evidence for impact generated mass extinctions
TRANSCRIPT
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Evidence for Impact Generated Mass Extinctions
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The Cratering Record
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The Moon
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Impact Craters on the Earth
From Grieve 1993
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Barringer “Meteor” Crater, Arizona
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Impact History of the Earth and Moon
Sleep et al., Nature 342 139 (1989)
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Impact Event at the 65 myr old Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary
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Some Consequences of the KT Impact
• Severe ground shaking, Tsunami
• Injection of dust into stratosphere, global darkness global fires
• Atmospheric injection of CO2 from carbonate target, global warming
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65 myr old Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary
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Iceland
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Some Consequences of Volcanism
• Release of toxic pollutants, sulfur, CO2, fluorine, chlorine
• Environmental degradation of ecosystems and habitats (e.g. acid rain, ocean anoxia)
• Atmospheric injection of volcanic CO2 from eruptions, global warming
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Shocked Quartz, Microspherules, Tektites
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Soot from the 65 myr old K/T Boundary Clay
Stevns Klint, Denmark
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Buckminsterfullerene
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Kroto et al., Nature 318, p. 162 (1985)
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Kratschmer et al., Nature 347, p. 354 (1990)
Fullerene ‘Bucky’ Generator
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Extraction Protocol for Fullerene Carbon
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Noble Gas Incorporation in Graphitic Smokes
E. K. Olsen, T. D. Swindle, J. A. Nuth, F. Ferguson, LPSC XXXI, 2000
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Sublimation of Fullerenes
Toluene extractedfullerene from Swindleresidue. Fullerene canalso be sublimed directlyfrom the soot
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‘Window Mechanism’ for the encapsulation of atoms inside thefullerene cage.
A. B.
(A) C60 or buckminsterfullerene. (B) C60 with an atom inside.
(C) C60 with an atom inside and with a bond broken (open window).(D) Same molecule as (C) but with the atom moving out through thewindow.
C. D.
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Don Davis
Fullerenes at the 65 myr old KT Boundary
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Soot from the 65 myr old K/T Boundary Clay
Heymann et al., Science 256, 545 (1994)
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The Origin if Fullerenes at the KT Boundary
Possible scenarios for fullerenes in the KT impactdeposits are:
(1) the fullerenes were formed on impact
(2) the fullerenes were already present and survived theimpact or
(3) Fullerenes in the KT sediments were formed as a result of global wildfires triggered by the impact event(Heymann et al., Science 1994)
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KT Fullerene Results
Fullerenes isolated from several KTB sites worldwidecontained trapped helium that was similar tosome meteorites and interplanetary dust particles
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The Great Dying
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Fullerene Results from the PTB
The helium concentrations for both the Meishan, China and Sasayama, Japan PTB sediments are similar to the “planetary” component in meteorites (~1.4 x 10-4)
Measured 3He/36Ar also resembles the “planetary” ratio(as opposed to a solar gas reservoir)
The 40Ar/36Ar ratios are a mixture of air and “planetary”(75% to 25%) with an atmospheric 38Ar/36Ar ratio, alsoconsistent with a carbonaceous chondrite (e.g. Murchison)
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Noble Gas Results for PTB
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Impact TracersCarbon Isotopes
Carbon ‘Soot’
Iridium
Chixculub Crater
Shattercones
Fullerenes
Microspherules
Shocked Quartz
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The Permian-Triassic Boundary in Antarctica
Coal Sac Bluff, Queen Alexandra Range
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Fullerenes w/trapped Noble Gases at Graphite Peak, Antarctica
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Impact Site for the PTB?
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