even semester

8/6/2019 Even Semester

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SEMESTER 2

MB 2.1: General Chemistry

48Hrs

I States of matter: Gases, Liquids & Solids

1. Boyles law. 2. Charles law. 3. Gay-Lussacs law. 4. The combined gas law. 5. Daltons law of

partial pressures. 6. Avogadros law and Standard molar volume. 7. The ideal gas law. 8. Grahams law.

9. Kinetic molecular theory. 10. Deviation of real gases from the ideal gas law and Van der Vaals

equation. 6Hrs

II. Atomic structure and bonding: Atomic theory of Dalton, Atomic weight, Atomic number, Mass,

Isotopes, Isobars, Periodic law,* Electronic configuration of elements, Hunds rule, Periodic table based

on electronic configuration, Lewis symbols and formulae, Exception to octet rule, formation of ionic and

covalent bonds, multiple bonds, electronegativity.

Orbitals: Shapes of s, p and d orbitals, Hybrid orbitals, multiple bonds, Resonance, Sigma and pi

bonds, coordinate bond, transition metals, properties (colour, oxidation states, magnetic properties)

double and complex salts, differences with examples. Werners theory, ligands- uni, bi, and polydentate.

Coordination number. 15Hrs

I. Chemistry of biologically important elements:

Nitrogen: Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen compounds, Ammonia, Nitric acid, Nitrogen dioxide.

Phosphorous: Phosphorous cycle, Phosphorous compounds, Phosphates.Oxygen: Ozone, Reactive oxygen, oxygen free radicals.

Sulphur: Sulphur compounds, Sulphates.

Trace metals: Selenium, Molybdenum, cobalt.

Toxicity of heavy metals: Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic. 12Hrs

IV.Concentration units:

Mole, Mole fraction, Molarity, Avogadros number, Equivalent weight, Normality, Percentagecomposition, Theoretical yield, Percentage yield. 7Hrs

V. Acids-bases and buffers:

Lowry-Bronsted concept, Lewis concept of acids and bases, ionic product of water, pH scale, buffers,

Henderson-Hasselbach equation, buffer capacity, preparation of buffers,. Theory of acid base indicators,

choice of indicators, pH titration curves, calculation of isoelectric points, strengths of acids and bases.

Ionization constant, formation constants, step-wise ionization constants for polyprotic acid. 8Hrs


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SEMESTER 2

MB.2.2- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry

48Hrs

I. Porphyrin nucleus and classification: Important metallo

porphyrins occurring in nature; structure and their biological importance (Haemoglobin,

cytochrome, chlorophyll, vitamin B12). Bile pigments, chemical nature and their role. 3Hrs

II. Radiochemistry:

Natural and artificial radioactivity, characteristics of radio active elements, units of radioactivity,

disintegration constant, half life, alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Detection of radioactivity by

GM counter. Applications of radioisotopes 3H214C2,

131I2,60Co and 32P. Biological effects of

radiation. Safety measures in handling radioisotopes. Radioactive series. Applications-

sterilization, activation of drugs, detection of flow of fluids, induced chemical reactions. Nuclear

fission and fusion. 8Hrs

III. Colligative properties:

Lowering of vapor pressure, Raoults law definition and equations - elevation of boiling point,

Ebullioscopic constant, depression of freezing point, cryoscopic constant, their application in

determination of molecular weight of non volatile solutes. Osmotic pressure and its measurement

by Berkley and Hartleys method. Hypo, hyper and isotonic solution. Donnan membrane

equilibrium. Abnormal molecular weights. Vant Hoffs factor, Degree of association and

dissociation. Problems based on above concepts. 8Hrs

IV. Viscocity: Definition, determination of viscosity of liquids and solutions by Ostwalds viscometer

(Solutions of gum and protein to be taken as example). 2Hrs

V. Photochemistry:

Electromagnetic radiations definition, different regions of EMR and properties of the radiations

and their uses in structure determination. Photochemical reactions- definition and examples, laws

of photochemistry Grothus-Drapper law, Einsteins law of photochemical equivalence, Lambert

Beers law, quantum efficiency high quantum yield and low quantum yield with one example

each. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence with examples. 6Hrs


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VI. Oxidation and reduction:

Definitions and examples oxidation and reduction reactions - Redox reaction, reducing agents

and oxidizing agents. Redox titrations, examples and uses, redox potential, electrode potential4Hrs

VII.Distribution law:

Statement - Nernsts Distribution law, Equation example Iodine in water and carbon

disulphide, Partition co-efficient, simple problems limitations of Nernsts law, applications of

distribution law with emphasis on solvent extraction.

2Hrs

VIII.Electrochemistry:

Definition and equations

a) Specific, equivalent and molar conductance, units for each, Determination of equivalent

conductance of a strong electrolyte theory and experimental method, applications of

conductance measurements conductometric titrations: I) strong acid v/s. strong base ii)

weak acid (amino acid) v/s. strong base.

b) Electrochemical cell definition and representation of a cell. Electrode potential EMF,

Nernsts equation for single electrode potential and electrochemical cell.

Reference electrodes - (hydrogen electrode primary and calomel - secondary electrode).

