everything you need to know about dvi-d, hdmi, … you need to know about dvi-d, hdmi, displayport,...

Understanding Digital Video Technology

Everything You Need To Know About DVI-D, HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt And More

Your Presenter Is…Joe Cornwall, CTS-D, ISF-C, FOI, DSCE

Technology EvangelistLegrand N.A.

Understanding Digital AV Technology

• Convergence and Direction– Exploring how we got to this point– What is Analog Sunset and why is important?– A Farewell to LVDS

• Inside Digital Video– Sampling Rates and Bit Depth– Display Data Channel and EDID– High-Bandwidth Digital Copyright Protection– TMDS

Understanding Digital AV Technology and Systems

Digital Video Continued

• 15 Minute Break• Core Technologies For The Coming Years

– USB Type C– DisplayPort– HDMI – HDBaseT– Miracast and WiDi

• Questions & Discussion


Housekeeping

• Please mute your cell phones– “Noise is the most impertinent of all forms of interruption.

It is not only an interruption, but is also a disruption of thought.” - Arthur Schopenhauer

• Please ask questions!– Please ask questions at any time during this presentation

• Please take notes, use the handouts and use social media to keep in touch

– “The least of learning is done in the classrooms.” Thomas Merton


“Revolution is not a one time event.” ‐ Audre Lorde

How Did We Get Here?


The Evolution Of Video Systems


Information Theory

• Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering that exists at the intersection of mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and electrical engineering

• Digital files deliver maximum efficiency in information storage because bits are “fungible”!

– One typewritten page = 2 kb– One novel = 1 MB– Pickup truck full of books = 1 GB– 2 hour feature film in 1080p on DVD = 15GB– Actual information processed at 1080p = 358GB– 50,000 trees made into paper and printed = 1 TB


The Catalyst Of Change


Digital Millennium Copyright Act

• DMCA criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures (commonly known as digital rights management or DRM) that control access to copyrighted works. It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself

– ICT ̶ Image constraint token– DOT ̶ Digital-only token

• You Can Not Convert From Content Protected Digital To Analog!


It’s A Digital World

• Phones, Phablets, Tablets, Ultrabooks and Televisions all deliver interactive HD touchscreen capability

• Technologies for home and work are no longer differentiated

• The demand for device‐to‐deviceconnections will continue to increase


The Next Generation Are Digital Natives

• Intuitive integration of mobile and stationary assets

• Unfettered integration of work and personal technology

• Sensible integration of cloud, premise and local storage

• Uninterrupted access that blurs the lines between content and carrier


So Where Does This Leave A/V?

A/V lives in the last 100 meters -between the network drop and the human being. This is where interactivity, high quality images, rich sound and emotional impact are everything!


It’s Not Going To Be A Network Connection

• Today, over 50% of North American Internet traffic consists of YouTube and Netflix content

• There’s no simple way to shift the total connectivity of “the last 100 meters” to the LAN

“Performance is your reality. Forget everything else.” ─ Harold Geneen

What’s Driving A/V Change Today?


UltraHD Is Bigger Than Just 8 Million Pixels

• Shipments of 4K sets will surpass 5% of total annual TV shipments in 2017

• Installed base will rise to 66.2 million screens by the end of 2018

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” ─ Arthur C. Clarke


“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” ─ Arthur C. Clarke

Fundamental Concepts


Inside Analog and Digital Concepts

• Analog systems represent information using a continuous function

• A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous) values– Examples of historical digital systems

• Abacus• Braille• Morse Code

• Representing a varying physical quantity such as sound or light waves by means of discrete signals interpreted as numbers, usually in the binary system, as in a digital recording or digital television


Elements Of A Video Signal

• Video images are composed of three monochromatic “elements”

– Red– Green– Blue

• Frequency bandwidth of each signal in this system is proportional to detail resolution

• Amplitude of each color defines its intensity.

