evidence second batch

7/25/2019 Evidence Second Batch

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G.R. No. 94723 August 21, 1997

KAREN E. SALVACION, minor, thru !"!ri#o N. S$%&$#ion, 'r., ($th!r $n" N$tur$%Gu$r"i$n, $n" S)ous!s E*ERICO N. SALVACION, 'R., $n" EVELINA E.SALVACION,)!tition!rs,&s.CEN+RAL ANK O +-E -ILIINES, C-INA ANKING CORORA+ION $n" GREGAR+ELLI / NOR+-CO++,r!s)on"!nts.

In our )r!"is)osition to "is#o&!r th! 0origin$% int!nt0 o( $ st$tut!, #ourts !#om! th!

un(!!%ing )i%%$rs o( th! status quo. Lig%! "o ! r!$%i! th$t st$tut!s or !&!n#onstitutions $r! un"%!s o( #om)romis!s thron our $/ / th!ir (r$m!rs. n%!ss! !5!r#is! &igi%$n#!, th! st$tut! m$/ $%r!$"/ ! out o( tun! $n" irr!%!&$nt to our"$/.

+h! )!tition is (or "!#%$r$tor/ r!%i!(. It )r$/s (or th! (o%%oing r!%i!(s6

$. Imm!"i$t!%/ u)on th! 8%ing o( this )!tition, $n Or"!r ! issu!" r!str$ining th!r!s)on"!nts (rom $))%/ing $n" !n(or#ing S!#tion 113 o( C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No.9:;($&or in &io%$tion o( sust$nti&! "u! )ro#!ss gu$r$nt!!" / th! Constitutions )!tition (or $i% th! %$tt!r!s#$)!" (rom =$i%.

On !ru$r/ 2@, 19@9, th! #ourt gr$nt!" th! 8s#$%>s rg!nt E5$rt! Botion (or th!Issu$n#! o( J$rr$nt o( Arr!st $n" -o%" *!)$rtur! Or"!r. !n"ing th! $rr!st o( th!$##us!" Gr!g $rt!%%i / North#ott, th! #rimin$% #$s!s !r! $r#hi&!" in $n Or"!r"$t!" !ru$r/ 2@, 19@9.

B!$nhi%!, in Ci&i% C$s! No. @93214, th! 'u"g! issu!" $n Or"!r "$t!" !ru$r/ 22,19@9 gr$nting th! $))%i#$tion o( h!r!in )!tition!rs, (or th! issu$n#! o( th! rit o()r!%imin$r/ $tt$#hm!nt. A(t!r )!tition!rs g$&! on" No. 'CL D4 19@1 / G

Insur$n#! Cor)or$tion in th! $mount o( 1;;,;;;.;;, $ Jrit o( r!%imin$r/Att$#hm!nt $s issu!" / th! tri$% #ourt on !ru$r/ 2@, 19@9.

On B$r#h 1, 19@9, th! *!)ut/ Sh!ri o( B$$ti s!r&!" $ Noti#! o( G$rnishm!nt onChin$ $ning Cor)or$tion. In $ %!tt!r "$t!" B$r#h 13, 19@9 to th! *!)ut/ Sh!ri o(B$$ti, Chin$ $ning Cor)or$tion in&o!" R!)u%i# A#t No. 14; $s its $ns!r toth! noti#! o( g$rnishm!nt s!r&!" on it. On B$r#h 1, 19@9, *!)ut/ Sh!ri o( B$$tiArm$n"o "! Gum$n s!nt his r!)%/ to Chin$ $ning Cor)or$tion s$/ing th$t th!g$rnishm!nt "i" not &io%$t! th! s!#r!#/ o( $n "!)osits sin#! th! "is#%osur! ism!r!%/ in#i"!nt$% to $ g$rnishm!nt )ro)!r%/ $n" %!g$%%/ m$"! / &irtu! o( $ #ourtor"!r hi#h h$s )%$#!" th! su=!#t "!)osits in custodia legis. In $ns!r to this %!tt!ro( th! *!)ut/ Sh!ri o( B$$ti, Chin$ $ning Cor)or$tion, in $ %!tt!r "$t!" B$r#h2;, 19@9, in&o!" S!#tion 113 o( C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No. 9:; to th! !!#t th$t th!"o%%$r "!)osits or "!(!n"$nt Gr!g $rt!%%i $r! !5!m)t (rom $tt$#hm!nt,g$rnishm!nt, or $n/ oth!r or"!r or )ro#!ss o( $n/ #ourt, %!gis%$ti&! o"/,go&!rnm!nt $g!n#/ or $n/ $"ministr$ti&! o"/, h$tso!&!r.

+his )rom)t!" th! #ouns!% (or )!tition!rs to m$! $n in?uir/ ith th! C!ntr$% $nin $ %!tt!r "$t!" A)ri% 2, 19@9 on h!th!r S!#tion 113 o( C Cir#u%$r No. 9:; h$s$n/ !5#!)tion or h!th!r s$i" s!#tion h$s !!n r!)!$%!" or $m!n"!" sin#! s$i"s!#tion h$s r!n"!r!" nug$tor/ th! sust$nti&! right o( th! )%$inti to h$&! th! #%$imsought to ! !n(or#!" / th! #i&i% $#tion s!#ur!" / $/ o( th! rit o( )r!%imin$r/$tt$#hm!nt $s gr$nt!" to th! )%$inti un"!r Ru%! 7 o( th! R!&is!" Ru%!s o( Court.

+h! C!ntr$% $n r!s)on"!" $s (o%%os6

B$/ 2:, 19@9


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Bs. Er%in"$ S. C$ro%ino12 r!s. Osm!n$ A&!nu!South A"mir$% Vi%%$g!$r$n$?u!, B!tro B$ni%$

*!$r Bs. C$ro%ino6

+his is in r!)%/ to /our %!tt!r "$t!" A)ri% 2, 19@9 r!g$r"ing /our in?uir/ on S!#tion113, C Cir#u%$r No. 9:; D19@3.

+h! #it!" )ro&ision is $so%ut! in $))%i#$tion. It "o!s not $"mit o( $n/ !5#!)tion, norh$s th! s$m! !!n r!)!$%!" nor $m!n"!".

+h! )ur)os! o( th! %$ is to !n#our$g! "o%%$r $##ounts ithin th! #ountr/>s $nings/st!m hi#h ou%" h!%) in th! "!&!%o)m!nt o( th! !#onom/. +h!r! is no int!ntionto r!n"!r (uti%! th! $si# rights o( $ )!rson $s $s sugg!st!" in /our su=!#t %!tt!r.

+h! %$ m$/ ! h$rsh $s som! )!r#!i&! it, ut it is sti%% th! %$. Com)%i$n#! is,th!r!(or!, !n=oin!".

V!r/ tru%/ /ours,

DSG* AGAI+O S. A'AR*O

*ir!#tor1

B!$nhi%!, on A)ri% 1;, 19@9, th! tri$% #ourt gr$nt!" )!tition!rs> motion (or %!$&! tos!r&! summons / )u%i#$tion in th! Ci&i% C$s! No. @93214 !ntit%!" 0K$r!nS$%&$#ion, !t $%. &s. Gr!g $rt!%%i / North#ott.0 Summons ith th! #om)%$int $s $)u%ish!" in th! B$ni%$ +im!s on#! $ !! (or thr!! #ons!#uti&! !!s. Gr!g$rt!%%i ($i%!" to 8%! his $ns!r to th! #om)%$int $n" $s "!#%$r!" in "!($u%t onAugust 7, 19@9. A(t!r h!$ring th! #$s! !5)$rt!, th! #ourt r!n"!r!" =u"gm!nt in($&or o( )!tition!rs on B$r#h 29, 199;, th! "is)ositi&! )ortion o( hi#h r!$"s6

J-EREORE, =u"gm!nt is h!r!/ r!n"!r!" in ($&or o( )%$intis $n" $g$inst"!(!n"$nt, or"!ring th! %$tt!r6

1. +o )$/ )%$inti K$r!n E. S$%&$#ion th! $mount o( ;;,;;;.;; $s mor$% "$m$g!ss A#$"!m/ in $s$/ Cit/ ut h$sr!#!nt%/ tr$ns(!rr!" to Ar!%%$no ni&!rsit/ (or h!r s!#on" /!$r.

In th! $(t!rnoon o( !ru$r/ 4, 19@9, K$r!n $s $t th! %$$ $ir B$$ti Cin!m$S?u$r!, ith h!r (ri!n" E"n$ +$ngi%! hi%ing $$/ h!r (r!! tim!. At $out 363; ).m.hi%! sh! $s 8nishing h!r sn$# on $ #on#r!t! !n#h in (ront o( %$$ $ir, $nAm!ri#$n $))ro$#h!" h!r. Sh! $s th!n $%on! !#$us! E"n$ +$ngi%! h$" $%r!$"/%!(t, $n" sh! $s $out to go hom!. D+SN, Aug. 1, 19@9, )). 2 to

+h! Am!ri#$n $s!" h!r n$m! $n" intro"u#!" hims!%( $s Gr!g $rt!%%i. -! s$t !si"!h!r h!n h! t$%!" to h!r. -! s$i" h! $s $ B$th t!$#h!r $n" to%" h!r th$t h! h$s $sist!r ho is $ nurs! in N! or. -is sist!r $%%!g!"%/ h$s $ "$ught!r ho is $outK$r!n>s $g! $n" ho $s ith him in his hous! $%ong K$%$/$$n A&!nu!. D+SN, Aug.

1, 19@9, )). 4

+h! Am!ri#$n $s!" K$r!n h$t $s h!r ($&orit! su=!#t $n" sh! to%" him it>si%i)ino. -! th!n in&it!" h!r to go ith him to his hous! h!r! sh! #ou%" t!$#hi%i)ino to his ni!#!. -! !&!n g$&! h!r $ stu!" to/ to )!rsu$"! h!r to t!$#h hisni!#!. DId., )). :

+h!/ $%!" (rom %$$ $ir $%ong $song +$mo, turning right to r!$#h th!"!(!n"$nt>s hous! $%ong K$%$/$$n A&!nu!. D Id., ). :

Jh!n th!/ r!$#h!" th! $)$rtm!nt hous!, K$r!n noti#!" th$t "!(!n"$nt>s $%%!g!"ni!#! $s not outsi"! th! hous! ut "!(!n"$nt to%" h!r m$/! his ni!#! $s insi"!.

Jh!n K$r!n "i" not s!! th! $%%!g!" ni!#! insi"! th! hous!, "!(!n"$nt to%" h!rm$/! his ni!#! $s u)st$irs, $n" in&it!" K$r!n to go u)st$irs. D Id., ). 7


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)on !nt!ring th! !"room "!(!n"$nt su""!n%/ %o#!" th! "oor. K$r!n !#$m!n!r&ous !#$us! his ni!#! $s not th!r!. *!(!n"$nt got $ )i!#! o( #otton #or" $n"ti!" K$r!n>s h$n"s ith it, $n" th!n h! un"r!ss!" h!r. K$r!n #ri!" (or h!%) ut"!(!n"$nt str$ng%!" h!r. -! too $ )$#ing t$)! $n" h! #o&!r!" h!r mouth ith it$n" h! #ir#%!" it $roun" h!r h!$". D Id., ). 7

+h!n, "!(!n"$nt su""!n%/ )ush!" K$r!n to$r"s th! !" hi#h $s =ust n!$r th!"oor. -! ti!" h!r (!!t $n" h$n"s s)r!$" $)$rt to th! !" )osts. -! n!%t in (ront o(h!r $n" ins!rt!" his 8ng!r in h!r s!5 org$n. Sh! (!%t s!&!r! )$in. Sh! tri!" to shoutut no soun" #ou%" #om! out !#$us! th!r! !r! t$)!s on h!r mouth. Jh!n"!(!n"$nt ith"r! his 8ng!r it $s (u%% o( %oo" $n" K$r!n (!%t mor! )$in $(t!r th!ith"r$$% o( th! 8ng!r. DId., ). @

-! th!n got $ 'ohnson>s $/ Oi% $n" h! $))%i!" it to his s!5 org$n $s !%% $s to h!rs!5 org$n. A(t!r th$t h! (or#!" his s!5 org$n into h!r ut h! $s not $%! to "o so.Jhi%! h! $s "oing it, K$r!n (oun" it "iM#u%t to r!$th! $n" sh! )!rs)ir!" $ %othi%! (!!%ing s!&!r! )$in. Sh! m!r!%/ )r!sum!" th$t h! $s $%! to ins!rt his s!5org$n $ %itt%!, !#$us! sh! #ou%" not s!!. K$r!n #ou%" not r!#$%% ho %ong th!"!(!n"$nt $s in th$t )osition. DId. )). @9

A(t!r th$t, h! stoo" u) $n" !nt to th! $throom to $sh. -! $%so to%" K$r!n to t$!$ sho!r $n" h! unti!" h!r h$n"s. K$r!n #ou%" on%/ h!$r th! soun" o( th! $t!rhi%! th! "!(!n"$nt, sh! )r!sum!", $s in th! $throom $shing his s!5 org$n.

