everyday simplicity - the implications of everyday tasks for ubiquitous computing applications by...
DESCRIPTION
Talk at the AMCIS 2007 in Keystone (Colorado, USA) about Everyday Simplicity as a major concept for Ubiquitous Computing applications. I discuss several design elements and I describe a prototype of an application called "easymeeting" - a smart conference management system.TRANSCRIPT
EVERYDAY SIMPLICITY The Implications of Everyday Tasks For Ubiquitous Computing Applications
AMCIS 2007Denver, Colorado, USA
Florian Resatsch
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Structure
1. Current Ubiquitous Computing Studies
2. Why Everyday Tasks & Everyday Simplicity?
3. Design Principles of Everyday Tasks
4. Case Study Easymeeting and Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Structure
1. Current Ubiquitous Computing Studies
2. Why Everyday Tasks & Everyday Simplicity?
3. Design Principles of Everyday Tasks
4. Case Study Easymeeting and Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Research & Case Studies in Ubiquitous Computing
• We quickly started with Near Field Communication (NFC) as a main enabler for Ubiquitous Computing
• The mobile phone can be perfectly used as a „browser“ for RFID and real life data on it
• Mobile phones are everyday items• New Nokia phones integrate NFC capabilities • Similar to high frequency RFID tags,
NFC works on a 13.56 MHz frequency • Our case studys mostly use RFID or derivates
for consumer applications
(Example phone: Nokia 6131)
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Case Study 1 – Mobile Prosumer
• Display of relevant product information on the mobile phone.
• Modular and personalised information service at the point of sale
• Real-time monitoring of consumer behaviour
• Feedback channel producer and Retailer (CRM)
5
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Case Study – The Mobile Sales Assistant (MSA)
NFC/EPCISPrototype
Supports sales assistants at the point of sale
May also be for use to customers
Artifact difficult to built because of ONS/EPCIS
“Let me check....”
“Do you have these jeans
in size 28?”
6
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Case Study – News on the go
Contactless Competence Center
7
Project
Location
User
Tag
Handelsblatt
ContentHandelsblattInfo Tag
NFC enabledmobile Phone
HTTP requestwith tag UID
Handelsblattcontent
API/RSS
TOUCH
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Case Study – bluespot MAP
8
Picture copyright © Wall AG 2008
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Case Study - Currently running in Frankfurt Germany
• NFC Ticketing Service (Public Transport System)• First large scale NFC user test in Europe
( > 300 Participants)• Methodology: Monthly online survey (duration: 3
months)• Questionnaire / Evaluation on 7 topics
Picture copyright © RMV 2008
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Research Setup
Learnings from several smaller case studies
Mapping of hypotheses on large case studies -> Evaluation according learnings- Pilot studies
MobileProsumer
RMV
Retail
ÖPNV
IntegratedUbicompSystemPublicSpace
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5…
easymeeting
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Structure
1. Current Ubiquitous Computing Studies
2. Why Everyday Tasks & Everyday Simplicity?
3. Design Principles of Everyday Tasks
4. Case Study Easymeeting and Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
What are everyday tasks and why are they important?
• Everyday activities are conceptually simple
• Routine operations performed on a daily basis – eating, meeting with friends
• Structure of everyday activities minimizes
planning and mental computation
• An everyday task is rather boring, so we want to get it over with as quickly as possible (Examples: Buying tickets for public transport, payment at supermarket)
• An everyday task must therefore have either few choices at any point
• Everyday tasks are an important area for
Ubiquitous Computing (Support people)
(Sources: Maeda 2007, Norman 2005, Norman 1988)
Imagesource: forum.stanford.edu/.../photos/ng_robotplate.jpg
Robot learns to grasp everyday chores
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Example: Decision Trees as Starting Point (Ice cream)
a1
a2
a3
a4
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
b
Shallow decision tree Narrow decision tree
Firstdecision
Furtherchoices
1 2
a exit
exit
exit
exit
exit
(Norman 1999)
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Structure
1. Current Ubiquitous Computing Studies
2. Why Everyday Tasks?
3. Design Principles of Everyday Tasks
4. Case Study Easymeeting and Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Ubicomp - Design Set 1
Norman states classic design principles that make everyday design understandable (Norman, 1988).
• Visibility: The user can immediately tell the state of the device and the alternatives for action.
• Conceptual model: Consistency in the presentation of operations and a coherent system image.
• Mappings: The relationship between system state and what is visible, between controls and their effects, and between actions and actual results must be clear and easy to determine.
• Feedback: Full and continuous feedback about every action.