Secondary electrodes quinhydrode and glass, redox potential and redox electrode (Fe2+/Fe3+ as

examples). Application of EMF measurements. I) Determination of pKa values of weak acids ii)

Determination of pH of a buffer by potentiometric method using quinhydrone electrode.

10Hrs

IX. Chemical kinetics

Definition and equations rate of reaction, order of reaction, molecularity, first order and second

order reactions. Enzyme catalyzed reactions example. Mechanism of enzyme- catalysed

reactions. Inhibited enzyme catalyzed reactions. Theories of elementary reaction process

collision theory and transition state theory. Temperature dependence of reaction rates. 5

Hrs.

Problems in all units have to be solved.


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M. B. 2.3 PHYSICS

48Hrs.

Part A.

I. Viscosity: Streamline flow, explanation of Bernoulli's theorem. Coefficient of viscosity and

Poiseuille formulae for capillary flow. Measurement of Viscosity by capillary flow, Reynold

number and Viscometer.

II. Thermodynamics: Definitions, Reversible and irreversible processes, Inter conversion of heat and

work.

III. First law of Thermodynamics: Concept of internal energy, Work done in adiabatic and

isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. State functions. Exact or Perfect differentials.

Thermodynamic criteria of an ideal gas.IV. Enthalpy: Concept of Enthalpy (H), Heat capacity of gases at constant volume and constant

pressure and relationship between them. Kirchhoff s equations and their applications.

V. Kinetic theory of Gases: Postulates and derivation of gas laws. Ideal gas equation. Van der Waal's

equation, Liquifaction of gases. Adiabatic demagnetization.

VI. Second law of Thermodynamics: Statement in different forms. Carnot cycle and the concept of

entropy (S). Work function (A) and free energy (G), their concepts. Variation of free energy with

pressure and temperature. Gibb' s- Helmholtz equation, Free energy change and its applications.

Clausius- Clapeyron equation and its applications using Maxwells thermodynamic relations.

16 hrs

Part B

VII.Optical Instruments: Refractive index and its determination, Critical angle, Abbe's and Pulfrich

refractometer. Compound microscope, Epidiascope and oil immersion objective. Colorimeter,

Nephelometer and Fluorimeter. (Only basic principles).

VIII. Physical optics: Huygen's principle of wave propagation. Young's experiment, expression for

fringe width, Fresnel's biprism and Newton's rings (theory and experiment). Colours of thin films,Air wedge.

IX. Diffraction: Elementary idea of diffraction and half period zones. Fresnel's and Fraunhoffer

diffraction. Illustrations of diffraction patterns due single slit, circular aperture and circular

obstacle. Diffraction grating- theory. Measurement of the wavelengths of spec1ral lines.

Resolving power of microscope, Telescope. Dispersive power of prism and grating.

X. Polarisation: Plane polarized light. Double refraction, dichrorism, Nicol prism. Elliptically and

circularly polarized light (no theory) and their production, quarter and half wave plate,


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Polarimeter. Molar refraction, Optical rotation, Optical activity and its measurement.

16 hours

Part C XI.Electricity: Motion of a

charged particle in electric and magnetic field. -Application to Cathode ray Oscilloscope, Astonmass spectrograph and Electron microscope (with theory). Dipole moments and Dielectric

constant, Dipole moment of biomolecules.

XII Electronics: Cathode ray oscilloscope, Chacteristics of Diode, Zener diode, Transistor, (BJT,

FET), Op-Amp Integrated circuits, Brief account of Power supply, Amplifier Oscillator, G M

counters, Scintillation counters.

XIII. Ultra Sonics: Properties, Production by Magnetostriction Oscillator and applications

XIV. Atomic Physics: Concept of Quantum theory of radiation. Bohr's theory of atomic structure of

Hydrogen like atoms. Origin of spectral lines. Energy level diagram.Emission and absorption spectra. Fraunhoffer spectra. Comparative study of electromagnetic spectra

(properties and applications). Continuous and Characteristic X-rays.

16 hrs


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SEMESTER-2

MB. 2. 4 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

48 Hours

I. The Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental resources Definition, scope

and Importance, Need for Public awareness. 2 hrs

II. Natural Resources and associated problems: Forest

Resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies, Timber extraction, mining dams

and their effects on forests and tribal people.

a) Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts

over water, dams-benefits and problems.b) Mineral Resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral

resources, case studies.

c) Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of

modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies.

d) Energy Resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy resources use

of alternate energy sources. Case studies.

Land Resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and

desertification. 8 hrs

III. Ecosystems: Concept of

ecosystem

Structure and function of an ecosystem.

Producers, consumers and decomposers

Energy flow in the ecosystem

Ecological succession

Food chains, food webs and webs and ecological pyramids.

Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following

ecosystem.

a) Forest Ecosystem

b) Grassland Ecosystem

c) Desert ecosystemAquatic Ecosystems (pond, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) 6hrs


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IV. Biodiversity and its conservation:

Introduction- Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

Biogeographical classification of India

Value of Biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical aesthetic andoption values.

Biodiversity at global, National and local levels.

India as a mega-diversity nation.