Jh!n sh! too $ sho!r mor! %oo" #$m! out (rom h!r. In th! m!$ntim!, "!(!n"$nt#h$ng!" th! m$ttr!ss !#$us! it $s (u%% o( %oo". A(t!r th! sho!r, K$r!n $s$%%o!" / "!(!n"$nt to s%!!). Sh! (!%% $s%!!) !#$us! sh! got tir!" #r/ing. +h!in#i"!nt h$))!n!" $t $out 46;; ).m. K$r!n h$" no $/ o( "!t!rmining th! !5$#ttim! !#$us! "!(!n"$nt r!mo&!" h!r $t#h. *!(!n"$nt "i" not #$r! to gi&! h!r (oo"!(or! sh! !nt to s%!!). K$r!n o! u) $t $out @6;; o>#%o# th! (o%%oingmorning. DId., )). 91;

+h! (o%%oing "$/, !ru$r/ , 19@9, $ Sun"$/, $(t!r $ r!$($st o( is#uit $n" #o!$t $out @63; to 96;; $.m. "!(!n"$nt r$)!" K$r!n hi%! sh! $s sti%% %!!"ing. or%un#h, th!/ $%so too is#uit $n" #o!. Sh! $s r$)!" (or th! s!#on" tim! $t $out126;; to 26;; ).m. In th! !&!ning, th!/ h$" ri#! (or "inn!r hi#h "!(!n"$nt h$"stor!" "onst$irs< it $s h! ho #oo!" th! ri#! th$t is h/ it %oos %i! 0%ug$0. orth! thir" tim!, K$r!n $s r$)!" $g$in "uring th! night. *uring thos! thr!! tim!s"!(!n"$nt su##!!"!" in ins!rting his s!5 org$n ut sh! #ou%" not s$/ h!th!r th!org$n $s ins!rt!" ho%%/.

K$r!n "i" not s!! $n/ 8r!$rm or $n/ %$"!" !$)on. +h! "!(!n"$nt "i" not ti! h!rh$n"s $n" (!!t nor )ut $ t$)! on h!r mouth $n/mor! ut sh! "i" not #r/ (or h!%) (or(!$r th$t sh! might ! i%%!"< !si"!s, $%% th! in"os $n" "oors !r! #%os!". An"!&!n i( sh! shout!" (or h!%), noo"/ ou%" h!$r h!r. Sh! $s so $(r$i" th$t i(som!o"/ ou%" h!$r h!r $n" ou%" ! $%! to #$%% th! )o%i#!, it $s sti%% )ossi%!th$t $s sh! $s sti%% insi"! th! hous!, "!(!n"$nt might i%% h!r. !si"!s, th!"!(!n"$nt "i" not %!$&! th$t Sun"$/, ru%ing out h!r #h$n#! to #$%% (or h!%). Atnighttim! h! s%!)t ith h!r $g$in. D+SN, Aug. 1, 19@9, )). 1214

On !ru$r/ :, 19@9, Bon"$/, K$r!n $s r$)!" thr!! tim!s, on#! in th! morning (orthirt/ minut!s $(t!r $ r!$($st o( is#uits< $g$in in th! $(t!rnoon< $n" $g$in in th!

!&!ning. At 8rst, K$r!n "i" not no th$t th!r! $s $ in"o !#$us! !&!r/thing$s #o&!r!" / $ #$r)!t, unti% "!(!n"$nt o)!n!" th! in"o (or $roun" 8(t!!nminut!s or %!ss to %!t som! $ir in, $n" sh! (oun" th$t th! in"o $s #o&!r!" /st/ro(o$m $n" )%/oo". A(t!r th$t, h! $g$in #%os!" th! in"o ith $ h$mm!r $n"h! )ut th! st/ro(o$m, )%/oo", $n" #$r)!t $#. D Id., )). 141

+h$t Bon"$/ !&!ning, K$r!n h$" $ #h$n#! to #$%% (or h!%), $%though "!(!n"$nt %!(tut !)t th! "oor #%os!". Sh! !nt to th! $throom $n" s$ $ sm$%% in"o#o&!r!" / st/ro(o$m $n" sh! $%so s)ott!" $ sm$%% ho%!. Sh! st!))!" on th! o%$n" sh! #ri!" (or h!%) through th! ho%!. Sh! #ri!"6 0Maawa no po kayo soakin. Tulungan n'yo akong makalabas dito. Kinidnap ako0 Som!o"/ h!$r" h!r. It$s $ om$n, )ro$%/ $ n!ighor, ut sh! got $ngr/ $n" s$i" sh! $s 0 istorbo0.K$r!n )%!$"!" (or h!%) $n" th! om$n to%" h!r to s%!!) $n" sh! i%% #$%% th! )o%i#!.Sh! 8n$%%/ (!%% $s%!!) ut no )o%i#!m$n #$m!. D+SN, Aug. 1, 19@9, )). 11:

Sh! o! u) $t :6;; o>#%o# th! (o%%oing morning, $n" sh! s$ "!(!n"$nt in !",this tim! s%!!)ing. Sh! $it!" (or him to $! u). Jh!n h! o! u), h! $g$in gotsom! (oo" ut h! $%$/s !)t th! "oor %o#!". As usu$%, sh! $s m!r!%/ (!" ithis#uit $n" #o!. On th$t "$/, !ru$r/ 7, 19@9, sh! $s $g$in r$)!" thr!! tim!s.

+h! 8rst $t $out :63; to 76;; $.m., th! s!#on" $t $out @63; 96;;, $n" th! thir"$s $(t!r %un#h $t 126;; noon. A(t!r h! h$" r$)!" h!r (or th! s!#on" tim! h! %!(t uton%/ (or $ short hi%!. )on his r!turn, h! #$ught h!r shouting (or h!%) ut h! "i"not un"!rst$n" h$t sh! $s shouting $out. A(t!r sh! $s r$)!" th! thir" tim!, h!

%!(t th! hous!. D+SN, Aug. 1, 19@9, )). 1:17 Sh! $g$in !nt to th! $throom $n"shout!" (or h!%). A(t!r shouting (or $out 8&! minut!s, sh! h!$r" m$n/ &oi#!s. +h!&oi#!s !r! $sing (or h!r n$m! $n" sh! g$&! h!r n$m! $s K$r!n S$%&$#ion. A(t!r $hi%!, sh! h!$r" $ &oi#! o( $ om$n s$/ing th!/ i%% =ust #$%% th! )o%i#!. +h!/ !r!$%so t!%%ing h!r to #h$ng! h!r #%oth!s. Sh! !nt (rom th! $throom to th! room utsh! "i" not #h$ng! h!r #%oth!s !ing $(r$i" th$t shou%" th! n!ighors #$%% (or th!)o%i#! $n" th! "!(!n"$nt s!! h!r in "i!r!nt #%oth!s, h! might i%% h!r. At th$t tim!sh! $s !$ring $ +shirt o( th! Am!ri#$n !#$us! th! %$tt!r $sh!" h!r "r!ss. DId.,). 1:

A(t!r$r"s, "!(!n"$nt $rri&!" $n" h! o)!n!" th! "oor. -! $s!" h!r i( sh! h$"$s!" (or h!%) !#$us! th!r! !r! m$n/ )o%i#!m!n outsi"! $n" sh! "!ni!" it. -!to%" h!r to #h$ng! h!r #%oth!s, $n" sh! "i" #h$ng! to th! on! sh! $s !$ring on

S$tur"$/. -! instru#t!" h!r to t!%% th! )o%i#! th$t sh! %!(t hom! $n" i%%ing%/< th!nh! !nt "onst$irs ut h! %o#!" th! "oor. Sh! #ou%" h!$r )!o)%! #on&!rsing utsh! #ou%" not un"!rst$n" h$t th!/ !r! s$/ing. D Id., ). 19

Jh!n sh! h!$r" th! &oi#!s o( m$n/ )!o)%! ho !r! #on&!rsing "onst$irs, sh!no#!" r!)!$t!"%/ $t th! "oor $s h$r" $s sh! #ou%". Sh! h!$r" som!o"/ goingu)st$irs $n" h!n th! "oor $s o)!n!", sh! s$ $ )o%i#!m$n. +h! )o%i#!m$n $s!"h!r n$m! $n" th! r!$son h/ sh! $s th!r!. Sh! to%" him sh! $s i"n$))!".*onst$irs, h! s$ $out 8&! )o%i#!m!n in uni(orm $n" th! "!(!n"$nt $s t$%ingto th!m. 0Nakikipag-areglo po sa mga pulis,0 K$r!n $""!". 0+h! )o%i#!m$n to%" himto =ust !5)%$in $t th! )r!#in#t. DId., ). 2;

+h!/ !nt out o( th! hous! $n" sh! s$ som! o( h!r n!ighors in (ront o( th! hous!.+h!/ ro"! th! #$r o( $ #!rt$in )!rson sh! #$%%!" Ku/$ o/ tog!th!r ith "!(!n"$nt,th! )o%i#!m$n, $n" to o( h!r n!ighors hom sh! #$%%!" Ku/$ ong L$#son $n"on! At! Nit$. +h!/ !r! rought to SuSt$tion I $n" th!r! sh! $s in&!stig$t!" /


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$ )o%i#!m$n. At $out 26;; $.m., h!r ($th!r $rri&!", (o%%o!" / h!r moth!r tog!th!rith som! o( th!ir n!ighors. +h!n th!/ !r! rought to th! s!#on" oor o( th!)o%i#! h!$"?u$rt!rs. DId., ). 21

At th! h!$"?u$rt!rs, sh! $s $s!" s!&!r$% ?u!stions / th! in&!stig$tor. +h!ritt!n st$t!m!nt sh! g$&! to th! )o%i#! $s m$r!" $s E5hiit A. +h!n th!/)ro#!!"!" to th! N$tion$% ur!$u o( In&!stig$tion tog!th!r ith th! in&!stig$tor $n"h!r )$r!nts. At th! NI, $ "o#tor, $ m!"i#o%!g$% oM#!r, !5$min!" h!r )ri&$t! )$rts.It $s $%r!$"/ 36;; in th! !$r%/ morning o( th! (o%%oing "$/ h!n th!/ r!$#h!" th!NI. D+SN, Aug. 1, 19@9, ). 22 +h! 8n"ings o( th! m!"i#o%!g$% oM#!r h$s !!nm$r!" $s E5hiit .

Sh! $s stu"/ing $t th! St. B$r/>s A#$"!m/ in $s$/ Cit/ $t th! tim! o( th! in#i"!ntut sh! sus!?u!nt%/ tr$ns(!rr!" to A)o%in$rio B$ini, Ar!%%$no ni&!rsit/, situ$t!"$%ong +$(t A&!nu!, !#$us! sh! $s $sh$m!" to ! th! su=!#t o( #on&!rs$tion inth! s#hoo%. Sh! 8rst $))%i!" (or tr$ns(!r to 'os! A$" S$ntos, Ar!%%$no ni&!rsit/$%ong +$(t A&!nu! n!$r th! L ight R$i% +r$nsit St$tion ut sh! $s "!ni!" $"mission$(t!r sh! to%" th! s#hoo% th! tru! r!$son (or h!r tr$ns(!r. +h! r!$son (or th!ir "!ni$%$s th$t th!/ might ! im)%i#$t!" in th! #$s!. D+SN, Aug. 1, 19@9, ). 4:

555 555 555

A(t!r th! in#i"!nt, K$r!n h$s #h$ng!" $ %ot. Sh! "o!s not )%$/ ith h!r roth!r $n"sist!r $n/mor!, $n" sh! is $%$/s in $ st$t! o( sho#< sh! h$s !!n $s!ntmin"!"$n" is $sh$m!" !&!n to go out o( th! hous!. D+SN, S!)t. 12, 19@9, ). 1; Sh!$))!$rs to ! r!st%!ss or s$", DId., ). 11 +h! ($th!r )r$/s (or ;;,;;;.;; mor$%"$m$g!s (or K$r!n (or this sho#ing !5)!ri!n#! hi#h )ro$%/, sh! ou%" $%$/sr!#$%% unti% sh! r!$#h!s o%" $g!, $n" h! is not sur! i( sh! #ou%" !&!r r!#o&!r (rom this!5)!ri!n#!. D+SN, S!)t. 24, 19@9, )). 1;11

ursu$nt to $n Or"!r gr$nting %!$&! to )u%ish noti#! o( "!#ision, s$i" noti#! $s)u%ish!" in th! B$ni%$ u%%!tin on#! $ !! (or thr!! #ons!#uti&! !!s. A(t!r th!%$)s! o( 8(t!!n D1 "$/s (rom th! "$t! o( th! %$st )u%i#$tion o( th! noti#! o(

=u"gm!nt $n" th! "!#ision o( th! tri$% #ourt h$" !#om! 8n$%, )!tition!rs tri!" to!5!#ut! on $rt!%%i>s "o%%$r "!)osit ith Chin$ $ning Cor)or$tion. Li!is!, th!

$n in&o!" S!#tion 113 o( C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No. 9:;.

+hus, )!tition!rs "!#i"!" to s!! r!%i!( (rom this Court.