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Ubicomp – Design Set 2
Dey states three features of a context-aware application (Dey, 2001):• Presentation of information and services• automatic execution of a service • tagging of context to information to support later retrieval
www3.sympatico.ca/spacesbyrohan/context.html
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Ubicomp – Design Set 3
Marc Langheinrich stated four principles for use in Ubicompp environments (Langheinrich, 2002):
• Notice: A Ubicompp environment needs mechanisms to declare collection practices, but also efficient ways to communicate these to the user.
• Choice and consent: In order to give users a true choice, we need to provide a selection mechanism so that users can indicate which services they prefer.
• Proximity and locality: The system should support mechanisms to encode and use locality information for collected data that can enforce access restrictions.
• Access and recourse: The system needs to provide a way for users to access their personal information in a simple way through standardized interfaces. Users should be informed about the usage of their data once it is stored […].
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Combined to Ubicomp Design – Criteria Sets
Criteria Set 1: Everyday design(Norman, 1988)
Criteria Set 2: Context-awareness(Dey, 2001)
Criteria Set 3: Ubicomp principles(Langheinrich, 2002)
UbicompApplication
Further design criteria on information system design and infrastructure may apply (e.g. Fast response)
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Structure
1. Current Ubiquitous Computing Studies
2. Why Everyday Tasks?
3. Design Principles of Everyday Tasks
4. Case Study Easymeeting and Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Paper Case Study -> „easymeeting“?
• Easymeeting is a NFC prototype and case
study that was conducted in 2006/2007
• Simple NFC meeting room management
• Emphasis on unobtrusive use of
technology since meetings have a personal and social character
• Purpose of the case study was to show the
feasibility of developing everyday task Ubicomp applications and…
• to research if certain design criteria can be incorporated and evaluate the system
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Prototype and location in meeting room (Organization 1)
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
The paper prototype
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Example: Refill coffee
Touch & receive Coffee
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Nokia 6131NFC
Discover tagPerform action according stored ID
SMS2EMail GatewayConvert incoming SMS to email
and forward to predefined adress
Microsoft Exchange
ServerReceive e-Mail on Server and process rule
E-MailClient
WebbrowserReceive e-Mail or SMS on local clientand webbrowser (ticketing)
Initiate real world process
User interaction
Technical process
User interaction
Mobilephone
IT architecture overview
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Evaluation
Research framework Quantitative/qualitative survey
Method of data collection Personal interview with questionnaire
Period December 19th 2006 to February 6th 2007
Measuring method Quantitative: Interval 5-item-scale (Mostly UTAUT* Items)Qualitative: Questionnaire survey
Universe Two organizations with 25 employees (O1) up to 300 employees (O2)
Sample type Random
Sample number n=37 with n1=22 (O1) and n2=15 (O2)*(Venkatesh 2004)
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Evaluation – Highlights (Quantitative)
• Only 2.7% considered themselves to be very knowledgeable about RFID/NFC, while the majority of 24.3% knew nothing about RFID/NFC and 21.6% only very little.
• On performance expectancy, 32.4% found easymeeting very useful for
their work (strongly agree).
• Attitude toward the technology was also positive, with 35.1% strongly agreed to the statement “I like more applications such as easymeeting”
• Facilitating conditions: Although most of the participants rated their knowledge of RFID/NFC on a scale from 1 = none at all to 3 = neutral, 78% felt capable of using the application (see next slide). This shows that knowledge on RFID/NFC is unnecessary for the usage of an Ubicomp application but also implies that the used design criteria enforced simplicity.
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Evaluation
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Evaluation – Highlights (Quantitative)
• Ten participants had problems with the OK button on the mobile phone and others struggled with the internal Nokia screensaver.
• The prototype was attached to the wall in O1. Some said it would be better to place the tags on the table instead of the wall, because it is less obtrusive. Placing it on the table avoids unnecessary walking around during meetings.
• The built-in haptic feedback of the phone was considered helpful in determining visibility and feedback.
• Interestingly in O2 the main argument against future usage, were the previously introduced Blackberry handsets without NFC
• The main problem for most users was the location of the reader and
antenna within the phone.
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Structure
1. Current Ubiquitous Computing Studies
2. Why Everyday Tasks?
3. Design Principles of Everyday Tasks
4. Case Study Easymeeting and Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Institute of Electronic Business at the University of Arts Berlin
Structure
Conclusions
• It is very easy to set up a cheap, simple, grassroots Ubicomp information system with currently available standard components.
• We believe that such simple applications show a clear benefit to the
user and lead to further adoption of Ubicomp.
• The system has had no implications for the privacy concerns of end-users (Business Setting -> good opportunity)
• The design criteria obviously supported the development of the application. But: Future research needs to evaluate more specific and structured design principles in order to improve convenience of Ubicomp applications and the correlation of one design criteria to another.
• In particular, the simplicity of everyday tasks affords an opportunity to
start a grassroots initiative in ”tagging” the world around us.
Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination. John Dewey
ContactFlorian [email protected]