Hot-spots of biodiversity

Threat to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts.

Endangered and endemic species of India.

Conservation of bio-diversity: In-situ conservation of biodiversity. 8 hrs

V. Environmental Pollution: Definition,

Causes, effects and control measures of:

a) Air pollution

b) Water pollution

c) Soil pollution

d) Marine pollution

e) Noise pollution

f) Thermal pollution

g) Nuclear hazards

Solid waste management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial

waste.

Role of an individual in prevention of pollution

Pollution case studies

Disaster management: floods, earthquakes, cyclone and landslides 8 hrs

VI. Social issues and the Environment:

From unsustainable to sustainable development

Urban problems related to energy

Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.

Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns. Case studies.

Environmental ethics: issues and possible solutions.


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Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion, nuclear accidents and

holocaust. Case studies.

Wasteland reclamation

Consumerism and waste products

Environment protection Act.

Air (prevention and control of pollution) act.

Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act.

Wildlife protection Act.

Forest Conservation Act.

Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.

Public awareness.

VII. Human population and Environment: Population growth,

variation among nations.

Population explosion - Family welfare programme.

Environment and human health

Human Rights

Value Education

HIV/AIDS

Women and Child WelfareRole of Information Technology in Environment and human health. Case studies.

10 hrs

VIII. Field Work:

Visit to a local area to document environmental assets - river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain.

Visit to a local polluted site - Urban/Rural. Industrial/Agricultural

Study of common plants, insects, birds.

Study of simple ecosystems - pond, river, hill slopes, etc (Field work Equal to 5 Lecture hours)

6 hrs


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SEMESTER 4

MB-4.1: ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

48hrs

I. Aromatic nitro compounds: Reduction in neutral, acidic and alkaline media, preparation and uses

of TNT. 2 hrs

II.Amines: Classification with examples, separation of mixture of amines by Hinesburgs method.

Action of nitrous acid on different amines (both aliphatic and aromatic 1 st, 2nd and 3rd degree

amines). Effect of substitutes on the basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines, Hoffmann Martius

rearrangement. Diazonium compounds: Preparation and synthetic applications of benzene

diazonium chloride. 4 hrs.

III.Heterocyclic compounds: Classification, nomenclature of heterocycles with examples.

Preparation of furan from mucic acid, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine from acetylene, pyrimidine

from urea, Indole Fischer method, quinoline Skraup synthesis and isoquinoline from

cinamaldehyde, aromaticity of pyrrole and pyridine. 4 hrs

IV.Reduction and oxidation: Reduction: Catalytical hydrogenations (homogeneous and

heterogeneous) and reduction of functional groups, catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction,

Wilkinsons catalyst, LiA1H4, NaBH4, Birch reduction, Meerwein-Pondrof-Varley reduction,

Wolf-Kishner reduction, Clemenson reduction. 8 hrs.

V.Organic spectroscopy : Spectral analysis of the structure of organic compounds from:UV-

spectroscopy: (Absorption maxima values for simple organic molecules). IR-spectoscopy:

Absorption frequencies for functional groups in simple organic molecules. NMR-spectroscopy,

chemical shift, (delta scale) spin - spin coupling, coupling constant, application to simple organic

molecules. Ethyl alcohol, ethane, propane, ethylene, methylamine, aniline, benzene, acetone,

acetophenone, methyl cyanide and other simple molecules to be considered for all the

spectroscopic methods (the students are to be familiarized in identifying the structure from the

above data). 8 hrs

VI. Terpenes : Classification, isolation, general properties. Isoprene rule, structural formulae of alpa-

terpeneol, camphor, menthol and geraniol. Biosynthesis of palmitic acid. 3 hrs

VII.Alkaloids : Occurrence, isolation, classification and detection, synthesis and structural

elucidation of nicotine, structural formulae of quinine, atropine, piperine, cocaine and morphine.

Physiological importance of alkaloids. 4 hrs


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VIII.Steroids : Introduction, biological importance, physiological action of cholesterol. Structural

formulae of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone and their importance. 3 hrs

IX.Drugs : Definition and types of drugs-antipyretics, antibacterial, anti malarial, sulphadrugs with

examples. Synthesis and uses of paracetamol, sulphanilamide and sulphagunanidine.

Chemotherapy, chemotherapeuitic agents. 4 hrs.X.Insecticides and fungicides: Definition, classification and synthesis of organic insecticides and

fungicides. Structural formulae and their importance or aldrin, BHC, lindane, malathion.

Herbicides-definition structural and their importance of Diuren, 2,4D(2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic

acid) their applications.

Wood protectors -definition, importance of cresol oil, pentol and chlorophenols. 4 Hrs

XI.Natural pigments: Structural formulae and their importance of anthocyanin, beta-carotene,

hemoglobin.

Dyes: Colour and constitution, chromophore-auxochrome theory, classification of dyes based on

applications with examples, synthesis of malachite green and indigo. Structural elucidation of

alizarin and its synthesis. 4Hrs


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SEMESTER 4

MB-4.2 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL48 Hrs

I. An overview of cells and cell research 2 Hrs

II. The origin and evolution of cells: From molecules to cell, from prokaryotes to Eukaryotes, from

single cells to multicellular organisms. 4Hrs

II. Cell organization and tools of cell biology: Cellular and sub cellular organization in prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic cells. Role of biomarkers in detection of cellular and sub cellular organelles.