+h! issu!s r$is!" $n" th! $rgum!nts $rti#u%$t!" / th! )$rti!s oi% "on to to6

B$/ this Court !nt!rt$in th! inst$nt )!tition "!s)it! th! ($#t th$t origin$% =uris"i#tionin )!titions (or "!#%$r$tor/ r!%i!( r!sts ith th! %o!r #ourtP Shou%" S!#tion 113 o(C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No. 9:; $n" S!#tion @ o( R.A. :42:, $s $m!n"!" / .*. 124:,oth!ris! non $s th! or!ign Curr!n#/ *!)osit A#t ! m$"! $))%i#$%! to $(or!ign tr$nsi!ntP

!tition!rs $&!r $s h!r!to(or! st$t!" th$t S!#tion 113 o( C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No.9:; )ro&i"ing th$t 0or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits sh$%% ! !5!m)t (rom $tt$#hm!nt,g$rnishm!nt, or $n/ oth!r or"!r or )ro#!ss o( $n/ #ourt, %!gis%$ti&! o"/,

go&!rnm!nt $g!n#/ or $n/ $"ministr$ti&! o"/ h$tso!&!r.0 shou%" ! $"=u"g!" $sun#onstitution$% on th! groun"s th$t6 1. it h$s t$!n $$/ th! right o( )!tition!rs toh$&! th! $n "!)osit o( "!(!n"$nt Gr!g $rt!%%i / North#ott g$rnish!" to s$tis(/ th!

=u"gm!nt r!n"!r!" in )!tition!rs> ($&or in &io%$tion o( sust$nti&! "u! )ro#!ssgu$r$nt!!" / th! Constitution< 2. it h$s gi&!n (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)ositors $nun"u! ($&or or $ #%$ss )ri&i%!g! in &io%$tion o( th! !?u$% )rot!#tion #%$us! o( th!Constitution< 3. it h$s )ro&i"!" $ s$(! h$&!n (or #rimin$%s %i! th! h!r!in r!s)on"!ntGr!g $rt!%%i / North#ott sin#! #rimin$%s #ou%" !s#$)! #i&i% %i$i%it/ (or th!ir rong(u%$#ts / m!r!%/ #on&!rting th!ir mon!/ to $ (or!ign #urr!n#/ $n" "!)ositing it in $(or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osit $##ount ith $n $uthori!" $n< $n" 4. +h! Bon!t$r/o$r", in issuing S!#tion 113 o( C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No. 9:; h$s !5#!!"!" its

"!%!g$t!" ?u$si%!gis%$ti&! )o!r h!n it too $$/6 $. th! )%$intis sust$nti&!right to h$&! th! #%$im sought to ! !n(or#!" / th! #i&i% $#tion s!#ur!" / $/ o(th! rit o( )r!%imin$r/ $tt$#hm!nt $s gr$nt!" / Ru%! 7 o( th! R!&is!" Ru%!s o(Court< . th! )%$intis sust$nti&! right to h$&! th! =u"gm!nt #r!"it s$tis8!" /$/ o( th! rit o( !5!#ution out o( th! $n "!)osit o( th! =u"gm!nt "!tor $sgr$nt!" to th! =u"gm!nt #r!"itor / Ru%! 39 o( th! R!&is!" Ru%!s o( Court, hi#h is!/on" its )o!r to "o so.

On th! oth!r h$n", r!s)on"!nt C!ntr$% $n, in its Comm!nt $%%!g!s th$t th!Bon!t$r/ o$r" in issuing S!#tion 113 o( C Cir#u%$r No. 9:; "i" not !5#!!" its)o!r or $uthorit/ !#$us! th! su=!#t S!#tion is #o)i!" &!r$tim (rom $ )ortion o(R.A. No. :42: $s $m!n"!" / .*. 124:. -!n#!, it $s not th! Bon!t$r/ o$r" th$tgr$nts !5!m)tion (rom $tt$#hm!nt or g$rnishm!nt to (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits, utth! %$ DR.A. :42: $s $m!n"!" its!%(< th$t it "o!s not &io%$t! th! sust$nti&! "u!)ro#!ss gu$r$nt!!" / th! Constitution !#$us! $. it $s $s!" on $ %$< . th!%$ s!!ms to ! r!$son$%!< #. it is !n(or#!" $##or"ing to r!gu%$r m!tho"s o()ro#!"ur!< $n" ". it $))%i!s to $%% m!m!rs o( $ #%$ss.

E5)$n"ing, th! C!ntr$% $n s$i"< th$t on! r!$son (or !5!m)ting th! (or!ign#urr!n#/ "!)osits (rom $tt$#hm!nt, g$rnishm!nt or $n/ oth!r or"!r or )ro#!ss o($n/ #ourt, is to $ssur! th! "!&!%o)m!nt $n" s)!!"/ groth o( th! or!ign Curr!n#/*!)osit S/st!m $n" th! Oshor! $ning S/st!m in th! hi%i))in!s< th$t $noth!rr!$son is to !n#our$g! th! ino o( (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits into th! $ninginstitutions th!r!/ )%$#ing su#h institutions mor! in $ )osition to )ro)!r%/ #h$nn!%th! s$m! to %o$ns $n" in&!stm!nts in th! hi%i))in!s, thus "ir!#t%/ #ontriuting to

th! !#onomi# "!&!%o)m!nt o( th! #ountr/< th$t th! su=!#t s!#tion is !ing !n(or#!"$##or"ing to th! r!gu%$r m!tho"s o( )ro#!"ur!< $n" th$t it $))%i!s to $%% (or!ign#urr!n#/ "!)osits m$"! / $n/ )!rson $n" th!r!(or! "o!s not &io%$t! th! !?u$%)rot!#tion #%$us! o( th! Constitution.

R!s)on"!nt C!ntr$% $n (urth!r $&!rs th$t th! ?u!stion!" )ro&ision is n!!"!" to)romot! th! )u%i# int!r!st $n" th! g!n!r$% !%($r!< th$t th! St$t! #$nnot =ust st$n"i"%/ / hi%! $ #onsi"!r$%! s!gm!nt o( th! so#i!t/ su!rs (rom !#onomi# "istr!sss rights to s$i" $$r" o( "$m$g!s< in this #$s!, th! &i#tim>s #%$im (or"$m$g!s (rom this $%i!n ho h$" th! g$%% to rong $ #hi%" o( t!n"!r /!$rs o( $#ountr/ h!r! h! is $ m!r! &isitor. +his (urth!r i%%ustr$t!s th! $ in th! ?u!stion!")ro&isions.

It is orth m!ntioning th$t R.A. No. :42: $s !n$#t!" in 19@3 or $t $ tim! h!n th!#ountr/>s !#onom/ $s in $ sh$m%!s< h!n (or!ign in&!stm!nts !r! minim$% $n")r!sum$%/, this $s th! r!$son h/ s$i" st$tut! $s !n$#t!". ut th! r!$%iti!s o(th! )r!s!nt tim!s sho th$t th! #ountr/ h$s r!#o&!r!" !#onomi#$%%/< $n" !&!n i(not, th! ?u!stion!" %$ sti%% "!ni!s thos! !ntit%!" to "u! )ro#!ss o( %$ (or !ingunr!$son$%! $n" o))r!ssi&!. +h! int!ntion o( th! ?u!stion!" %$ m$/ ! goo"

h!n !n$#t!". +h! %$ ($i%!" to $nti#i)$t! th! ini?uitous !!#ts )ro"u#ing outrightin=usti#! $n" in!?u$%it/ su#h $s th! #$s! !(or! us.

It h$s thus !!n s$i" th$t

ut I $%so no,th$t %$s $n" institutions must go h$n" in h$n" ith th! )rogr!sso( th! hum$n min". As th$t !#om!s mor! "!&!%o)!", mor! !n%ight!n!", $s n!"is#o&!ri!s $r! m$"!, n! truths $r! "is#%os!" $n" m$nn!rs $n" o)inions #h$ng!ith th! #h$ng! o( #ir#umst$n#!s, institutions must $"&$n#! $%so, $n" !!) )$#!ith th! tim!s. . . J! might $s !%% r!?uir! $ m$n to !$r sti%% th! #o$t hi#h 8tt!"him h!n $ o/, $s #i&i%i!" so#i!t/ to r!m$in !&!r un"!r th! r!gim!n o( th!ir$r$rous $n#!stors.

In his Comm!nt, th! So%i#itor G!n!r$% #orr!#t%/ o)in!", thus6

+h! )r!s!nt )!tition h$s ($rr!$#hing im)%i#$tions on th! right o( $ n$tion$% to ot$inr!"r!ss (or $ rong #ommitt!" / $n $%i!n ho t$!s r!(ug! un"!r $ %$ $n"r!gu%$tion )romu%g$t!" (or $ )ur)os! hi#h "o!s not #ont!m)%$t! th! $))%i#$tionth!r!o( !n&is$g!" / th! $%i!n. Bor! s)!#i8#$%%/, th! )!tition r$is!s th! ?u!stionh!th!r th! )rot!#tion $g$inst $tt$#hm!nt, g$rnishm!nt or oth!r #ourt )ro#!ss$##or"!" to (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits / * No. 124: $n" C Cir#u%$r No. 9:;$))%i!s h!n th! "!)osit "o!s not #om! (rom $ %!n"!r or in&!stor ut (rom $ m!r!tr$nsi!nt or tourist ho is not !5)!#t!" to m$int$in th! "!)osit in th! $n (or %ong.

+h! r!so%ution o( this ?u!stion is im)ort$nt (or th! )rot!#tion o( n$tion$%s ho $r!&i#timi!" in th! (orum / (or!ign!rs ho $r! m!r!%/ )$ssing through.

555 555 555


6/118

. . . R!s)on"!nts Chin$ $ning Cor)or$tion $n" C!ntr$% $n o( th! hi%i))in!sr!(us!" to honor th! rit o( !5!#ution issu!" in Ci&i% C$s! No. @93214 on th!str!ngth o( th! (o%%oing )ro&ision o( C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No. 9:;6

S!#. 113. Exemption from attacment. or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits sh$%% ! !5!m)t(rom $tt$#hm!nt, g$rnishm!nt, or $n/ oth!r or"!r or )ro#!ss o( $n/ #ourt,%!gis%$ti&! o"/, go&!rnm!nt $g!n#/ or $n/ $"ministr$ti&! o"/ h$tso!&!r.

C!ntr$% $n Cir#u%$r No. 9:; $s issu!" )ursu$nt to S!#tion 7 o( R!)u%i# A#t No.:42:6

S!#. 7. !ules and !egulations. +h! Bon!t$r/ o$r" o( th! C!ntr$% $n sh$%%)romu%g$t! su#h ru%!s $n" r!gu%$tions $s m$/ ! n!#!ss$r/ to #$rr/ out th!)ro&isions o( this A#t hi#h sh$%% t$! !!#t $(t!r th! )u%i#$tion o( su#h ru%!s $n"r!gu%$tions in th! OM#i$% G$!tt! $n" in $ n!s)$)!r o( n$tion$% #ir#u%$tion (or $t%!$st on#! $ !! (or thr!! #ons!#uti&! !!s. In #$s! th! C!ntr$% $n)romu%g$t!s n! ru%!s $n" r!gu%$tions "!#r!$sing th! rights o( "!)ositors, th! ru%!s$n" r!gu%$tions $t th! tim! th! "!)osit $s m$"! sh$%% go&!rn.

+h! $(or!#it!" S!#tion 113 $s #o)i!" (rom S!#tion @ o( R!)u%i# A#t NO. :42:, $s$m!n"!" / .*. 124:, thus6

S!#. @. "ecrecy of #oreign $urrency %eposits. A%% (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits$uthori!" un"!r this A#t, $s $m!n"!" / r!si"!nti$% *!#r!! No. 1;3, $s !%% $s(or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits $uthori!" un"!r r!si"!nti$% *!#r!! No. 1;34, $r! h!r!/"!#%$r!" $s $n" #onsi"!r!" o( $n $so%ut!%/ #on8"!nti$% n$tur! $n", !5#!)t u)onth! ritt!n )!rmission o( th! "!)ositor, in no inst$n#! sh$%% su#h (or!ign #urr!n#/"!)osits ! !5$min!", in?uir!" or %oo!" into / $n/ )!rson, go&!rnm!nt oM#i$%,ur!$u or oM#! h!th!r =u"i#i$% or $"ministr$ti&! or %!gis%$ti&! or $n/ oth!r !ntit/h!th!r )u%i# or )ri&$t!6 &roided( oweer( tat said foreign currency depositssall be exempt from attacment( garnisment( or any oter order or process of any

court( legislatie body( goernment agency or any administratie body watsoeer.

+h! )ur)os! o( * 124: in $##or"ing )rot!#tion $g$inst $tt$#hm!nt, g$rnishm!nt$n" oth!r #ourt )ro#!ss to (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits is st$t!" in its h!r!$s!s, i).6

J-EREAS, un"!r R!)u%i# A#t No. :42:, $s $m!n"!" / r!si"!nti$% *!#r!! No.1;3, #!rt$in hi%i))in! $ning institutions $n" r$n#h!s o( (or!ign $ns $r!$uthori!" to $##!)t "!)osits in (or!ign #urr!n#/s tr$ns$#tions ($%% outsi"! th! $mit o( th! st$tut!,$n" !#$us! )!tition!r is th! on!r o( th! (or!ign !5#h$ng! (un" su=!#t o( this#$s!. +his #on#%usion is $n#hor!" on th! #onsist!nt $n" #ont!m)or$n!ous$"ministr$ti&! #onstru#tion / th! C!ntr$% $n o( th! $si# st$tut!, $s m$ni(!st!"in th! r!%!&$nt #ir#u%$rs issu!" / it in im)%!m!nt$tion o( th$t %$, hi#h $r! !ntit%!"to gr!$t r!s)!#t / th! #ourts.

