Correspondence. Vol. 4, P. 41.22 K. Marks, Theories of Surplus Value, V. 1, P. 48-49.23 P. Sraffa, Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, Cambridge University Press, 1960, p. 3-5.24 Nur, E.M., Riba Versus Profit-Sharing: Theorical Foundations and Policy Implications in Islamic Perspectives, A Dissertation submitted to International Institute of Islamic Economics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1999, p. 71.25 Ibid, p. 71.26Ahmad, Abu Umar Faruq and Hassan, M. Kabir : “The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Science, 23:1, p. 85.27 Nur E. M., Ibid, p. 158-169.28 Naqvi, Saffer, R., (1993), History of Banking and Islamic Laws, p. 43.29 wmwÏKx, c~‡e©v³, c„t 45|30 Ibid, p. 45.31 Ibid, p. 45.32 Ibid, p. 63.33 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv, Zvdnxg~j KziAvb, evsjv Abyev`, 1g †Rj`, AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1985, UxKv bs 318 K|34 wmwÏKx, Bwe`, c„t 46|


35Al-Mabsut, Translated by Imran Ahasan Khan Nyazee, info@nyazee, 2000.36 hvwK Avj-w`b ev`vex, Theory of Prohibited Riba, English Rendered by Nyazee, A. Khan, info@nyzaee, 2000, p. 156.37 wbqvRx, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvbt c~‡e©v³, c„t 5|38 Kvgvwj, gynv¤§` nvwkg, Islamic Commercial Law, Ilmiah Publishers SDN. BHD. Malaysia, 2002.39 b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 69|40 eyLvix I gymwjg, D×„Z, b~i, c„t 76|41 b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 76|42 Bwe`, c„t 76|43 gvbœvb, Gg, Avãyj, Introduction to Islamic Economics, p. 168. D×„Z, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 78| 44 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, Issues in Islamic Banking, 1989, p. 87, D×„Z, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 78|45 b~i, B, Gg: c~‡e©v³, c„t46 Gg, Avwid, (ed), Monteray and Fiscal Economics, ICRIE, 1982, p. 8, D×„Z, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 79|47 b~i, B Ggt c~‡e©v³, c„t 79|48 Bwe`, c„t 79| 49 wgkKvZ, nv`xm bs 2768, Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi, XvKv, 2q ms¯‹iY Ges wZiwghx, Avey `vD`, Beby gvRv, `vivgx| 50 gymwjg, 5g LÛ, c„t 246, nv`xm bs 3684|51 Nur, op.cit. p. 72.52Shauki, I. Bhedta: Islamic Concepts and Principles as Practised in Islamic Banks, Aspects of Islamic Econoimics, Faridi (ed), 1993. D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 72|53 ev`vex, hvwK Avj-w`bt c~‡e©v³, c„t 156|54 Al-Babarti, al-Inayah ala al-Hidayah on the margin of Fath al-Qadir, Vol. 5, p. 73; D×„Z K‡i‡Qb ev`vex, hvwK Avj-w`b, c~‡e©v³, c„t 155|55 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 155-56|56 wbqvRx, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 5|57 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gbt c~‡e©v³, c„t 31-32|

58 b~i, B, Ggt c~‡e©v³, c„t 151-156|116 Interest – The Quranic View

59 wbqvRx, B, G, Lvb t The Concept of Riba and Islamic Banking, [email protected], 2000, p. 71.60 ev`vex, hvwK Avj-w`bt c~‡e©v³, c„t 168-177|61 ev`vex, hvwK Avj-w`bt c~‡e©v³, c„t 157|62 Bwe`, c„t 47|63 mvivLwmt Avj gvemyZ, Bs‡iRx Ab~w`Z, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, [email protected], 2000, p. 5.64 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 101|65 nvgy`, 1983, D×„Z, b~i, Bwe`, c„t 101|66 iwdK BDwbm Avj-wgmwi, wiev Avj Kzi“` Iqv Avw`jvZz Zvnwiwgwn, 1987, c„t 8, D×„Z, byi, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 101|67 Gm, GBP, dqmvj, †gŠjfxt Avj wiev Iqvj dvIqvwq` Iqvj gvmvwid, 1990, c„ 30; D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 101|68 Imgvwb, Gg, ZwK¡ t eyûR wd KvÏvq¨v wdK¡xq¨vn Avj-gyqvgviv, D×„Z, byi, c„t 103; gvKZvevZzj Djyg, KivwP, c„t 175; D×„Z b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 102|69 Dc‡iv³, c„t 174, D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 106|70 b~i, B, Ggt c~‡e©v³, c„t 102, cv`UxKv-20|71 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjvt my` I AvaywbK e¨vswKs, AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, XvKv, c„t 101|72 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 106|73 mvwq¨` Zv‡ni, wiev Avj d`jt wnKgv‡Z KziAvb, c„t 8, D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 106|74 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 104|75 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 107-118|76 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³ c„t 102|77 Bwe`, c„t 103|78 D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 109|79 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 49|80 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv, c~‡e©v³, c„t 132|81 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|82 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 114|



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