Immunolocalization - Imunofluorescence microscopy. Applications of confocal and phase

contrast microscopy. Use of flow cytometry for sorting cells. Methods for isolation of sub cellular

organelles. 8Hrs

III. IV. Compartmentalization in cells: The cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus,

lysosomes and peroxisomes. 4Hrs

V. Cellular models and its developments: E.coli, yeasts, Dicteostelium discoideum, C. elegans, D.

melanogaster, A. thaliana, Vertebrates. 4Hrs

VI. Biomembrane and its constituents: Lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, membrane carbohydrate,

ECM, gap junctions. 4Hrs

VII. Membrane transport: small molecules, macromolecules and particles exocytosis, endocytosis

and pinocytosis. 4Hrs

VIII. Structure function of membranes or organelles: Role of plasma membrane, nuclear

membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cilia and flagella.

6 Hrs

IX. Special features of plant and animal cells: Significance of cell wall, cell growth and division.

4 Hrs

X. Cellular aging and senescence: Cellular changes during ageing, ageing and organ system,

theories of ageing. 4 Hrs

XI. Cell culture: Primary and established cell lines, kinetics of cell growth, animal and plant cell

culture, culture media, applications of cell culture. 4 Hrs


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SEMESTER 4

4.3. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

SECTION- A- ZOOLOGY 24Hrs

I. Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis in mammals. Types of eggs based on quantity

and distribution of yolk, egg membranes. 3 hrs

II. Fertilization: i. Details of the process with reference to sea urchin - approach of gametes, fertilizin and

antifertilizin, gamones and its role, activation, penetration, reaction of the egg and amphimixis.

Monospermy and Polyspermy (physiological and pathological), significance of fertilization. ii.

Fertilization in mammals: molecular events in fertilization. 3

hrs

III. Early Development:

Cleavage: Cytoskeletal mechanisms, patterns of embryonic cleavage - holoblastic, meroblastic,

radial, spiral rotational and superficial types with examples.

Gastrulation: Gastrulation types, Organiser phenomenon - potencies of the dorsal lip of the

blastopore of amphibian gastrula. Brachet's experiment, experiment ofSpemann and Mangold.

Induction -chemical nature of organizer -parts of organizer -theories of organizer phenomenon.

Competence, determination and differentiation. Primary germ layers and their derivatives.

10 hrs

IV Development in mammals: Blastocyst implantation types; placentation types; embryonic

stem cells and their significance. 4 hrs.

V Post embryonic development:brief description of metamorphosis, regeneration and ageing

2 hrs.

VI. Parthenogenesis and cloning: Cytology of natural parthenogenesis -arrhenotoky, thelytoky

(amictic and apomictic) and cyclical parthenogenesis with examples. Artifical parthenogenesis

-Loeb's and Batailon's experiments with principles of activation and regulation. Significance of

parthenogenesis. 2 hrs

SECTION-B: BOTANY 24 Hrs

I. An introduction to reproductive biology of Angiosperms. 1Hr

II. Microsporangium, Microsporogenesis and Male gametophyte: Development and structure of

the microsporangium, wall layers (special emphasis on the anther tapetum and its, functions);

Microsporogenesis; development of male gametophyte/pollen; Concept of male germ unit; pollen


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shedding; pollen morphological features; Palynology and its scope.

4Hrs

III.Megasporangium, Megasporogenesis and Female gametophyte: Structure and morphological

types of ovules; Ovular structures; Megasporogenesis; development of monosporic, bisporic and

tetrasporic types, structure, organization and nutrition of female gametophyte.5Hrs

IV. Fertilization: Pollination in brief, types, contrivances for pollination, liver mechanism

(pollination in ficus). A general account of pollen-pistil interaction; obturator; polyspermy and

heterofertilization. 4Hrs

V. Endosperm: Developmental types; endosperm haustoria; ruminate and composite endosperm.

2Hrs

VI. Embryo: structure and development of Dicot and Monocot embryos; embryonal suspensor.

2Hrs

VII.Polyembryony: Types, causes, experimental induction and significance. Structure of monocot

and dicot seed. 2 Hrs

VIII. Gametophytic apomixis- a general account. 1Hr

IX. Embryology in relation to taxonomy with reference to the following taxa- Loranthaceae,

Gentianaceae, Trapa and Exocarpus. 2Hrs

X. Experimental embryology: Nature and scope. 1 Hr


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SEMESTER 4

MB 4.4 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

48HrsI. Water and plant cell: Transport process, Absorption by roots, Transport of water through xylem

role of cavitation and embolism. Transpiration and SPAC (Soil plant-Atmosphere-

Continuum). 4Hrs

II. Solute transport: Passive and active transport of solutes across membrane. Pinocytosis,

exocytosis, endocytosis and a brief mention of GERL (Golgi complex-Endoplasmic reticulum-

Lysosomes) and CURL (Compartment of Uncoupling of Receptors Ligand) concept. Ion

transport proteins. Pumps and channels. Aquaporins and mechanism of opening and closing of

stomata. A brief mention of Siderophore. 5Hrs

III. Transport in phloem: Pathways of translocation, source and sink relationship, Phloem sap and

pressure flow model for phloem transport. Vein loading and unloading. Transport signaling

molecules. 5Hrs.