S!#tion @ o( R.A. No. :42: Dth! or!ign Curr!n#/ *!)osit A#t, $s $m!n"!" / .*.No. 124:, hi#h is sti%% in (or#!, )ro&i"!s6

S!#. @. S!#r!#/ o( or!ign Curr!n#/ *!)osits A%% (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osits $uthori!"un"!r this A#t, $s $m!n"!" / r!si"!nti$% *!#r!! No. 1;3, $s !%% $s (or!ign#urr!n#/ "!)osits $uthori!" un"!r r!si"!nti$% *!#r!! No. 1;34, $r! h!r!/"!#%$r!" $s $n" #onsi"!r!" o( $n $so%ut!%/ #on8"!nti$% n$tur! $n", !5#!)t u)onth! ritt!n )!rmission o( th! "!)ositor, in no inst$n#! sh$%% su#h (or!ign #urr!n#/"!)osits ! !5$min!", in?uir!" or %oo!" into / $n/ )!rson, go&!rnm!nt oM#i$%,ur!$u or oM#!, h!th!r =u"i#i$% or $"ministr$ti&! or %!gis%$ti&! or $n/ oth!r !ntit/

h!th!r )u%i# or )ri&$t!6 ro&i"!", ho!&!r, th$t s$i" (or!ign #urr!n#/ sh$%% !!5!m)t (rom $tt$#hm!nt, g$rnishm!nt, or $n/ oth!r or"!r or )ro#!ss o( $n/ #ourt,%!gis%$ti&! o"/, go&!rnm!nt $g!n#/ or $n/ $"ministr$ti&! o"/ h$tso!&!r.

555 555 555

Cir#u%$r No. 9:; $s su)!rs!"!" / Cir#u%$r No. 131@, S!ri!s o( 1992, hi#h "i" notr!!n$#t $n" #ontinu! th! $"ministr$ti&! )ro&ision $o&!m!ntion!" DS!#tion 1;2.N!&!rth!%!ss, S!#tion s!&!nt/(our, Ch$)t!r s!&!n o( Cir#u%$r No. 131@, hi#h "!$%sith th! (or!ign #urr!n#/ "!)osit s/st!m, )ro&i"!s in r!%!&$nt )$rt6

S!#tion 74. *!8nition o( +!rms. As us!" in this Ch$)t!r, th! (o%%oing t!rms sh$%%h$&! th! m!$ning in"i#$t!" un%!ss th! #ont!5t #%!$r%/ in"i#$t!s oth!ris!6

555 555 555

+h! "!8nition o( su#h oth!r t!rms us!" in this Ch$)t!r sh$%% ! #onsist!nt ith th!"!8nition o( t!rms us!" un"!r th! Ch$)t!r on Oshor! $ning S/st!m.

S!#tion (ort/nin!, Ch$)t!r 8&! o( th! s$m! Cir#u%$r, "!$%ing ith th! Oshor!$ning S/st!m, st$t!" in )$rt6

S!#tion 49. *!8nition o( +!rms. . . .

555 555 555

". *!)osits sh$%% r!(!r to (un"s in (or!ign #urr!n#i!s hi#h $r! $##!)t!" $n" h!%" /$n O Doshor! $ning unit in th! r!gu%$r #ours! o( usin!ss, ith th! o%ig$tionto r!turn $n !?ui&$%!nt $mount to th! on!r th!r!o(, ith or ithout int!r!sts -$n"oo on St$tutor/ Constru#tion, R!&. E". )). 1@31@4.

In th! s$m! #$s! o( &urisima, ! $%so ru%!" th$t on th! #onstru#tion or int!r)r!t$tion

o( $ %!gis%$ti&! m!$sur!, th! )rim$r/ ru%! is to s!$r#h (or $n" "!t!rmin! th! int!nt$n" s)irit o( th! %$. A )!rus$% o( th! S!n$t! Congr!ssion$% R!#or"s i%% sho th$tnot on%/ "i" our %$m$!rs not #ont!m)%$t! th! in#%usion o( $n !5t!nsion t!%!)hon!

$s $ )rohiit!" "!&i#! or $rr$ng!m!nt0 ut o( gr!$t!r im)ort$n#!, th!/ !r! mor!#on#!rn!" ith )!n$%iing th! $#t o( r!#or"ing th$n th! $#t o( m!r!%/ %ist!ning to $t!%!)hon! #on&!rs$tion.

555 555 555

S!n$tor +$W$"$. Anoth!r )ossi%! o=!#tion to th$t is !ntr$)m!nt hi#h is #!rt$in%/o=!#tion$%!. It is m$"! )ossi%! / s)!#i$% $m!n"m!nt hi#h our -onor m$/intro"u#!.

S!n$tor *iono.our -onor, I ou%" (!!% th$t !ntr$)m!nt ou%" ! %!ss )ossi%! ithth! $m!n"m!nt th$n ithout it, !#$us! ith th! $m!n"m!nt th! !&i"!n#! o(!ntr$)m!nt ou%" on%/ #onsist o( go&!rnm!nt t!stimon/ $s $g$inst th! t!stimon/ o(th! "!(!n"$nt. Jith this $m!n"m!nt, th!/ ou%" h$&! th! right, $n" th!go&!rnm!nt oM#i$%s $n" th! )!rson in ($#t ou%" h$&! th! right to t$)! r!#or" th!ir#on&!rs$tion.

S!n$tor +$W$"$. In #$s! o( !ntr$)m!nt, it ou%" ! th! go&!rnm!nt.

S!n$tor *iono. In th! s$m! $/, un"!r this )ro&ision, n!ith!r )$rt/ #ou%" r!#or"$n", th!r!(or!, th! #ourt ou%" ! %imit!" to s$/ing6 0O$/, ho is mor! #r!"i%!,th! )o%i#! oM#!rs or th! "!(!n"$ntP0 In th!s! #$s!s, $s !5)!ri!n#!" %$/!rs, !no th$t th! Court go ith th! )!$#! oM#!s.

DCongr!ssion$% R!#or", Vo%. 111, No. 33, ). :2@, B$r#h 12, 19:4.

555 555 555

S!n$tor *iono. +h! )oint I h$&! in min" is th$t un"!r th!s! #on"itions, ith $n$g!nt outsi"! %ist!ning in, h! #ou%" ($%si(/ th! t!stimon/ $n" th!r! is no $/ o(#h!#ing it. ut i( /ou $%%o him to r!#or" or m$! $ r!#or"ing in $n/ (orm o( h$t ish$))!ning, th!n th! #h$n#!s o( ($%si(/ing th! !&i"!n#! is not &!r/ mu#h.

S!n$tor +$W$"$. our -onor, this i%% is not int!n"!" to )r!&!nt th! )r!s!nt$tion o(

($%s! t!stimon/. I( ! #ou%" "!&is! $ $/ / hi#h ! #ou%" )r!&!nt th!)r!s!nt$tion o( ($%s! t!stimon/, it ou%" ! on"!r(u%. ut h$t this i%% int!n"s to)rohiit is th! us! o( t$)! r!#or" $n" oth!r !%!#troni# "!&i#!s to int!r#!)t )ri&$t!#on&!rs$tions hi#h %$t!r on i%% ! us!" in #ourt.

DCongr!ssion$% R!#or", Vo%. III, No. 33, B$r#h 12, 19:4, ). :29.

It #$n ! r!$"i%/ s!!n th$t our %$m$!rs int!n"!" to "is#our$g!, through)unishm!nt, )!rsons su#h $s go&!rnm!nt $uthoriti!s or r!)r!s!nt$ti&!s o(org$ni!" grou)s (rom inst$%%ing "!&i#!s in or"!r to g$th!r !&i"!n#! (or us! in #ourtor to intimi"$t!, %$#m$i% or g$in som! un$rr$nt!" $"&$nt$g! o&!r th! t!%!)hon!us!rs. Cons!?u!nt%/, th! m!r! $#t o( %ist!ning, in or"!r to ! )unish$%! muststri#t%/ ! ith th! us! o( th! !num!r$t!" "!&i#!s in RA No. 42;; or oth!rs o(simi%$r n$tur!. J! $r! o( th! &i! th$t $n !5t!nsion t!%!)hon! is not $mong su#h"!&i#!s or $rr$ng!m!nts.


21/118

J-EREORE, th! )!tition is GRAN+E*. +h! "!#ision o( th! th!n Int!rm!"i$t!A))!%%$t! Court "$t!" August 1:, 19@4 is ANNLLE* $n" SE+ ASI*E. +h! )!tition!ris h!r!/ ACI++E* o( th! #rim! o( &io%$tion o( R!). A#t No. 42;;, oth!ris! non$s th! AntiJir!t$))ing A#t.

SO OR*ERE*.

G.R. No. 11;::2 August 4, 1994

+ERESI+A SALCE*OOR+ANE,)!tition!r,&s.COR+ O AEALS, -ON. ROBEO . ABORA, r!si"ing 'u"g!, r. 94, R!gion$% +ri$%Court o( u!on Cit/ $n" RAAEL S. OR+ANE,r!s)on"!nts.

A*ILLA,*+5

+his is $ )!tition (or r!&i! un"!r Ru%! 4 o( th! Ru%!s o( Court hi#h s!!s tor!&!rs! th! "!#ision Xo( r!s)on"!nt Court o( A))!$%s in CAG. R. S No. 2@4

!ntit%!" 0Teresita "alcedo-0rtane) ersus 7on+ !omeo #+ 8amora( &residing *udge(,r+ 9:( !egional Trial $ourt of ;ue)on $ity and !afael "+ 0rtane)0.

+h! r!%!&$nt ($#ts o( th! #$s! $r! $s (o%%os6

On 2 B$/ 199;, )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt R$($!% S. Ort$n! 8%!" ith th! R!gion$% +ri$%Court o( u!on Cit/ $ #om)%$int (or $nnu%m!nt o( m$rri$g! ith "$m$g!s $g$inst)!tition!r +!r!sit$ S$%#!"oOrt$n!, on groun"s o( %$# o( m$rri$g! %i#!ns! $n"or)s/#ho%ogi#$% in#$)$#it/ o( th! )!tition!r. +h! #om)%$int $s "o#!t!" $s Ci&i% C$s!No. 9;3:; $n" r$Y!" to r$n#h 94, R+C o( u!on Cit/ )r!si"!" o&!r /r!s)on"!nt 'u"g! Rom!o . $mor$.

ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt, $(t!r )r!s!nting his !&i"!n#!, or$%%/ (orm$%%/ o!r!" in !&i"!n#!E5hiits 0A0 to 0B0.

Among th! !5hiits o!r!" / )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt !r! thr!! D3 #$ss!tt! t$)!s o($%%!g!" t!%!)hon! #on&!rs$tions !t!!n )!tition!r $n" uni"!nti8!" )!rsons.

!tition!r sumitt!" h!r O=!#tionComm!nt to )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt>s or$% o!r o(!&i"!n#! on 9 'un! 1992< on th! s$m! "$/, th! tri$% #ourt $"mitt!" $%% o( )ri&$t!r!s)on"!nt>s o!r!" !&i"!n#!.

A motion (or r!#onsi"!r$tion (rom )!tition!r $s "!ni!" on 23 'un! 1992.

A )!tition (or certiorari$s th!n 8%!" / )!tition!r in th! Court o( A))!$%s $ss$i%ingth! $"mission in !&i"!n#! o( th! $(or!m!ntion!" #$ss!tt! t$)!s.

On 1; 'un! 1993, th! Court o( A))!$%s r!n"!r!" =u"gm!nt hi#h is th! su=!#t o( th!)r!s!nt )!tition, hi#h in )$rt r!$"s6

It is mu#h too o&ious th$t th! )!tition i%% h$&! to ($i%, (or to $si# r!$sons6

D1 +$)! r!#or"ings $r! not in$"missi%!per se. +h!/ $n" $n/ oth!r &$ri$nt th!r!o(#$n ! $"mitt!" in !&i"!n#! (or #!rt$in )ur)os!s, "!)!n"ing on ho th!/ $r!

)r!s!nt!" $n" o!r!" $n" on ho th! tri$% =u"g! uti%i!s th!m in th! int!r!st o(truth $n" ($irn!ss $n" th! !&!n h$n"!" $"ministr$tion o( =usti#!.

D2 A )!tition (or certiorariis notorious%/ in$))ro)ri$t! to r!#ti(/ $ su))os!" !rror in$"mitting !&i"!n#! $""u#!" "uring tri$%. +h! ru%ing on $"missii%it/ is int!r%o#utor/s "is#r!tion. +h! tr$ns#ri)t on hi#h th! #i&i% #$s! $s $s!" $s#u%%!" (rom $ t$)! r!#or"ing o( th! #on(ront$tion m$"! / )!tition!r.2+h! tr$ns#ri)tr!$"s $s (o%%os6

%$inti So##oro *. R$mir! DChu#hi Goo" A(t!rnoon B>$m.

*!(!n"$nt Est!r S. G$r#i$ DESG Ano $ $ng n$ng/$ri s$ >/o, n$$%imot $ n$ung )$$no $ n$)unt$ rito, )or! m!m!r $ n$, m$gsumong $ ung $no $ngg$g$in o s$ >/o.

C-C-I K$si, n$$ "ut/ $o noon.

ESG +$)os ini$n no. D"ic

C-C-I -in"i m>$m, )!ro i%$n !s!s n$ ni%$ $ong in$%i$n, s$ing g$noon

ESG Ito $n" Dsic m$s$s$i o s$ >/o, $/$ ung Dsic m$g !5)%$in $, $sih$ngg$ng 1;6;; ).m., in$u$s$n hin"i $ n$ )um$so. Ng$/on $o $ng $$%i s$

>/o, n$g$$)%/ $ s$ St$t!s, n$g$$)%/ $ s$ r!&i! mo, ung $$i%$ng$nin $ng#!rti8#$tion mo, $%imut$n mo n$ $si hin"i $ s$ $in m$$$hingi.