– Saturation


The Numbers Behind The Bits

• Analog signals are continuous in time– All waveforms consist of fundamental sine waves

plus harmonics

• Shannon‐Nyquist Theorum says > 2 samples are necessary to recreate a waveform

• Resolution is bound by sampling rate– Aliasing occurs when input frequency exceeds 2x

sampling frequency


Making Sense of Bit Depth

• 3 bits = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 total possible values, for example

• Each bit represents a step in voltage

• Values that fall between “steps” are lost information


Digital Rights Management

• High Bandwidth Digital Content Protection – HDCP– Because in the digital world there are no copies, only clones– Blom's Scheme is a symmetric threshold key exchange protocol used in cryptography– A trusted party gives each participant a secret key and a public identifier, which enables any two

participants to independently create a shared key for communicating– Keys updated after each encoded frame


Inside HDCP

• HDCP makes use of a three‐stage content protection process

– Device authentication and key exchange– Encryption of content– Key‐revocation procedures

• Unique keys are assigned to each device– Consists of up to 40 different 'secret or private' keys, each 56 bits long,

embedded in the device– For each set of keys, a special public key, called a “key selection vector”,

is created– ‘Combining’ an embedded key with a public key creates a temporary

session key, allowing for clear communication between the devices


Telling The Monitor What To Expect

• Display Data Channel• Extended Display Identification Data • DisplayID 1.3 (2013) is the most current

– Enables the display (sink) to communicate supported display modes to the source via a compact binary file format that describes the monitor's capabilities and supported graphics modes

– Stored in a read‐only memory chip programmed by the manufacturer of the monitor


USB Deview

“All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.” ‐ GALILEO GALILEI

Making Signals Easier To Transport


Transition Minimized Differential Signalling

• TMDS is a two‐stage process that converts a signal from parallel to serial and adds additional bits to balance DC

• Makes signals smaller by converting them from 8 bit to 10 bit– 8b/10b line coding ‐ 8‐bit data plus 2 bits of

control signals– 4 channels: red, green, blue, clock– Twisted pair for noise reduction– Current mode logic (CML), DC coupled and

terminated to 3.3 volts


The TMDS Algorithm

• TMDS adds a 9th bit to the digital word to “minimize” the transitions from digital ones to digital zeros─ This decreases high frequency content making the

signal more robust and easier to transport

• The algorithm then adds a 10th bit to provide for DC balancing─ DC balancing inverts the digital word so the signal

has an equal number of zeros and ones


“I have yet to see any problem, however complicated, which, when you looked at it in the right way, did not become still more complicated.” ̶ Poul Anderson

Typical Signal Flow


“A little learning is a dangerous thing but a lot of ignorance is just as bad.” ‐ Bob Edwards

Let’s Review


Reviewing what we have learned so far…

• “Analog Sunset” is the global transition from analog broadcasting and connectivity to a new, all‐digital topology

• Once we are in the digital domain, DMCA tells us we often can’t convert signals back to an analog configuration

• Analog signals are continuous, whereas digital is a series of discrete representations or “samples”

• RGB images use red, green, and blue, added together in various ways, to reproduce a broad array of colors.

• Sampling frequency and bit‐depth provide digital representations of signal bandwidth and amplitude respectively

• Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) is a method of minimizing data transitions using modified 8b/10b line coding

• Digital video content is protected by HDCP, which leverages key exchange and authentication protocols

• EDID provides a method for the display to “tell” the source about resolution, aspect ratio and bit depth


Break – 15 Minutes Please


“Technology is dominated by two types of people: those who understand what they do not manage, and those who manage what they do not understand.” ‐ Putt's Law

Putting This Technology To Work


SDI ‐ Serial Digital Interface

• SDI (1989)• HD SDI (1998)• 3G SDI (2006)

– 3 Gbit/s and 1080p– 16 Channels of

embedded audio

• 6G SDI– 6 Gbit/s and 4Kp30

• 12G SDI– 12 Gbit/s and 4Kp60

• 24G SDI– 24Gbit/s and 8Kp60

• SDI does Not use TMDS signal conditioning

• Not HDCP Compliant


Digital Visual Interface

• Designed in 1999, DVI was created to replace VGA

• Three variations of DVI– DVI‐A analog– DVI‐D digital– DVI‐I combines digital and analog in the same connector – Single link or dual link implementation

• DVI‐D uses TMDS conditioning• DVI‐D supports HDCP


Digital Visual Interface ‐ DVI

R RG G

BB S S

Dual Link

Dual Link

Dual Link


In December 2010, Intel, AMD, and several computer and display manufacturersannounced they would stop supporting DVI‐I, VGA and LVDS‐technologies by2015. These will be replaced by DisplayPort and HDMI.

"Legacy interfaces such as VGA, DVI and LVDS have not kept pace, and newer standards such as DisplayPort and HDMI clearly provide the best connectivity

options moving forward. In our opinion, DisplayPort 1.2 is the future interface for PC monitors, along with HDMI 1.4a for TV connectivity"

Are DVI Connections Obsolete?