IV. Plant growth hormones: Definition, biochemistry, biosynthesis, storage and transport,

Mechanism of action & Physiological roles of Auxins, Gibberlins, Ethylene and Polyamines.

Brassinosteroids, effect on growth & development, growth inhibitors Abscissic acid,

Morphactins, Jasmonic acid and Expansins. Horticultural importance of growth hormones.6Hrs

V. Phytochrome and signal transduction: Discovery, structure and physiological function of

phytochrome. Molecular mechanism of action of photoreceptors, G-Proteins, Phospholipid

signaling, Calcium cal modulin cascade. 4Hrs

VI. Photosynthesis: Photochemistry, General concept, Historical background, photosynthetic

pigments, Light harvesting complexes, Photo-oxidation of water, Mechanism of electron and

proton transport.

Carbon assimilation: Calvin cycle (C3), C4 cycle and CAM pathway.

Photosynthetic efficiency of C4 plants, Regulation of Calvins cycle and RUBISCO.

Photorespiration and its significance: Comment on absence of C2 pathway (Photorespiration) in

C4 plants, CO2 and HCO3 pumps. 8Hrs

VII. Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle: Amphibolic nature of TCA Cycle. TCA Cycle as a central

metabolic cycle connecting carbohydrates, lipids and aminoacid metabolism. Chlorophyll and

haem synthesis. Glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis. Electron transport and Peter-Mitchelle

theory of ATP synthesis (chemiosmotic hypothesis). Pentose phosphate pathway and cyanide

insensitive respiration. Comparison of photosynthesis & respiration. 8Hrs


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VIII. Brief account of lipids, waxes & phytosteroles in plants. 2Hrs

IX. Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen cycle, Mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic and

non-symbiotic, nitrogenase complex, nodule formation and nod factors, Role of leghaemoglobin,

nif genes and hup genes. 4Hrs

X. Stress physiology: Water deficit and drought resistance, heat stress and heatshock, Chilling and freezing injury. Salinity and anaerobic stress. 2Hrs


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SEMESTER 6

MB 6.1 METABOLISM

48 Hrs

I. Introduction: Catabolism, anabolism, catabolic, anabolic and amphibolic pathways.

Carbohydrates -Glycolysis, energetics regulation. Pathways of utilization of pyruvate-lactate,

ethanol, gluconeogenesis, regulation, Coricycle, citric acid cycle, its regulation, energetics,

anapleurosis, glyoxylate cycle. HMP shunt pathway, interconversion of hexoses. 6 hrs

II. Biosynthesis of: sucrose, starch and glycogen. 2 hrs.

III. Lipids :Degradation of triacylglycerols and phospholipids -lipase, hormone sensitive lipase,

phospholipases. Fatty acid degradation - oxidation Knoop's experiment, saturated and

unsaturated FA. regulation. and oxidation. Energetics, Biosynthesis of FA - FA synthetase

complex, chain elongation and denaturation. Pathways in plants and animals, conversion oflinoleate to arachiodnante (scheme only). 6 hrs

IV. Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Degradation -regulation. Metabolism of circulating lipids

-chylomicrons, HDL, LDL and VLDL. Reverse cholesterol transport by HDL. Oxidized lipids

and their metabolism. 4 hrs.

V. Phospholipid Biosynthesis: denovo pathway and inter conversion, biosynthesis of sphingo lipids,

ether lipids and glycolipids. Degradation and biosynthesis of gangliosides and cerebrosides,

disorders: Taysach's disease, Nieman -Pick disease, Fabry's disease. 6 hrs.

VI. Biosynthesis of: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes. 2 hrs.

VII. Integration of: carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, glucose paradox. 2 hrs.

VIII. Importance of nitrogen: in biological systems, (over view of nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen fixation

symbiotic and non-symbiotic, nitrogenase complex), energetic and regulation. Assimilation of

ammonia. 3 hrs.

IX. General Mechanisms of Amino Acid metabolisms: deamination, transamination,

decarboxylation desulphuration, degradation and biosynthesis of individual amino acids.