C-C-I -in"i B>$m. K$si $ng $no o t$%$g$ noon i#o#ontinu! o u) to 1;6;; ).m.

ESG ,astos ka( n$$%imut$n mo n$ ung )$$no $ )um$so "ito s$ hot!%.B$gsumong $ s$ nion ung gusto mo. N$$%imut$n mo n$ ung )$$no $n$$)$so "ito 0*o /ou thin th$t on /our on m$$$)$so $ ung hin"i $o.$nunum/o/$n n$ it$ DSinusum$t$n n$ it$.

C-C-I Itutu%o/ o n$ B>$m s$n$ $ng "ut/ o.

ESG K$so i%$ng !s!s n$ $ong in$$%i$n "oon ng mg$ no Dsic o.

ESG N$$%imut$n mo n$ $ ung )$$no $ )um$so s$ hot!%, ung on /our onm!rit $%$m o n$m$n ung g$$no $ 0$ oo0 mo. B$r$mi $ng n$g$$)%/ $%$mong hin"i $ )$)$s$.

C-C-I Kumuh$ $mi ng !5$m noon.

ESG Oo, )!ro hin"i $ )$)$s$.

C-C-I Eh, $it $o $ng n$uh$ ni *r. +$m$/o

ESG Kuunin $ $si $o.

C-C-I Eh, "i s$n$

ESG -u$g mong i)$gm$%$i n$ m$/ ut$ $ $si wala kang utak. A$%$ mo $m$uuh$ $ "ito ung hin"i $o.

C-C-I B$g!!5)%$in $o.

ESG -u$g n$, hin"i $o m$g)$)$!5)%$in s$ >/o, m$$$%$%$ $ ung )$$no $)um$rito. 0&utang-ina0 s$s$is$ihin mo $m$g$n$ ng n$n$/ $t t$t$/ mo $ngmg$ m$gu%$ng o.

ESG J$%$ n$ $ong )$i$%$m, "$hi% n$n"ito $ s$ %oo, n$s$ %$$s $ )u!"! $ng hin"i )um$so, o!/ /$n n$s$%oo $ um$%is $ "oon.

C-C-I K$si B>$m, in$%i$n $o ng mg$ t$g$ nion.

ESG N$n"i/$n n$ rin $o, )!ro hu$g mong $%imut$n n$ hin"i $ m$$$)$soung hin"i $o. Kung hin"i mo inii%$%$ /$n o!/ %$ng s$ $in, "$hi% t$)os $ n$.

C-C-I In$$no o m>$m n$ ut$ng n$ %oo.


24/118

ESG -u$g n$ %$ng, hin"i mo ut$ng n$ %oo, $si ung $g$ s$ no, ni%$)$st$ng$nmo $o.

C-C-I $$no it$ ni%$)$st$ng$n$nP

ESG B$uti )$ %um$$s $ n$. -in"i n$ $o m$ii)$gus$) s$ >/o. Lum$$s $n$. B$gsumong $.3

As $ r!su%t o( )!tition!r>s r!#or"ing o( th! !&!nt $n" $%%!ging th$t th! s$i" $#t o(s!#r!t%/ t$)ing th! #on(ront$tion $s i%%!g$%, )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt 8%!" $ #rimin$% #$s!

!(or! th! R!gion$% +ri$% Court o( $s$/ Cit/ (or &io%$tion o( R!)u%i# A#t 42;;,!ntit%!" 0An A#t to )rohiit $n" )!n$%i! ir! t$))ing $n" oth!r r!%$t!" &io%$tions o()ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion, $n" oth!r )ur)os!s.0 An in(orm$tion #h$rging )!tition!r o(&io%$tion o( th! s$i" A#t, "$t!" O#to!r :, 19@@ is ?uot!" h!r!ith6

IN#0!M/TI0N

+h! n"!rsign!" Assist$nt Cit/ is#$% A##uss!s So#orro *. R$mir! o( Vio%$tion o(R!)u%i# A#t No. 42;;, #ommitt!" $s (o%%os6

+h$t on or $out th! 22n" "$/ o( !ru$r/, 19@@, in $s$/ Cit/ B!tro B$ni%$,hi%i))in!s, $n" ithin th! =uris"i#tion o( this honor$%! #ourt, th! $o&!n$m!"

$##us!", So#orro *. R$mir! not !ing $uthori!" / Est!r S. G$r#i$ to r!#or" th!%$tt!r>s #on&!rs$tion ith s$i" $##us!", "i" th!n $n" th!r! i%%(u%%/, un%$(u%%/ $n"(!%onious%/, ith th! us! o( $ t$)! r!#or"!r s!#r!t%/ r!#or" th! s$i" #on&!rs$tion $n"th!r!$(t!r #ommuni#$t! in riting th! #ont!nts o( th! s$i" r!#or"ing to oth!r)!rson.

Contr$r/ to %$.

$s$/ Cit/, B!tro B$ni%$, S!)t!m!r 1:, 19@@.

BARIANO B. CNE+AAsst. Cit/ is#$%

)on $rr$ignm!nt, in %i!u o( $ )%!$, )!tition!r 8%!" $ Botion to u$sh th!In(orm$tion on th! groun" th$t th! ($#ts #h$rg!" "o not #onstitut! $n o!ns!,)$rti#u%$r%/ $ &io%$tion o( R.A. 42;;. In $n or"!r B$/ 3, 19@9, th! tri$% #ourt gr$nt!"th! Botion to u$sh, $gr!!ing ith )!tition!r th$t 1 th! ($#ts #h$rg!" "o not#onstitut! $n o!ns! un"!r R.A. 42;;< $n" th$t 2 th! &io%$tion )unish!" / R.A.42;; r!(!rs to $ th! t$)ing o( $ #ommuni#$tion / $ )!rsonoterth$n $ )$rti#i)$ntto th! #ommuni#$tion.4

rom th! tri$% #ourt>s Or"!r, th! )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt 8%!" $ !tition (or R!&i!on $ertiorariith this Court, hi#h (orthith r!(!rr!" th! #$s! to th! Court o(A))!$%s in $ R!so%ution D/ th! irst *i&ision o( 'un! 19, 19@9.

On !ru$r/ 9, 199;, r!s)on"!nt Court o( A))!$%s )romu%g$t!" its $ss$i%!" *!#ision"!#%$ring th! tri$% #ourt>s or"!r o( B$/ 3, 19@9 nu%% $n" &oi", $n" ho%"ing th$t6

Q+h! $%%!g$tions suM#i!nt%/ #onstitut! $n o!ns! )unish$%! un"!r S!#tion 1 o( R.A.42;;. In thus ?u$shing th! in(orm$tion $s!" on th! groun" th$t th! ($#ts $%%!g!""o not #onstitut! $n o!ns!, th! r!s)on"!nt =u"g! $#t!" in gr$&! $us! o("is#r!tion #orr!#ti%! / certiorari.

Cons!?u!nt%/, on !ru$r/ 21, 199;, )!tition!r 8%!" $ Botion (or R!#onsi"!r$tionhi#h r!s)on"!nt Court o( A))!$%s "!ni!" in its R!so%ution:"$t!" 'un! 19, 199;.-!n#!, th! inst$nt )!tition.

!tition!r &igorous%/ $rgu!s, $s h!r 0m$in $n" )rin#i)$% issu!07th$t th! $))%i#$%!)ro&ision o( R!)u%i# A#t 42;; "o!s not $))%/ to th! t$)ing o( $ )ri&$t! #on&!rs$tion/ on! o( th! )$rti!s to th! #on&!rs$tion. Sh! #ont!n"s th$t th! )ro&ision m!r!%/r!(!rs to th! un$uthori!" t$)ing o( $ )ri&$t! #on&!rs$tion / $ )$rt/ oth!r th$nthos! in&o%&!" in th! #ommuni#$tion.@In r!%$tion to this, )!tition!r $&!rs th$t th!sust$n#! or #ont!nt o( th! #on&!rs$tion must ! $%%!g!" in th! In(orm$tion,oth!ris! th! ($#ts #h$rg!" ou%" not #onstitut! $ &io%$tion o( R.A. 42;;.9in$%%/,)!tition!r $gu!s th$t R.A. 42;; )!n$%i!s th! t$)ing o( $ 0)ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion,0not $ 0)ri&$t! #on&!rs$tion0 $n" th$t #ons!?u!nt%/, h!r $#t o( s!#r!t%/ t$)ing h!r#on&!rs$tion ith )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt $s not i%%!g$% un"!r th! s$i" $#t. 1;

J! "is$gr!!.

irst, %!gis%$ti&! int!nt is "!t!rmin!" )rin#i)$%%/ (rom th! %$ngu$g! o( $ st$tut!.

Jh!r! th! %$ngu$g! o( $ st$tut! is #%!$r $n" un$miguous, th! %$ is $))%i!"$##or"ing to its !5)r!ss t!rms, $n" int!r)r!t$tion ou%" ! r!sort!" to on%/ h!r! $%it!r$% int!r)r!t$tion ou%" ! !ith!r im)ossi%! 11or $sur or ou%" %!$" to $nin=usti#!. 12

S!#tion 1 o( R.A. 42;; !ntit%!", 0 An A#t to rohiit $n" !n$%i!" Jir! +$))ing $n"Oth!r R!%$t!" Vio%$tions o( ri&$t! Communi#$tion $n" Oth!r ur)os!s,0 )ro&i"!s6

S!#. 1. It sh$%% ! un%$(u%% (or $n/ )!rson, not !ing $uthori!" / $%% th! )$rti!s to$n/ )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion or s)o!n or", to t$) $n/ ir! or #$%!, or / using $n/oth!r "!&i#! or $rr$ng!m!nt, to s!#r!t%/ o&!rh!$r, int!r#!)t, or r!#or" su#h#ommuni#$tion or s)o!n or" / using $ "!&i#! #ommon%/ non $s $ "i#t$)hon!

or "i#t$gr$)h or "!t!#t$)hon! or $%i!t$%i! or t$)! r!#or"!r, or ho!&!roth!ris! "!s#ri!".

+h! $(or!st$t!" )ro&ision #%!$r%/ $n" un!?ui&o#$%%/ m$!s it i%%!g$% (or $n/ )!rson,not $uthori!" / $%% th! )$rti!s to $n/ )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion to s!#r!t%/ r!#or"su#h #ommuni#$tion / m!$ns o( $ t$)! r!#or"!r. +h! %$ m$!s no "istin#tion $sto h!th!r th! )$rt/ sought to ! )!n$%i!" / th! st$tut! ought to ! $ )$rt/ oth!rth$n or "i!r!nt (rom thos! in&o%&!" in th! )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion. +h! st$tut!>sint!nt to )!n$%i! $%% )!rsons un$uthori!" to m$! su#h r!#or"ing is un"!rs#or!"/ th! us! o( th! ?u$%i8!r 0$n/0. Cons!?u!nt%/, $s r!s)on"!nt Court o( A))!$%s#orr!#t%/ #on#%u"!", 0!&!n $ D)!rson )ri&/ to $ #ommuni#$tion ho r!#or"s his)ri&$t! #on&!rs$tion ith $noth!r ithout th! no%!"g! o( th! %$tt!r Di%% ?u$%i(/$s $ &io%$tor0 13un"!r this )ro&ision o( R.A. 42;;.

A )!rus$% o( th! S!n$t! Congr!ssion$% R!#or"s, mor!o&!r, su))orts th! r!s)on"!nt#ourt>s #on#%usion th$t in !n$#ting R.A. 42;; our %$m$!rs in"!!" #ont!m)%$t!" to


25/118

m$! i%%!g$%, un$uthori!" t$)! r!#or"ing o( )ri&$t! #on&!rs$tions or#ommuni#$tions t$!n !ith!r / th! )$rti!s th!ms!%&!s or / thir" )!rsons. +hus6

555 555 555

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 +h$t ?u$%i8!" on%/ 0o&!rh!$r0.

S!n$tor $"i%%$6 So th$t h!n it is int!r#!)t!" or r!#or"!", th! !%!m!nt o( s!#r!#/ou%" not $))!$r to ! m$t!ri$%. No, su))os!, our -onor, th! r!#or"ing is notm$"! / $%% th! )$rti!s ut / som! )$rti!s $n" in&o%&!" not #rimin$% #$s!s th$t

ou%" ! m!ntion!" un"!r s!#tion 3 ut ou%" #o&!r, (or !5$m)%! #i&i% #$s!s ors)!#i$% )ro#!!"ings h!r!/ $ r!#or"ing is m$"! not n!#!ss$ri%/ / $%% th! )$rti!sut )!rh$)s / som! in $n !ort to sho th! int!nt o( th! )$rti!s !#$us! th!$#tu$tion o( th! )$rti!s )rior, simu%t$n!ous !&!n sus!?u!nt to th! #ontr$#t or th!$#t m$/ ! in"i#$ti&! o( th!ir int!ntion. Su))os! th!r! is su#h $ r!#or"ing, ou%"/ou s$/, our -onor, th$t th! int!ntion is to #o&!r it ithin th! )ur&i! o( this i%% oroutsi"!P

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 +h$t is #o&!r!" / th! )ur&i! o( this i%%, our -onor.

