evidence for evolution by natural selection
DESCRIPTION
Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection. Hunting for evolution clues… Elementary, my dear, Darwin!. Evidence supporting evolution. Fossil record shows change over time Anatomical record comparing body structures homology & vestigial structures embryology & development - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Evidence for Evolutionby
Natural SelectionHunting for evolution clues…
Elementary, my dear, Darwin!
![Page 2: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Regents Biology
Evidence supporting evolution Fossil record
shows change over time Anatomical record
comparing body structures homology & vestigial structures embryology & development
Molecular record comparing protein & DNA
sequences Artificial selection
human caused evolution
![Page 3: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Regents Biology
1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils
new layers cover older ones creates a record over time
fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth over a long period of time
![Page 4: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Regents Biology
Fossils tell a story…
the Earth is old
Life is old
Life on Earth has changed
![Page 5: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Regents Biology
Fossil of Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds
Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species
Evolution of birds
![Page 6: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Regents Biology
Land Mammal
????
Where are the
intermediate
fossils?
Ocean MammalSomeone’s idea of a joke!
But the joke’s on them!!
Complete seriesof transitional
fossils
We found the fossil — no joke!
![Page 7: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Regents Biology
Evolution from sea to land 2006 fossil discovery of early tetrapod
4 limbs Missing link from sea to land animals
![Page 8: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Regents Biology
3. Anatomical recordAnimals with different structures on the surface
But when you look under the skin…
It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors
![Page 9: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Regents Biology
Compare the bones The same bones under the skin
limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones
How could thesevery different animals
have the same bones?
![Page 10: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Regents Biology
Homologous structures Structures that come from the same origin
homo- = same -logous = information
Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats same structure
on the inside same development in embryo different functions
on the outside evidence of common ancestor
![Page 11: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Regents Biology
But don’t be fooled by these… Analogous structures
look similar on the outside
same function different structure & development
on the inside different origin no evolutionary relationship
Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
How is a birdlike a bug?
![Page 12: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Regents Biology
Analogous structures Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate
both adapted to life in the sea
not closely related
Watch the tail!
![Page 13: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Regents Biology
Convergent evolution 3 groups with wings
Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor?
Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving similar solutions to similar “problems”
NO!
They justcame up with the
same answer!
![Page 14: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Regents Biology
Convergent evolution led to mimicry Why do these pairs look so similar?
Monarch malepoisonous
Viceroy maleedible
fly bee moth bee
Which is the fly vs. the bee?Which is the moth vs. the bee?
![Page 15: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Regents Biology
Vestigial organs Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?
Because they used to
walk on land!
![Page 16: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Regents Biology
Comparative embryology Development of embryo tells an
evolutionary story similar structures during development
all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development
![Page 17: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Regents Biology
3. Molecular record
100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
LampreyFrogBirdDogMacaqueHuman
328 45 67 125
Comparing DNA & protein structure everyone uses the same genetic code!
DNA
compare common genes compare common proteins
number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin
![Page 18: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Regents Biology
Building “family” treesClosely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor
![Page 19: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Regents Biology
How do we know natural selection can change a population? we can recreate a similar process “evolution by human selection”
4. Artificial selection
“descendants” of wild mustard
![Page 20: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Regents Biology
Selective BreedingHumans create the change over time
“descendants” of the wolf
![Page 21: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Regents Biology
Artificial Selection…and the examples keep coming!
I liked breeding pigeons!
![Page 22: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Regents Biology
Artificial Selection gone bad! Unexpected
consequences of artificial selection
Pesticide resistance
Antibiotic resistance
![Page 23: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Regents Biology
Insecticide resistance Spray the field, but…
insecticide didn’t kill all individuals variation
resistant survivors reproduce
resistance is inherited insecticide becomes
less & less effective
![Page 24: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Regents Biology
![Page 25: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Any Questions??
![Page 26: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Natural Selection of Strawfish
How does natural selection affect genes? How do genes affect evolution?
![Page 27: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Regents Biology
1. No Predator PreferencesFISH ALLELES
blue green yellow blue yellow
Gen. 1 25% 50% 25% 50% 50%
Gen. 4 27% 55% 18% 55% 45%
No selection force in one specific direction. No clear pattern of change.
![Page 28: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Regents Biology
2. Predator Prefers BLUEFISH ALLELES
blue green yellow blue yellow
Gen. 1 25% 50% 25% 50% 50%
Gen. 4 13% 50% 37% 38% 62%
Selection against blue. Fewer blue fish and fewer blue alleles.
![Page 29: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Regents Biology
3. Predator Prefers GREENFISH ALLELES
blue green yellow blue yellow
Gen. 1 25% 50% 25% 50% 50%
Gen. 4 36% 28% 36% 50% 50%
Selection against green. Fewer green fish but same variation in alleles.
![Page 30: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Regents Biology
4. GREEN is Camouflaged FISH ALLELES
blue green yellow blue yellow
Gen. 1 25% 50% 25% 50% 50%
Gen. 4 20% 60% 20% 50% 50%
Selection against blue & yellow. More green fish but same variation in alleles.
![Page 31: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Regents Biology
Niche Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials
BurrowerMole
Anteater
Mouse
Lemur
Flyingsquirrel
Ocelot
Wolf Tasmanian “wolf”
Tasmanian cat
Sugar glider
Spotted cuscus
Numbat
Marsupial mole
Marsupial mouse
Anteater
Nocturnalinsectivore
Climber
Glider
Stalkingpredator
Chasingpredator
Parallel Evolution
marsupial mammal
placental mammal
filling similar roles in nature, so have similar adaptations
not closely related
![Page 32: Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051020/568165d6550346895dd8e393/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Regents Biology
Vestigial organs Structures on modern animals that have
no function remains of structures that were functional
in ancestors evidence of change over time
some snakes & whales have pelvis bones & leg bones of walking ancestors
eyes on blind cave fish
human tail bone