Differences in the pathways in microorganisms, plants and animals. Ketogenic and glucogenicamino acids. Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis, transglutaminase cycle, urea cycle. In born

errors of amino acid degradation - phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, maple syrup urine. 5 hrs

X. Proteins: General mechanisms of degradation in cells, Degradation and biosynthesis of

glycoproteins, proteoglycans. 4 hrs

XI. Biosynthesis and degradation of: heme, porphyrins. Biosynthesis of creatine, polyamines

glutathione and gramicidine. 2 hrs

XII. Purines and Pyrimidines - Pathways of degradation of nucleic acids in cells, catabolism of

purines and pyrimidines, uric acid formation. Salvage pathways, denovo biosynthetic pathways,


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regulation of biosynthesis, conversion of nucleotides to deoxynuclotides. Mechanism of action of

methotrexate, 5 fluorouracil, Azidothymidine. 5 hrs

XIII. Biosynthesis of NAD+, FAD and coenzyme A. 1 hr


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SEMESTER 6

MB 6.2 Molecular Physiology

48Hrs

I. Mitochrondrial Electrontransport: Entry of reducing equivalents for oxidation - malate -

aspartate shuttle, glycerol phosphate shuttle. Organization of respiratory chain complexes,

structure and function of the components - Fe-S proteins, cytochromes, Q cycle, proton transfer

P/O ratio, respiratory control, oxidative phosphorylation, uncouplers and inhibitors, sequence of

electron carriers based on redoxpotentials. ATP synthesis, ATP synthase complex, binding

change mechanism, proton motive force, Mitchells hypothesis. 12 hrs

II. Photosynthesis : Overview of photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants , Light

harvesting antennae complex, role of pigments in trapping light energy, primary photochemical

reaction Hill reaction, regulation of photosynthesis, photo inhibition, photorespiration, bacterial

photosynthesis, structure and function of RUBISCO. 5

hrs

III. Biomembranes : Physico-chemical properties of biomembranes, membrane models, sandwich

model, Robertsons model, S-N model, current models. Membrane asymmetry and its

determination. Use of fluorescence technique, enzymes like PLA2 and lipid transfer proteins.

Membrane domains, rafts and caveolae.

6 hrs

IV. Membrane Transport: Laws of diffusion across membranes, simple diffusion, facilitated

diffusion and active transport - glucose transporter, Ma+ K+ ATPase, (over view of bacterial

phosphotransferase system). Endocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis, Ion

channels, aquaproin channel, ionophores. Patch clamp technique.

6 hrs

V. Cell Signaling: Types of cell signaling. Autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, endocrine.

Synchronization of cell functions. Muscle. Role of Calcium signaling by pheromones. Receptor

system and functions. Example of alarm pheromones. Trailing pheromones

5 hrs

VI. Plant hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, Structure,

occurrence, mechanism of action, physiological effects, commercial importance. Other growth

regulators. Assay of plant hormones. Senescence and Abscission.

10 hrs

VII. Phototropism : Description of phenomenon, perception of stimulus. Phytochrome, Introduction,

phytochrome as photoreceptor, Structure and properties of phytochrome, Mode of action,

Juvenility, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation.

4Hrs


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SEMESTER 6

PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS

48Hrs

I) Mendelism: History and Mendels work, Laws of inheritance in haploid and diploid

organisms. 4hrs

II) Extension of Mendelism: Alleles, Pseudo alleles, Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Penetrance and

expressivity, Interaction of genes. 8hrs

III) Linkage and crossing over: Concept of linkage, genetic recombination and construction of

genetic maps in Drosophila & maize, Interference and coincidence, Mitotic recombination. Sex

linked inheritance in Drosophila and man; Inheritance of sex limited and sex influenced genes.

12 hrs

IV) Chromosomes and their inheritance: Types of chromosomes, Chromosome theory of

inheritance and Special chromosomes Polytene & Lamp brush. 8hrs

V) Chromosomal aberrations: Structural - Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation,

Centric fusion and fission; Numerical variations Aneuploidy, Euploidy,& Polyploidy;

Chromosome syndromes- Causes & consequences of chromosomal aberrations; Karyotyping.

10hrs

VI) Extra Chromosomal inheritance: Maternal effect Pigmentation in pellagra, Infectious

heredity of Parameocium, Cytoplasmic inheritance Male sterility in plants and shell coiling,

Mitochondrial disease in man. 6hrs


20/26

SEMESTER 6

MB 6.4 ENZYMOLOGY

48 Hrs

I. General Aspects -Nature of enzymes, localization, isolation, purification and characterization of

enzymes. Criteria of purity of enzymes. Units of enzyme activity, specificity and specific activity. Nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes. Assay methods -coupled enzyme assays,

continuous, end point and kinetic assay. 10 hrs.

II. Enzyme Kinetics -Rate of a reaction, order and molecularity. Michaelis Menten equation, initial

velocity approach, steady state approach. Vmax Km and their significance. Linear transformation

of Michaelis Menten equation -Lineweaver Burk plot, Eadie Hofstee, Haynes -Wolf and Comish-

Bowden. Turnover number. 6 hrs.

III. Inhibition - Competitive, non competitive, uncompetitive and product inhibition.Irreversible

inhibition- suicide inhibition. Determination of Ki. 3 hrs.

IV. Bisubstrate Reaction - Clelands notation with examples of ordered, pingpong, and random.

General rate equation. Primary and secondary plots. 3 hrs.

V. Mechnisms of Enzyme Catalysis - Active site structure. Methods of determining active site

structure - isolation of ES complex, affinity labeling, chemical modification studies. Active site

structure investigation. 4 hrs.

VI. Nature of Enzyme catalysis - Transition state theory proximity and orientation, oribital steering,

acid base catalysis, covalent catalysis, metal ion catalysis, nueleophilic and electrophilic catalysis,intramolecular catalyses, entropy effects. Effect of temperature and pH on enzyme catalysed

reaction. 5 hrs.