S!n$tor $"i%%$6 E&!n i( th! r!#or" shou%" ! us!" not in th! )ros!#ution o( o!ns!ut $s !&i"!n#! to ! us!" in Ci&i% C$s!s or s)!#i$% )ro#!!"ingsP

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 +h$t is right. +his is $ complete ban on tape recorded conersationstaken witout te autori)ation of all te parties .

S!n$tor $"i%%$6 No, ou%" th$t ! r!$son$%!, /our -onorP

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 I !%i!&! it is r!$son$%! !#$us!it is not sporting to record teobseration of one witout is knowing it and ten using it against im.It is not fair(it is not sportsmanlike. I( th! )ur)os!< our honor, is to r!#or" th! int!ntion o( th!)$rti!s. I !%i!&! th$t $%% th! )$rti!s shou%" no th$t th! os!r&$tions $r! !ingr!#or"!".

S!n$tor $"i%%$6 +his might r!"u#! th! uti%it/ o( r!#or"!rs.

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 J!%% no. or !5$m)%!, I $s to s$/ th$t in m!!tings o( th! o$r" o("ir!#tors h!r! $ t$)! r!#or"ing is t$!n, th!r! is no o=!#tion to this i( $%% th!)$rti!s no. It is ut ($ir th$t th! )!o)%! hos! r!m$rs $n" os!r&$tions $r! !ingm$"! shou%" no th$t th! os!r&$tions $r! !ing r!#or"!".

S!n$tor $"i%%$6 No, I #$n un"!rst$n".

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 +h$t is h/ h!n ! t$! st$t!m!nts o( )!rsons, ! s$/6 0%!$s!! in(orm!" th$t h$t!&!r /ou s$/ h!r! m$/ ! us!" $g$inst /ou.0 +h$t is ($irn!ss$n" th$t is h$t ! "!m$n". No, in s)it! o( th$t $rning, h! m$!s "$m$ging

st$t!m!nts $g$inst his on int!r!st, !%%, h! #$nnot #om)%$in $n/ mor!. ,ut if youare going to take a recording of te obserations and remarks of a person witoutim knowing tat it is being taped or recorded( witout im knowing tat wat is

being recorded may be used against im( I tink it is unfair.

555 555 555

DCongr!ssion R!#or", Vo%. III, No. 31, ). @4, B$r#h 12, 19:4

S!n$tor *iono6 *o /ou un"!rst$n", Br. S!n$tor, th$t un"!r S!#tion 1 o( th! i%% $sno or"!", if a party secretly records a public speec, h! ou%" ! )!n$%i!"un"!r S!#tion 1P !#$us! th! s)!!#h is )u%i#, ut th! r!#or"ing is "on! s!#r!t%/.

S!n$tor +$W$"$6 J!%%, th$t )$rti#u%$r $s)!#t is not #ont!m)%$t!" / th! i%%. It is tecommunication between one person and anoter person < not between a speaker

and a public.

555 555 555

DCongr!ssion$% R!#or", Vo%. III, No. 33, ). :2:, B$r#h 12, 19:4

555 555 555

+h! un$miguit/ o( th! !5)r!ss or"s o( th! )ro&ision, t$!n tog!th!r ith th!$o&!?uot!" "!%i!r$tions (rom th! Congr!ssion$% R!#or", th!r!(or! )%$in%/su))orts th! &i! h!%" / th! r!s)on"!nt #ourt th$t th! )ro&ision s!!s to )!n$%i!!&!n thos! )ri&/ to th! )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tions. Jh!r! th! %$ m$!s no

"istin#tions, on! "o!s not "istinguish.

S!#on", th! n$tur! o( th! #on&!rs$tions is imm$t!ri$% to $ &io%$tion o( th! st$tut!.+h! sust$n#! o( th! s$m! n!!" not ! s)!#i8#$%%/ $%%!g!" in th! in(orm$tion. Jh$tR.A. 42;; )!n$%i!s $r! th! $#ts o( s!#r!t%/ oerearing( intercepting orrecording )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tions / m!$ns o( th! "!&i#!s !num!r$t!" th!r!in. +h!m!r! $%%!g$tion th$t $n in"i&i"u$% m$"! $ s!#r!t r!#or"ing o( $ )ri&$t!#ommuni#$tion / m!$ns o( $ t$)! r!#or"!r ou%" suM#! to #onstitut! $n o!ns!un"!r S!#tion 1 o( R.A. 42;;. As th! So%i#itor G!n!r$% )oint!" out in his COBBEN+!(or! th! r!s)on"!nt #ourt6 0Noh!r! Din th! s$i" %$ is it r!?uir!" th$t !(or! on!#$n ! r!g$r"!" $s $ &io%$tor, th! n$tur! o( th! #on&!rs$tion, $s !%% $s its#ommuni#$tion to $ thir" )!rson shou%" ! )ro(!ss!".0 14

in$%%/, )!tition!r>s #ont!ntion th$t th! )hr$s! 0)ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion0 in S!#tion 1o( R.A. 42;; "o!s not in#%u"! 0)ri&$t! #on&!rs$tions0 n$rros th! or"in$r/ m!$ningo( th! or" 0#ommuni#$tion0 to $ )oint o( $sur"it/. +h! or" #ommuni#$t! #om!s(rom th! %$tin or" communicare, m!$ning 0to sh$r! or to im)$rt.0 In its or"in$r/signi8#$tion, #ommuni#$tion #onnot!s th! $#t o( sh$ring or im)$rting signi8#$tion,#ommuni#$tion #onnot!s th! $#t o( sh$ring or im)$rting, $s in $ conersation, 1orsigni8!s th! 0)ro#!ss / hi#h m!$nings or thoughts $r! sh$r!" !t!!nin"i&i"u$%s through $ #ommon s/st!m o( s/mo%s D$s %$ngu$g! signs org!stur!s0 1:+h!s! "!8nitions $r! ro$" !nough to in#%u"! &!r$% or non&!r$%,ritt!n or !5)r!ssi&! #ommuni#$tions o( 0m!$nings or thoughts0 hi#h $r! %i!%/ toin#%u"! th! !motion$%%/#h$rg!" !5#h$ng!, on !ru$r/ 22, 19@@, !t!!n)!tition!r $n" )ri&$t! r!s)on"!nt, in th! )ri&$#/ o( th! %$tt!r>s oM#!. An/ "outs

$out th! %!gis%$ti&! o"/>s m!$ning o( th! )hr$s! 0)ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion0 $r!,(urth!rmor!, )ut to r!st / th! ($#t th$t th! t!rms 0#on&!rs$tion0 $n"


26/118

0#ommuni#$tion0 !r! int!r#h$ng!$%/ us!" / S!n$tor +$W$"$ in his E5)%$n$tor/Not! to th! i%% ?uot!" !%o6

It h$s !!n s$i" th$t inno#!nt )!o)%! h$&! nothing to (!$r (romth!ir conersations!ing o&!rh!$r". ut this st$t!m!nt ignor!s th! usu$% n$tur!o( conersations$s !%% th! un"!ni$%! ($#t th$t most, i( not $%%, #i&i%i!" )!o)%!h$&! som! $s)!#ts o( th!ir %i&!s th!/ "o not ish to !5)os!. r!! conersations$r!o(t!n #h$r$#t!ri!" / !5$gg!r$tions, os#!nit/, $gr!!$%! ($%s!hoo"s, $n" th!!5)r!ssion o( $ntiso#i$% "!sir!s o( &i!s not int!n"!" to ! t$!n s!rious%/. +h!right to th!priacy of communication, $mong oth!rs, h$s !5)r!ss%/ !!n $ssur!" /our Constitution. N!!"%!ss to st$t! h!r!, th! (r$m!rs o( our Constitution must h$&!

r!#ogni!" th! n$tur! o( conersations!t!!n in"i&i"u$%s $n" th! signi8#$n#! o(m$n>s s)iritu$% n$tur!, o( his (!!%ings $n" o( his int!%%!#t. +h!/ must h$&! nonth$t )$rt o( th! )%!$sur!s $n" s$tis($#tions o( %i(! $r! to ! (oun" in th! un$u"it!",$n" (r!! !5#h$ng! o(communication!t!!n in"i&i"u$%s (r!! (rom !&!r/un=usti8$%! intrusion / h$t!&!r m!$ns. 17

In 4aanan s.Intermediate /ppellate $ourt, 1@$ #$s! hi#h "!$%t ith th! issu! o(t!%!)hon! ir!t$))ing, ! h!%" th$t th! us! o( $ t!%!)hon! !5t!nsion (or th!)ur)os! o( o&!rh!$ring $ )ri&$t! #on&!rs$tion ithout $uthori$tion "i" not &io%$t!R.A. 42;; !#$us! $ t!%!)hon! !5t!nsion "!&is! $s n!ith!r $mong thos!0"!&i#!Ds or $rr$ng!m!ntDs0 !num!r$t!" th!r!in, 19(o%%oing th! )rin#i)%! th$t0)!n$% st$tut!s must ! #onstru!" stri#t%/ in ($&or o( th! $##us!".02;+h! inst$nt#$s! turns on $ "i!r!nt not!, !#$us! th! $))%i#$%! ($#ts $n" #ir#umst$n#!s)ointing to $ &io%$tion o( R.A. 42;; su!r (rom no $miguit/, $n" th! st$tut! its!%(!5)%i#it%/ m!ntions th! un$uthori!" 0r!#or"ing0 o( )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tions ith th!us! o( t$)!r!#or"!rs $s $mong th! $#ts )unish$%!.

J-EREORE, !#$us! th! %$, $s $))%i!" to th! #$s! $t !n#h is #%!$r $n"un$miguous $n" %!$&!s us ith no "is#r!tion, th! inst$nt )!tition is h!r!/*ENIE*. +h! "!#ision $))!$%!" (rom is AIRBE*. Costs $g$inst )!tition!r.

SO OR*ERE*.

G.R. No. 121;@7 August 2:, 1999

ELIE NAVARRO, )!tition!r,&s.

+-E COR+ O AEALS $n" th! EOLE O +-E -ILIINES, r!s)on"!nts.

BEN*OA,*+5

+his is $ )!tition (or r!&i! on certiorario( th! "!#ision1o( th! Court o( A))!$%s,"$t!" *!#!m!r 14, 1994, hi#h $Mrm!" th! =u"gm!nt o( th! R!gion$% +ri$% Court,r$n#h , Lu#!n$ Cit/, "$t!" 'u%/ 27, 1992, 8n"ing )!tition!r !%i)! N$&$rro gui%t/!/on" r!$son$%! "out o( homi#i"! $n" s!nt!n#ing him to t!n D1; /!$rso(prision mayor, $s minimum, $n" (ourt!!n D14 /!$rs $n" !ight D@ months, $n" D1"$/ o( reclusion temporal, $s m$5imum, ut in#r!$s!" th! "!$th in"!mnit/ $$r"!"to th! h!irs o( th! &i#tim, Enri?u! 0I!0 Ling$n, (rom 3;,;;;.;; to ;,;;;.;;.

+h! in(orm$tion $g$inst )!tition!r $%%!g!"

+h$t on or $out th! 4th "$/ o( !ru$r/, 199;, in th! nighttim!, in th! Cit/ o(Lu#!n$, ro&in#! o( u!on, hi%i))in!s, $n" ithin th! =uris"i#tion o( this -onor$%!Court, th! s$i" $##us!", !ing th!n $ m!m!r o( th! Lu#!n$ Int!gr$t!" N$tion$%o%i#!, ith int!nt to i%%, "i" th!n $n" th!r! i%%(u%%/, un%$(u%%/ $n" (!%onious%/$ss$u%t on! I! Ling$n insi"! th! Lu#!n$ )o%i#! h!$"?u$rt!rs, h!r! $uthoriti!s $r!su))os!" to ! !ng$g!" in th! "is#h$rg! o( th!ir "uti!s, / o5ing th! s$i" I!Ling$n in th! h!$" ith th! utt o( $ gun $n" th!r!$(t!r h!n th! s$i" &i#tim (!%%, /$nging his h!$" $g$inst th! #on#r!t! )$&!m!nt, $s $ #ons!?u!n#! o( hi#h s$i"I! Ling$n su!r!" #!r!r$% #on#ussion $n" sho# hi#h "ir!#t%/ #$us!" his "!$th.

+h! !&i"!n#! sho th$t, $t $roun" @64; in th! !&!ning o( !ru$r/ 4, 199;, St$n%!/'$%u!n$ $n" Enri?u! 0I!0 Ling$n, ho !r! r!)ort!rs o( th! r$"io st$tion *J+I in

Lu#!n$ Cit/, tog!th!r ith on! B$rio I%$g$n, !nt to th! Ent!rt$inm!nt Cit/(o%%oing r!)orts th$t it $s shoing th! nu"! "$n#!rs. A(t!r th! thr!! h$" s!$t!"th!ms!%&!s $t $ t$%! $n" or"!r!" !!r, $ s#$nti%/ #%$" "$n#!r $))!$r!" on st$g!