“The future is much like the present, only longer.” – Dan Quisenberry

On To The 21st Century Technology


High Definition Multimedia Interface

• HDMI is the standard for accessing AV content from multimedia devices– Limited to about 20 meters direct connectivity

• Based on DVI‐D technology• Installed base is nearly 4 billion units

– Projected 19.7% industry combined annualized growth rate thru 2016

• New HDMI 2.0 standards support Increased functionality at UltraHD (4K) resolution


High Definition Multimedia Interface

RR

G G

B B

S SC

ECDD

CD

DC

DD

CH

EAC

+5V

HP


HDMI(e) & HEAC

HEAC is the HDMI Ethernet and Audio‐return Channel and supports up to 100Mbits data transfer. Signal selection is excusive.

HDMI 2.0 Features and Upgrades

UltraHD and 4K Video Support

Increase bandwidthfrom 10.2 to 18

Gbps

Noise Reduction System For TMDS

Lanes

Support foradditional color space formats including 4:2:0

Up To 21:9 AspectRatio Support

Multi‐streamVideo Capable

(MST)

CEC 2.0 Error correction

Improved audio ability with support to 32 channels

DisplayPort

Aux

Lane

0

Lane

2

Lane

1

Lane

3

Hot

Plu

gH

P R

etPo

wer

Con

fig


DisplayPort Tech Specs

• Native MST for extended desktop and multi‐display installations

– Up to 8.1 Gbit/s per lane

• Dual lane allocation supports UltraHD resolutions

• Supports RGB And YPrPb Color Spaces– Up to 16 bit color– Up to 8‐channels audio

• DP Embedded in new USB Type C Standard

DisplayPort Dual Mode supports passive conversion to HDMI or DVI

DP++ HDMI

CH 3

CH 2

CH 1

CH 0

Sync

GreenRed

Blue


Thunderbolt & Mini‐DP

• Thunderbolt is built on the Mini DisplayPort connector and can “shift” from TB to Mini-DP to HDMI based on configuration commands

• Thunderbolt uses data lanes for PCIe content and other “tunneling” data transport techniques


Caution, Sharp Turn Ahead!


Universal Serial Bus

• USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals– Replaced serial and parallel ports and eliminated the need for separate power supplies

• USB was born of the need for plug‐and‐play technology– Allows for “hot swapping” and connection of up to 127 downstream ports from a single host


USB Speed and Power Comparison

Version Year Low Speed Full Speed High Speed Super Speed Super Speed + Power Limit

1.1 1998 ■ ■ 500mA

2.0 2000 ■ ■ ■ 900mA* *during data transfer

3.0 2007 ■ ■ ■ ■ 900mA*

3.1 2013 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ You Won’t Believe Me!


7 Tiers Of Communication

• Ports, hubs and functions are connected in 7 layers

• Host always occupies tier 1• Hubs and connectivity extenders

occupy tiers 2 thru 6• Devices (functions) always occupy

tier 7, even if 2‐6 are empty• Beyond tier 7, additional

connections are not recognized


Analysis of USB Networks


The Need for Speed

• Increases conductor count from 4 to 9• USB 3.0 delivers 10 times faster performance

than USB 2.0 Hi Speed‒ 4.8Gbps versus 480Mbps

• Asynchronous full duplex operation• Better power efficiency, powers more devices

from a hub

The Importance of Eye Pattern

Due to eye pattern constraints, USB 3.0 is limited to about 3 meters link length in practice

“The cloning of humans is on most of the lists of things to worry about from science, along with behavior control, genetic engineering, transplanted heads, computer poetry and the unrestrained growth of plas c flowers.” ─ Lewis Thomas

Building The Future ‐ USB Type C


Symmetrical, Compact, Powerful…

The USB Type C Connector• Designed for 10,000 plug/unplug

cycles• Robust enough for laptops and

tablets; slim enough for mobile phones

“This next generation of USB technology opens the door for the invention of an

entirely new, super thin class of devices that consumers haven’t even seen yet”

Starting Rumors And Other Fun

• USB Type‐C cables, computers and devices have yet to hit the market, but are positioned to replace the legacy USB Type‐A plug which has been an industry standard for well over a decade.― “If Apple does opt to embrace the new USB Type‐C specification, a good

candidate for debuting the reversible ports could be the company's rumored 12‐inch MacBook Air with high‐resolution Retina display. Numerous reports have claimed that Apple is working on a new laptop with an entirely new, even thinner form factor, and that thinness could necessitate a switch to smaller USB Type‐C connectors.”