VII. Cooperativity - Binding of ligands to macromolecules - Scatchard plot, cooperativitiy, positive

and negetive cooperativity. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Hill equation homotropic and

heterotropic effectors, aspartyl transcarbamylase as an allosteric enzyme. 6 hrs.

VIII. Mechanisms of Action of Specific Enzyme - Chymotrypsin zymogen activation, acid - base

catalysis, charge relay net work. Lysozyme, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Ribonuclease,

Carboxypeptidase A, RNA as enzyme, Coenzymic action of NAD+ FAD, TPP, PLP, Biotin,

CoA, Folic acid, Lipoic acid. 4 hrs.

IX. Multimolecular Forms - Isozyzme, eg. LDH, Multifunctional enzyme (DNA polymerase) multi

enzyme complex (PDC) 2 hrs.

X. Metabolic regulation of Enzyme Activity - Feed back regulation, fine control of enzyme

activity. 3 hrs.

XI. Fast reactions - Stopped flow, temperature jump method with examples of enzymes. 2 hrs.


21/26

SEMESTER 8

MB 8.1 MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF GENE EXPRESSION

48 Hrs

I. Introduction - Historical perspective. Central dogma of molecular biology. 2 hrs

II. DNA - Antiparallel nature - nearest neighbour base frequency analysis. Replication of DNAsemi conservative nature - Messelson and Stahl experiment. Replication of double stranded DNA

- direction of replication discontinuous replication - Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase I II

and III DNA ligase, DNA topoisomerases fidelity of replication. Replication in viruses -

X174, single stranded DNA, rolling circle model. Application of microchlondrial DNA. 10

hrs

III. Nucleases: Classification, DNAses, RNAses, Endo and exo nucleases, Restriction endonucleases

. 4 hrs

IV. Transcription - Co linearity of genes and proteins RNA polymerase I II and III. RNA

biosyntehsis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes initiation, elongation and termination. RNA

dependent RNA synthesis - RNA replicase of QB virus. Processing of eukaryotic RNA cap

addition poly A tail addition, RNA editing. Processing of tRNA and mRNA transcripts.

8 hrs

V. Translation - Genetic code, triplet codon, universality features of the genetic code, assignment of

codons studies of Khorana, Nirenberg, triplet binding techniques, degeneracy, wobble hypothesis,

evolution of genetic code and codon usage, variation in the codon usage.8 hrs

VI. 3D structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome: ribosome, proteins synthesis initiation

elongation and termination. Role of mRNA and tRNA aminoacyl tRNA synthesis and its role in

translation accuracy, signal sequence. 8 hrs.

VII. Post translation modification of proteins signal cleavage, disulphide bond formation, O and

N-glycosylation, folding of nascent protein, role of chaperons, attachment of glycosyl anchor, and

other modifications. 8 hrs.


22/26

SEMESTER 8

MB 8.2 IMMUNOLOGY

48Hrs

I) Introduction: Historical development and milestones in immunology Contributions of Edward

Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Emilvon Behring & Kitasato, Metchinkoff, Primary and econdary

lymphoid organs Lymphatic system, Reticulo-endothelial system, Types of immunity, Innate &

Acquired. 4hrs

II) Non specific defenses in man: Barriers to infection skin, mucous membrane, inflammation,

phagocytosis. 3hrs

III) Complement system: Classical, alternate and lectin binding pathway, Generation of membrane

attach complex. Anaphylotoxins & Opsonine. 3hrs

IV) Antigens: Chemical nature & properties, Epitopes, Antigenecity, Immunogenecity, Valency of

antigens, Haptens. 3hrs

V) Antibodies: Structure, Classes and subclasses, Paratopes, Immunoglobulin variants Isotypes,

Allotypes & Idiotypes, Valency of antibody, Genetic basis of antibody diversity. 6hrs

VI -a) Immune responses: Primary and secondary, class switching. 1hr

VI b)MHC: Structure & functions-MHC antigens in man 2hrsVII) Vaccines: Vaccines and their preparations (traditional and recombinant vaccines) BCG, Polio,

DPT, HBV, Adjuvants. 2hrs

VIII) Cellular basis of immunity: Hematopoiesis, Biology of T-cells and B-Cells. T-cell subsets. T-

cell and B-Cell receptors. Antigen presenting cells and accessory cells (macrophages & dendritic

cells), T-cell and B-Cell co-operation, Antigen processing & presentation, Clonal selection,

Cytokines role in immunity. 8 hrs

IX) Transplantation: Tissue typing-Autograft, Isograft, Allograft & Xenograft. Graft versus host

reactions (GVHI). Immunosuppression. 2hrs

X) Hypersensitivity: Types of Hypersensitivity reactions. Types I, II, III & IV Anaphylexis.