27/118

$n" !g$n to )!r(orm $ stri) $#t. As sh! r!mo&!" h!r r$ssi!r!s, '$%u!n$ roughtout his #$m!r$ $n" too $ )i#tur!.2

At th$t )oint, th! oor m$n$g!r, *$nt! Li?uin, ith $ s!#urit/ gu$r", A%!5 Sio#o,$))ro$#h!" '$%u!n$ $n" "!m$n"!" to no h/ h! too $ )i#tur!.3'$%u!n$r!)%i!"6 0J$%$ $ng )$i$%$m, !#$us! this is m/ =o.04Sio#o )ush!" '$%u!n$to$r"s th! t$%! $s h! $rn!" th! %$tt!r th$t h! ou%" i%% him.Jh!n '$%u!n$ s$th$t Sio#o $s $out to )u%% out his gun, h! r$n out o( th! =oint (o%%o!" / his#om)$nions.:

'$%u!n$ $n" his #om)$nions !nt to th! )o%i#! st$tion to r!)ort th! m$tt!r. +hr!!o( th! )o%i#!m$n on "ut/, in#%u"ing )!tition!r N$&$rro, !r! h$&ing "rins in (ront o(th! )o%i#! st$tion, $n" th!/ $s!" '$%u!n$ $n" his #om)$nions to =oin th!m.

'$%u!n$ "!#%in!" $n" !nt to th! "!s oM#!r, Sgt. AWonu!&o, to r!)ort th!in#i"!nt. In $ hi%!, Li?uin $n" Sio#o $rri&!" on $ motor#/#%!.7

Sio#o $n" Li?uin !r! m!t / )!tition!r N$&$rro ho t$%!" ith th!m in $ #orn!r(or $roun" 8(t!!n minut!s.@A(t!r$r"s, )!tition!r N$&$rro turn!" to '$%u!n$ $n",)ushing him to th! $%%, s$i" to him6 0ut$ng in$, in$$%$$n mo si K$o Li?uin,$n$ /$n ni K$o Li?uin, hin"i mo $ i%$%$P09!tition!r N$&$rro th!n )u%%!" out his8r!$rm $n" #o#!" it, $n", )r!ssing it on th! ($#! o( '$%u!n$, s$i" 0Ano, uut$sin n$it$P01;

At this )oint, Ling$n int!r&!n!" $n" s$i" to )!tition!r N$&$rro6 0-u$g n$m$ngg$n/$n )um$rito $mi )$r$ m$g)$%ott!r, I $m h!r! to m!"i$t!.011!titon!rN$&$rro r!)%i!"6 0J$%$ng )r!ss, )r!ss, m$gs$m)u )$ $/o.012-! th!n turn!" to Sgt.AWonu!&o $n" to%" him to m$! o( r!#or" th! !h$&ior o( '$%u!n$ $n" Ling$n.13

+his $ng!r!" Ling$n, ho s$i"6 0O, "i i%$g$/ mo "i/$n014!tition!r N$&$rro r!tort!"60+$%$g$ng i%$%$g$/ o.01+h! to th!n h$" $ h!$t!" !5#h$ng!.1:in$%%/, Ling$n s$i"60B$s/$"o $ng $us$"o, $%isin mo /$ng $ri% mo $t m$gsuntu$n n$ %$ngt$/o.017!tition!r N$&$rro r!)%i!"6 0Ah, g$noonP01@

As Ling$n $s $out turn $$/, )!tition!r N$&$rro hit him ith th! h$n"%! o( th!)isto% $o&! th! %!(t !/!ro. Ling$n (!%% on th! oor, %oo" oing "on his ($#!.

-! tri!" to g!t u), ut )!tition!r N$&$rro g$&! him $ 8st %o on th! (or!h!$" hi#hoor!" him.19

!tition!r N$&$rro turn!" to '$%u!n$ $n" s$i"6 0Kit$ mo /$n h$, uh$/ $ng t!stigo,si I! Ling$n $n" n$gh$mon.02;-! s$i" to Sgt. AWonu!&o6 0I%$g$/ mo "i/$n s$%ott!r s$ h$r$) ni A%!5 Sio#o $t *$nt! Li?uin, n$ si I! Ling$n $ng n$gh$mon.021-!th!n )o!" his gun $t th! right t!m)%! o( '$%u!n$ $n" m$"! him sign his n$m! onth! %ott!r.22'$%u!n$ #ou%" not $M5 his sign$tur!. -is right h$n" $s tr!m%ing $n"h! sim)%/ rot! his n$m! in )rint.23

C$)t. Coron$"o, th! st$tion #omm$n"!r, #$%%!" )!tition!r N$&$rro to his oM#!, hi%!$ )o%i#!m$n too Ling$n to th! u!on B!mori$% -os)it$%. +h! st$tion m$n$g!r o(*J+I, o/, C$s$W$"$, $rri&!" $n", %!$rning th$t Ling$n h$" !!n t$!n to th!

hos)it$%, )ro#!!"!" th!r!. ut Ling$n "i!" (rom his in=uri!s.24

nnon to )!tition!r N$&$rro, '$%u!n$ $s $%! to r!#or" on t$)! th! !5#h$ng!!t!!n )!tition!r $n" th! "!#!$s!".2+h! (o%%oing is $n !5#!r)t (rom th! t$)!r!#or"ing6

Ling$n6 $r!, /ou $r! $using /ours!%(.

N$&$rro6 Jho is th$t $usingP

Ling$n6 I>m h!r! to m!"i$t!. *o not in#%u"! m! in th! )ro%!m. I>m out o( th!)ro%!m.

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

N$&$rro6 J$%$ s$ $in /$n. Ang $so %$ng . . .

Ling$n6 K$%$$n mo $ng m!"i$, )$r!, Ao $t si St$n%!/, "$%$$ $mi. O$/. *o not8ght ith m!. I =ust #$m! h!r! to $/usin things. *o not s$/ $" things $g$inst m!.I>m th! num!r on! %oo s$ m!"i$. I>m th! !st m!"i$ m$n. . . .

N$&$rro6 -u$g t$/ong m$g%ooh$n s$ g$n/$n -u$g n$ t$/ong m$gt$ot$n-u$g mong s$ihing %oo $

Ling$n6 I>m r$&! $%so.

N$&$rro6 A/ %$%o n$ $o. +$himi %$ng n$m$n $o. J$%$ $ n$m$ng m$s$s$i s$ $in"$hi% n$gt$tr$$ho %$ng $o ng $/on s$ s!ris/o o.

Ling$n6 ou $r! #h$%%!nging m! $n" him. . . .

N$&$rro6 A/ $%$sti $ n$m$n I! $g m$/ )ro%!m$ $ "ito sin$s$ih$n it$ n$m$/ $%it$ t$/ong m$g$n"$. $mihir$ $ I!. -u$g mong s$ihin n$ . . . $r$ngminomono)o%/ mo !h.

Ling$n6 $ti $o $%$$n nin/o.

N$&$rro6 +$%$g$ng $%$$n n$min $ng )r!ss. L$h$t, hin"i %$ng i$

Ling$n6 ou $r! rong. $it $%$$n n/o $ng )r!ssP

N$&$rro6 u%is ito A$

Ling$n6 A%isin mo $ng $ri% mo A%isin mo $ng $ri% mo Suntu$n t$/o, sig!.

N$&$rro6 B$/$$ng $ $h

DSoun"s o( $ s#uY!

i hi hi O h h h " %% % i h i i = " i


28/118

N$&$rro6 -in$mon $o n/$n $r! hin$mon $o n/$n $r! hin$mon $o n/$n,t!stigo $/o. A%isin o "$ $ng $ri% o. -in$mon $o n/$n. $r!, i%$g$/ mo "i/$n,hin$mon $o s$ h$r$) ni St$n%!/. +!stigo $/o, hin$mon $o. u%is t$/o !h. ut$, uting$, sunto %$ng $ng in$ot n/$n. S$ h$r$) ni A%!5, ni 'o!, ni St$n%!/, hin$mon $o.$r!, hin$mon $o, inig n/o h$. -in$mon $o n/$n. Sig!, "$%hin n/o s$ hos)it$%/$n.

!tition!r !%i)! N$&$rro #%$ims th$t it $s th! "!#!$s!" ho tri!" to hit him ti#!,ut h! D)!tition!r $s $%! to "u# oth tim!s, $n" th$t Ling$n $s so "run h! (!%%on th! oor ti#!, !$#h tim! hitting his h!$" on th! #on#r!t!.2:

In gi&ing #r!"!n#! to th! !&i"!n#! (or th! )ros!#ution, th! tri$% #ourt st$t!"6

A(t!r $ thorough $n" in"!)th !&$%u$tion o( th! !&i"!n#! $""u#!" / th!)ros!#ution $n" th! "!(!ns!, this #ourt 8n"s th$t th! !&i"!n#! (or th! )ros!#ution isth! mor! #r!"i%!, #on#r!t! $n" suM#i!nt to #r!$t! th$t mor$% #!rt$int/ in th! min"o( th! #ourt th$t $##us!" h!r!in is #rimin$%%/ r!s)onsi%!.

+h! "!(!ns!>s !&i"!n#! hi#h #onsists o( outright "!ni$% #ou%" not un"!r th!#ir#umst$n#! o&!rturn th! str!ngth o( th! )ros!#ution>s !&i"!n#!.

+his #ourt 8n"s th$t th! )ros!#ution itn!ss!s, mor! )$rti#u%$r%/ St$n%!/ '$%u!n$,%$#!" $n/ moti&! to m$! ($%s! $##us$tion, "istort th! truth, t!sti(/ ($%s!hoo" or

#$us! $##us$tion o( on! ho h$" n!ith!r rought him h$rm or in=ur/.

Going o&!r th! !&i"!n#! on r!#or", th!postmortemr!)ort issu!" / *r$. E&$$m$moto #on8rms th! "!t$i%!" $##ount gi&!n / St$n%!/ '$%u!n$ on ho Ling$nsust$in!" h!$" in=uri!s.

S$i"post-mortemr!)ort tog!th!r ith th! t!stimon/ o( '$%u!n$ suM#i!nt%/ !%i!th! #%$im o( th! "!(!ns! th$t th! h!$" in=uri!s o( "!#!$s!" Ling$n !r! #$us!" /th! %$tt!r>s ($%%ing "on on th! #on#r!t! )$&!m!nt h!$" 8rst.

+h! Court o( A))!$%s $Mrm!"6

J! $r! ($r (rom !ing #on&in#!" / $))!%%$nt>s $(or!s$i" "is?uisition. J! h$&!#$r!(u%%/ !&$%u$t!" th! #oni#ting &!rsions o( th! in#i"!nt $s )r!s!nt!" / oth)$rti!s, $n" ! 8n" th! tri$% #ourt>s ($#tu$% #on#%usions to h$&! !tt!r $n" strong!r!&i"!nti$r/ su))ort.

In th! 8rst )%$#!, th! m!r! ($#t th$t '$%u!n$ $s hims!%( $ &i#tim o( $))!%%$nt>s$ggr!ssion "o!s not im)$ir th! )ro$ti&! orth o( his )ositi&! $n" %ogi#$% $##ount o(th! in#i"!nt in ?u!stion. In ($#t, ($r (rom )ro&ing his inno#!n#!, $))!%%$nt>sun$rr$nt!" $ss$u%t u)on '$%u!n$, hi#h th! "!(!ns! h$s &irtu$%%/ $"mitt!",#%!$r%/ !tr$/s his &io%!nt #h$r$#t!r or "is)osition $n" his #$)$#it/ to h$rm oth!rs.A))$r!nt%/, th! s$m! moti&$tion th$t %!" him into $ss$i%ing '$%u!n$ must h$&!)ro&o!" him into $%so $tt$#ing Ling$n ho h$" int!r#!"!" (or '$%u!n$ $n"

humi%i$t!" him $n" (urth!r #h$%%!ng!" to $ 8st 8ght.=>wpi=+n?t

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

On th! oth!r h$n", $))!%%$nt>s !5)%$n$tion $s ho Ling$n $s in=ur!" is too t!nuous$n" i%%ogi#$% to ! $##!)t!". It is in ($#t #ontr$"i#t!" / th! num!r, n$tur! $n"%o#$tion o( Ling$n>s in=uri!s $s shon in th!post-mortemr!)ort DE5h. *. A##or"ingto th! "!(!ns!, Ling$n (!%% to tim!s h!n h! $s out$%$n#!" in th! #ours! o(o5ing th! $))!%%$nt. An" /!t, Ling$n su!r!" %$#!r$t!" oun"s in his %!(t (or!h!$",%!(t !/!ro, !t!!n his %!(t $n" right !/!ros, $n" #ontusion in th! rightt!m)or$% r!gion o( th! h!$" DE5h. E.. C!rt$in%/, th!s! in=uri!s #ou%" not h$&! !!nr!su%t!" (rom Ling$n>s $##i"!nt$% ($%%.

-!n#!, this $))!$%. !tition!r N$&$rro #ont!n"s6

+-E -ONORALE COR+ O AEALS -AS *ECI*E* +-E CASE NO+ IN ACCOR* JI+-LAJ AN* JI+- +-E ALICALE *ECISIONS O +-E SREBE COR+. I+SCONCLSION IS A IN*ING ASE* ON SECLA+ION, SRBISE OR CON'EC+RE< +-EINERENCE I+ BA*E IS BANIES+L BIS+AKEN, ASR* OR IBOSSILE< I+COBBI++E* GRAVE ASE O *ISCRE+ION< I+S '*GBEN+ IS ASE* ON ABISARE-ENSION O AC+S< I+S IN*ING IS CON+RA*IC+E* EVI*ENCE ONRECOR*< AN* I+S IN*ING IS *EVOI* O SOR+ IN +-E RECOR*.