Apple Insider, September 2014

Yes, Apple confirmed it will move to USB Type C from

Thunderbolt!

Dissecting The USB Type C Pin‐Out

USB Type C Adapter Cables

Type C to Type B

Type C to Micro B

Type C to DisplayPort 1.1

Type C to Type A

“The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from.” − Andrew S. Tanenbaum

The Newest IEEE Standard!


HDBaseT

• HDBaseT is the IEEE standard for advanced digital media distribution– 100 meter connectivity based on TIA

practices – NOT ON THE LAN!– Any HDBaseT certified product will work with

any other HDBaseT certified product• Installed base will more than quintuple by 2016!

Pulse Amplitude Modulation 16 (PAM16)

0000 : 15

0001 : 13

0011 : 11

0010 : 9

0110 : 7

0111 : 50101 : 3

0100 : 1

1100 : ‐1

1101 : ‐3

1111 : ‐5

1110 : ‐7

1010 : ‐9

1011 : ‐11

1001 : ‐13

1000 : ‐15

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

nS

PAM16 TX Eye Pattern

One Symbol Period

TX Diff Peak

4bits Level

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

HDBaseT is using PAM16 symbols where each symbol is transmitted using one of 16 discrete, differential voltage levels, each representing 4 bits of data

PAM16 After the Channel


HDBaseT Daisy Chaining

Media Server

Up to 100m

Up to 100m

Up to 100m

HDBaseT™ Supports

Daisy Chain Architecture

Perfectly Suits

Digital Signage Installations


5Play™ Over a Single Cable

HDBaseTDisplay

HDBaseTSource

Video

Audio

Ethernet

Control

Power

100m/328ft Cat6 Cable

HD Video, Audio, Ethernet, Power and Controls on 100m Cable


HDBaseT & A/V

HDBaseTDisplay

HDBaseTSource

Video


Video• Full HD/3D and 2K/4K uncompressed video • Supports All HDMI 1.4 Formats• Multi-streaming capability• CEC, EDID, HDCP and more supported• Highest video quality with zero latency


HDBaseT & Ethernet

65

HDBaseTDisplay

HDBaseTSource

Video

100m/328ft Cat5e Cable

Ethernet• Standard 100BaseT Ethernet supported

• Fallback to standard Ethernet mode

Audio

Ethernet

HDBaseT & Control

HDBaseTDisplay

HDBaseTSource

Video


Control • Dedicated Control channel

• Consumer Electronic Controls (CEC), Recommended Standard (RS)‐232, USB and infrared (IR) supported

Audio

Ethernet

Control


HDBaseT & POH

HDBaseTDisplay

HDBaseTSource

Video


Power • Transmission of up to 100W of DC power

• Can power display devices such as 60’’ TV

• Inline with Energy‐Star standard

• No power outlet needed

Audio

Ethernet

Control

Power


“The most exciting breakthroughs of the 21st century will not occur because of technology, but because of an expanding concept of what it means to be human.” ‐ John Naisbitt

Connecting Without Wires


Airplay, Chromecast, FireTV, etc…

Network Connection

WiDi and Miracast


“If you're not scared or angry at the thought of a human brain being controlled remotely, then it could be this prototype of mine is finally starting to work.” ‐ John Alejandro King

The conclusion is the place where you get tired of thinking…


What We’ve (Hopefully) Learned…

• Analog sunset is a global phenomenon• The analog technology we’ve depended upon

for decades is on its last legs and will soon become obsolete

• HDCP compliance is imperative in digital media systems

• Network connectivity will not replace “the last 100 meters” of connectivity to the user/operator any time soon

• UltraHD will place new and unexpected demands on A/V design and integration performance

• HDMI is the standard for accessing A/V content from multimedia devices

• DisplayPort is the standard for accessing A/V content from IT devices

• HDBaseT is the standard for connecting digital media devices at length

• Miracast is a new standard that provides ex‐network wireless peer‐to‐peer connectivity

• USB Type C will have a profound impact on many categories of devices including portable and fixed A/V assets ‐ particularly the desktop environment


Questions?

“It is better to know some of the questions than all of the answers.” − James Thurber

Thank You!

everything you need to know about dvi-d, hdmi, … you need to know about dvi-d, hdmi, displayport,...

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