2hrs

XI) Disorders of immunity: Immunological tolerance, Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency

disorders, SCID, AIDS. 4hrs

XII) Tumor immunology: Tumor associated antigens & Tumor specific antigens. Immune

surveillance, TNF & , , immunotherapy. 2hrs

XIII) Monoclonal antibodies preparations & applications. 2hrs


23/26

XVI) Immunological techniques: Preparations, agglutinations, Complement fixation,

Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunofluroscence, RIA & ELISA, Western blotting.

4Hrs.


24/26

SEMESTER 8

MB 8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING- I

48 Hrs.

I. Genetic Engineering - extraction and purification of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) from

biological sources. Gene cloning - genomic cloning, C-DNA cloning. Vectors - plasmids, phage,cosmids and phagemid, yeast cloning vectors, plant vectors, bacterial artifical chromosome,

SV40, shuttle vectors, phagemids construction of expression vectors. Restriction endonucleases -

blunt end and staggered cut. Isochizomers. Preparation of end labeled DNA, other labeling

methods, fluorescent labeling. Recombinant DNA techniques, Gene cloning in E.coli, cloning in

gram +ve Bacillus. 21hrs

II) Techniques - Blotting techniques - dot blot, southern, northern, western blot, DNA foot print

assay, DNA finger print assay, gel retardation assay nuclease protection assay. RFLP, RAPD,

PCR Ligation - blunt end ligation, use of linkers, colony hybridization, plaque hybridization.

Gene transfer techniques. Transgenic plants and animals, gene knockout.

18 hrs

III) PCR Concept, methodology, types and applications. 3hrs

IV) Genetic engineering in plants: Agrobacterium mediated transformation, basics & applied aspects.6hrs


25/26

SEMESTER 8

MB 8.4 MOLECULAR BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION

48 hrs

I. An overview of gametogenesis and fertilization 1 hr.

I. Molecular basis of early development and differentiation:Caenorhabditis elegans: Anterior- posterior axis formation, formation of the dorsal ventral and

right- left axes, control of blastomere identity. Differentiation of pharynx. 3 hrs.

Drosophila: Primary axis formation during oogenesis. Generating dorsal ventral pattern in embryo.

Segmentation and the anterior posterior body plan, segmentation genes, homeotic selector

genes. 4 hrs.

Mammals: Anteriorposterior axis formation, the dorsal ventral and right left axes in mice.

3 hrs.

II. Molecular basis of later development:

Differentiation of neural tubes and neurons. Myogenesis, osteogenesis, heart and angiogenesis.

Differentiation of pancreas. 10 hrs.

V. Reproductive biotechnology: Collection and cryopreservation ofgametes human and animals,

superovulation and collection of eggs, invitro- fertilisation (test tube baby), surrogate mothers.

3 hrs.

III. Development in plants:

i. Embryogenesis: Pattern formation, establishment of symmetry, Cell lineages positional control

2 hrs.

ii. Vegetative development: Embryonal axis meristems, Meristems as dynamic centers of cell

regeneration, Shoot, Leaf and Root Development Organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM);

Control of cell division and cell to cell communication; Molecular analysis of SAM; Leaf

development and differentiation, Development of dorsal and ventral symmetry in leaves;

Organization of root apical meristem (RAM); Root hair and trichome development; Cell fate and

lineages. 8 hrs.

iii. Transition to flowering: Vegetative meristems to inflorescence and floral meristems. Overview

of Photoperiodism and its significance, Vernalization and hormonal control. 2 hrs.

iv. Floral development: Formation of four whorls, stamen and carpel development, gametogenesis.

Genetic regulation of floral development. The ABC model for floral organ specification,

development of asymmetry in flowers. 8 hrs.

v. Fruit and seed development: maturation and germination of seeds 2 hrs.

vi. Parthenogenesis: Developmental routes to Parthenogenesis, Parthenocarpy, Apomixis

2 hrs.


26/26

SEMESTER 10

MB 10.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

48 Hrs

I. Introduction: Scope and significance of research methodology 2 hrs.

1. Good laboratory practices, Quality control. 4 hrs.

2. Review of literature, identifying the gaps and formulating the hypothesis. 2Hrs.

3. Research material: Use of taxonomic keys, Samples: Collection, transport, handling and

preservation of microorganisms, planktons, insects, animals from natural and lab bred

population. Water and air samples. Relevance of sample size. Culture and maintenance of

samples. Safe disposal of used and rejected samples and materials.

10Hrs.

4. Types of research studies: Collection of data sources; methods questionnaires, records,

archives; scaling Likert and Guteman scaling. 4 hrs.

5. Design of experiments: Cohort studies, Double blind, placebo control, crossover. Eg., UKPDS,

CUPS, Farmington), Clinical studies, toxicity studies.

4 hrs.

6. Selection methods: Reviewing, standardization of the methods, modification and experimental

design collection, analysis, statistical inference, presentation of the data.

4Hrs.

7. Review of research articles (To be done by students. Each student can select one paper review

and present it). 6 hrs.

8. Demonstration of writing a research proposal 2 Hrs.

9. Research proposal: The student will identify a topic for research and prepare a document with

the following information Back ground of research problems, Objectives, strategies for

experimental work, Expected results, preparation of rough draft and bibliography. The student

will also present and defend the research proposal, Evaluation of research proposal.

10Hrs.

even semester

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