everything you wanted to know about apa…. but were afraid to ask
TRANSCRIPT
Everything you wanted to know about APA….
Everything you wanted to know about APA….
but were afraid to ask.but were afraid to ask.
Academic DepartmentsAcademic Departments
www.stfx.ca
http://www.stfx.ca/academic/psychology/
Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Participants
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Discussion
References
1Lab FormatLab Format
Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Sub Topic A
Sub Topic B
Sub Topic C
Conclusion
References
1Essay FormatEssay Format
Supporting Your ArgumentsSupporting Your Arguments
Paraphrase carefully
Always cite paraphrases
http://library.stfx.ca/help/plagiarism.php
Removing Bias in LanguageRemoving Bias in Language
Gender Neutral PronounsGender Neutral Pronouns
When an individual conducts this kind of self-appraisal, he is a much stronger person
When individuals conduct this kind of self-appraisal, they are much stronger persons.
Pronoun AgreementPronoun Agreement
The researcher was . . . they …Researchers were …… they
An individual………they …….. The individuals…….they ……
A participant was……they …..The participants were….they …..
People first, not disabilityPeople first, not disability
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
disabled person
defective child
mentally ill person
person with (who has) a disability
child with a congenital disability
child with a birth impairment
person with mental illness or psychiatric disability
Do not label people by their disabilityDo not label people by their disability
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
schizophrenics
epileptics
amputee
paraplegics
the disabled
the mentally ill
people who have schizophrenia
individuals with epilepsy
person with an amputation
individuals with paraplegia
people with disabilities
people with a mental illness or psychiatric disability
Overextending a disabilityOverextending a disability
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
the physically disabled
the learning disabled
chronic mental illness
individuals with a physical disability
children with specific learning disabilities
adult with mental retardation
long-term or persistent mental illness or psychiatric disability
Neutral ExpressionsNeutral Expressions
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
the physically disabled
the learning disabled
chronic mental illness
individuals with a physical disability
children with specific learning disabilities
adult with mental retardation
long-term or persistent mental illness or psychiatric disability
Issues of DesignationIssues of Designation
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
Sexual preference
The sample consisted of 200 adolescent homosexuals
It was subjects' sex, not their sexual orientation, that affected number of friendships.
Sexual orientation
The sample consisted of 100 gay male and 100 lesbian adolescents
It was subjects' gender, not their sexual orientation, that affected number of friendships.
Issues of DesignationIssues of Designation
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
Sexual preference
The sample consisted of 200 adolescent homosexuals
It was subjects' sex, not their sexual orientation, that affected number of friendships.
Sexual orientation
The sample consisted of 100 gay male and 100 lesbian adolescents
It was subjects' gender, not their sexual orientation, that affected number of friendships.
Problems of Evaluation Problems of Evaluation
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
Ten subjects were married and five were single.
AIDS education must extend beyond the gay male population into the general population.
Ten subjects were legally married, three were living with heterosexual partners, and two were living with lesbian partners
AIDS education must not focus only on selected groups.
Problems of EvaluationProblems of Evaluation
PROBLEMATIC PREFERRED
The sample included 400 undergraduate students.
The sample of 400 undergraduate students included 250 Whites (125 males and 125 females) and 150 Blacks (75 males and 75 females).
http://apastyle.apa.org/
Numbers and VariablesNumbers and Variables
X’s and O’s Xs and Os
In the 1990’s, In the 1990s
NumbersNumbers
Each of the nine participants was …….
Each of the 40 participants was…..
Forty participants were…….
NumbersNumbers
Grouped for comparison:
3 of 21 analyses
2 of the 20 responses
but
15 traits on each of four checklists (traits and checklists are not being compared)
NumbersNumbers
Representing mathematical functions:
3 times as many
more than 5% of the sample
NumbersNumbers
Representing time, dates, ages, sample, or population size:
2-year-olds
In about 3 years . . .
2 weeks ago
3 participants (but seven observers)
NumbersNumbers
Back-to-back modifiers:
2 two-way interactions
Ten 7-point scales
Twenty 6-year-olds
ReferencingReferencing
RefWorkswww.stfx.ca/
RefWorkswww.stfx.ca/
One recent study showed another link between stress and peer pressure, which ….. (McKenna, 2004).
McKenna (2004) showed another link between stress and peer pressure, which ……..
One AuthorOne Author
Two Authors – always use both namesTwo Authors – always use both names
The ethical implications are ……… (Majumder & Pencer, 2002).
Majumder and Pencer (2002) discussed ……....
3,4,or 5 Authors First Citation 3,4,or 5 Authors First Citation
They proved that ….. (Brebner, Lomore, & Edwards, 2004).
Brebner, Lomore, and Edwards (2004) proved that…...
3,4, or 5 Authors – Subsequent Citations 3,4, or 5 Authors – Subsequent Citations
Shorten to first surname et al.
The research proved that….(Chisholm et al., 2004).
Chisholm et al. (2002) discovered that…….
Six+ Automatically use first surname et al.Six+ Automatically use first surname et al.
They clarified their results by….
(MacLean et al., 2005).
MacLean et al. (2005) clarified the
results by………..
Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources
Stern (1975, as cited in Bigelow, 2002) described ……..
The researcher described….. (Stern, 1975, as cited in Bigelow, 2002).
Connell, D. (1997). Participatory
development: An approach
sensitive to class and gender.
Development Practice, 7(3), 248-
259.
Reference: Article from a JournalReference: Article from a Journal
Reference: Article with no DOI AssignedReference: Article with no DOI Assigned
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38–48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin. edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/ 7/1/100
Reference: Article with DOI AssignedReference: Article with DOI Assigned
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482–488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
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