+h! $))!$% is ithout m!rit.

#irst. !tition!r N$&$rro ?u!stions th! #r!"ii%it/ o( th! t!stimon/ o( '$%u!n$ on th!groun" th$t h! $s $ i$s!" itn!ss, h$&ing $ gru"g! $g$inst him. +h! t!stimon/ o(

$ itn!ss ho h$s $n int!r!st in th! #on&i#tion o( th! $##us!" is not, (or this r!$son$%on!, unr!%i$%!.27+ri$% #ourts, hi#h h$&! th! o))ortunit/ os!r&! th! ($#i$%!5)r!ssions, g!stur!s, $n" ton!s o( &oi#! o( $ itn!ss hi%! t!sti(/ing, $r!#om)!t!nt to "!t!rmin! h!th!r his or h!r t!stimon/ shou%" ! gi&!n #r!"!n#!. 2@Inth! inst$nt #$s!, )!tition!r N$&$rro h$s not shon th$t th! tri$% #ourt !rr!" in$##or"ing !ight to th! t!stimon/ o( '$%u!n$.

In"!!", '$%u!n$>s t!stimon/ is #on8rm!" / th! &oi#! r!#or"ing h$" m$"!. It m$/! $s!" h!th!r th! t$)! is $"missi%! in &i! o( R.A. No. 42;;, hi#h )rohiitsir! t$))ing. +h! $ns!r is in th! $Mrm$ti&!. +h! %$ )ro&i"!s6

S!#. 1. It sh$%% ! un%$(u% (or $n/ )!rson, not !ing $uthori!" / $%% th! )$rti!s to

$n/ )ri&$t! #ommuni#$tion or s)o!n or", to t$) $n/ ir! or #$%!, or / using $n/oth!r "!&i#! or $rr$ng!m!nt, to s!#r!t%/ o&!rh!$r, int!r#!)t, or r!#or" su#h#ommuni#$tion or s)o!n or" / using $ "!&i#! #ommon%/ non $s "i#t$)hon! or"i#t$gr$)h o( "!#t!#t$)hon! or $%i!t$%i! or t$)!r!#or"!r, or ho!&!r oth!ris!"!s#ri!"6

It sh$%% $%so ! un%$(u% (or $n/ )!rson, ! h! $ )$rti#i)$nt or not in th! $#t or $#ts)!n$%i!" in th! n!5t )r!#!"ing s!nt!n#!, to noing%/ )oss!ss $n/ t$)! r!#or",ir! r!#or", "is# r!#or", or $n/ oth!r su#h r!#or", or #o)i!s th!r!o(, o( $n/#ommuni#$tion or s)o!n or" s!#ur!" !ith!r !(or! or $(t!r th! !!#ti&! "$t! o(this A#t in th! m$nn!r )rohiit!" / this %$< or to r!)%$/ th! s$m! (or $n/ oth!r)!rson or )!rsons< or to #ommuni#$t! th! #ont!nts th!r!o(, !ith!r &!r$%%/ or inriting, or to (urnish tr$ns#ri)tions th!r!o(, h!th!r #om)%!t! or )$rti$%, to $n/ oth!r

)!rson6 &roided, +h$t th! us! o( su#h r!#or" or $n/ #o)i!s th!r!o( $s !&i"!n#! in$n/ #i&i%, #rimin$% in&!stig$tion or tri$% o( o!ns!s m!ntion!" in s!#tion 3 h!r!o(,sh$%% not ! #o&!r!" / this )rohiition.

CERERAL CONCSSION [ S-OCK


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5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

S!#. 4. An/ #ommuni#$tion or s)o!n or", or th! !5ist!n#!, #ont!nts, sust$n#!,)ur)ort, !!#t, or m!$ning o( th! s$m! or $n/ )$rt th!r!o(, or $n/ in(orm$tionth!r!in #ont$in!" ot$in!" or s!#ur!" / $n/ )!rson in &io%$tion o( th! )r!#!"ings!#tions o( this A#t sh$%% not ! $"missi%! in !&i"!n#! in $n/ =u"i#i$%, ?u$si=u"i#i$%,%!gis%$ti&! or $"ministr$ti&! h!$ring or in&!stig$tion.

+hus, th! %$ )rohiits th! o&!rh!$ring, int!r#!)ting, or r!#or"ing o( )ri&$t!#ommuni#$tions.29Sin#! th! !5#h$ng! !t!!n )!tition!r N$&$rro $n" Ling$n $snot )ri&$t!, its t$)! r!#or"ing is not )rohiit!".

Nor is th!r! $n/ ?u!stion th$t it $s "u%/ $uth!nti#$t!". A &oi#! r!#or"ing is$uth!nti#$t!" / th! t!stimon/ o( $ itn!ss D1 th$t h! )!rson$%%/ r!#or"!" th!#on&!rs$tions< D2 th$t th! t$)! )%$/!" in th! #ourt $s th! on! h! r!#or"!"< $n" D3th$t th! &oi#!s on th! t$)! $r! thos! o( th! )!rsons su#h $r! #%$im!" to !%ong. 3;Inth! inst$nt #$s!, '$%u!n$ t!sti8!" th$t h! )!rson$%%/ m$"! th! &oi#!r!#or"ings h!$" $g$inst $ #on#r!t! oor h$&! #$us!"


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-o $out th! %$st 8n"ing, #/$nosis o( ti)s o( 8ng!rs $n" to!s, h$t #ou%" h$&!#$us!" it "o#torP

JI+NESS6

It in"i#$t!s th!r! $s #$r"i$# ($i%ur!, sir.

ISCAL6

In this s$m!post mortemr!)ort $n" un"!r th! h!$"ing #$us! o( "!$th it st$t!s6

C$us! o( *!$th6 C!r!r$% #on#ussion $n" Sho#, i%% /ou !5)%$in itP

A C!r!r$% #on#ussion m!$ns in +$g$%og 0n$$%og $ng ut$0 or =$rring o( th! r$in,sir.

Jh$t #ou%" h$&! !!n th! #$us! o( =$rring o( th! r$inP

A It #ou%" h$&! !!n #$us!" / $ %o o( $ h$r" o=!#t, sir.

Jh$t $out th! sho#, h$t #ou%" h$&! #$us!" itP

A It $s "u! to )!ri)h!r$% #ir#u%$tor/ ($i%ur!, sir.

Cou%" $n/ on! o( oth #$us!" th! "!$th o( th! &i#timP

A !s, sir.

Cou%" #!r!r$% #on#ussion $%on! h$&! #$us!" th! "!$th o( th! "!#!$s!"P

A B$/ !, sir.

ISCAL6

Jhi#h o( th!s! to mor! %i!%/, to #$us! "!$thP

JI+NESS6

Sho#, sir.

%!$s! !5)%$in (urth!r th! m!$ning o( th! m!"i#$% t!rm sho#P

A It is #$us!" / )!ri)h!r$% #ir#u%$tor/ ($i%ur! $s I h$&! s$i" !$r%i!r sir.

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

ISCAL6

Cou%" $ um)ing or )ushing o( on!>s h!$" $g$inst $ #on#r!t! oor h$&! #$us!"sho#P

JI+NESS6

ossi%!, sir.

-o $out striing ith $ utt o( $ gun, #ou%" it #$us! sho#P

A ossi%!, sir.3

+h! $o&! t!stimon/ #%!$r%/ su))orts th! #%$im o( '$%u!n$ th$t )!tition!r N$&$rrohit Ling$n ith th! h$n"%! o( his )isto% $o&! th! %!(t !/!ro $n" stru# him on th!(or!h!$" ith his 8st.

Tird. It is $rgu!" th$t th! mitig$ting #ir#umst$n#!s o( suM#i!nt )ro&o#$tion orthr!$t on th! )$rt o( th! o!n"!" )$rt/ imm!"i$t!%/ )r!#!"ing th! $#t shou%" h$&!!!n $))r!#i$t!" in ($&or o( )!tition!r N$&$rro. ro&o#$tion is "!8n!" to ! $n/un=ust or im)ro)!r #on"u#t or $#t o( th! o!n"!" )$rt/, #$)$%! o( !5#iting, in#itingor irrit$ting $n/on!.3:+h! )ro&o#$tion must ! suM#i!nt $n" shou%" imm!"i$t!%/)r!#!"! th! $#t.37+o ! suM#i!nt, it must ! $"!?u$t! to !5#it! $ )!rson to #ommitth! rong, hi#h must $##or"ing%/ ! )ro)ortion$t! in gr$&it/.3@An" it must

imm!"i$t!%/ )r!#!"! th! $#t so mu#h so th$t th!r! is no int!r&$% !t!!n th!)ro&o#$tion / th! o!n"!" )$rt/ $n" th! #ommission o( th! #rim! / th!$##us!".39

In th! )r!s!nt #$s!, th! r!m$rs o( Ling$n, hi#h imm!"i$t!%/ )r!#!"!" th! $#t o()!tition!r, #onstitut!" suM#i!nt )ro&o#$tion. In &eople .Macaso,4;! $))r!#i$t!"this mitig$ting #ir#umst$n#! in ($&or o( th! $##us!", $ )o%i#!m$n, ho shot $motorist $(t!r th! %$tt!r h$" r!)!$t!"%/ t$unt!" him ith "!8$nt or"s. -!n#!, thismitig$ting #ir#umst$n#! shou%" ! #onsi"!r!" in ($&or o( )!tition!r N$&$rro.

urth!rmor!, th! mitig$ting #ir#umst$n#! th$t th! o!n"!r h$" no int!ntion to#ommit so gr$&! $ rong $s th$t #ommitt!" shou%" $%so ! $))r!#i$t!" in ($&or o()!tition!r. +h! (r$nti# !5#%$m$tions o( )!tition!r N$&$rro $(t!r th! s#uY! th$t it $s

Ling$n ho )ro&o!" him shos th$t h! h$" no int!nt to i%% th! %$tt!r. +hus, thismitig$ting #ir#umst$n#! shou%" ! t$!n into $##ount in "!t!rmining th! )!n$%t/th$t shou%" ! im)os!" on )!tition!r N$&$rro. +h! $%%o$n#! o( this mitig$ting#ir#umst$n#! is #onsist!nt ith th! ru%! th$t #rimin$% %i$i%it/ sh$%% ! in#urr!" /$n/ )!rson #ommitting $ (!%on/ $%though th! rong(u% $#t "on! ! "i!r!nt (romth$t hi#h h! int!n"!".41In &eople .$astro,42th! mitig$ting #ir#umst$n#! o( %$# o(int!nt to #ommit so gr$&! $ rong $s th$t #ommitt!" $s $))r!#i$t!" in ($&or o(th! $##us!" hi%! 8n"ing him gui%t/ o( homi#i"!.

-o!&!r, th! $ggr$&$ting #ir#umst$n#! o( #ommission o( $ #rim! in $ )%$#! h!r!th! )u%i# $uthoriti!s $r! !ng$g!" in th! "is#h$rg! o( th!ir "uti!s shou%" !$))r!#i$t!" $g$inst )!tition!r N$&$rro. +h! o!ns! in this #$s! $s #ommitt!" right

in th! )o%i#! st$tion h!r! )o%i#!m!n !r! "is#h$rging th!ir )u%i# (un#tions.

43

+h! #rim! #ommitt!" $s (oun" / th! tri$% #ourt $n" th! Court o( A))!$%s $s +h! #$s! origin$t!" (rom $n $#tion (or $ sum o( mon!/ 8%!" / +it$n I!"$


31/118

+h! #rim! #ommitt!" $s (oun" / th! tri$% #ourt $n" th! Court o( A))!$%s $shomi#i"!, (or hi#h th! )!n$%t/ un"!r Art. 249 o( th! R!&is!" !n$% Co"!is reclusion temporal. As th!r! !r! to mitig$ting #ir#umst$n#!s $n" on!$ggr$&$ting #ir#umst$n#!s, th! )!n$%t/ shou%" ! 85!" in its minimum)!rio".44A))%/ing th! In"!t!rmin$t! S!nt!n#! L$, )!tition!r N$&$rro shou%" !s!nt!n#!" to $n in"!t!rmin$t! )!n$%t/, th! minimum o( hi#h is ithin th! r$ng! o(th! )!n$%t/ n!5t %o!r "!gr!!, i.e.,prision mayor, $n" th! m$5imum o( hi#his reclusion temporalin its minimum )!rio".4

+h! in"!mnit/ $s in#r!$s!" / th! Court o( A))!$%s (rom 3;,;;;.;; to ;,;;;.;;is in $##or"$n#! ith th! #urr!nt =uris)ru"!n#!.4:

J-EREORE, th! "!#ision o( th! Court o( A))!$%s is AIRBE* ith th! mo"i8#$tionth$t )!tition!r !%i)! N$&$rro is h!r!/ SEN+ENCE* to su!r $ )rison t!rms o( 1@/!$rs o(prision mayor, $s minimum, to 14 /!$rs $n" @ months o( reclusiontemporal, $s m$5imum.

SO OR*ERE*.=>wpi=+n?t

G.R. No. 12::19 *!#!m!r 2;, 2;;:

NIJI*E SALES REAL+ AN* RESORCES CORORA+ION, )!tition!r,&s.

+I+ANIKE*A CONS+RC+ION AN* *EVELOBEN+ CORORA+ION, r!s)on"!nt.

+INGA,*.6

+his !tition (or R!&i! on C!rtior$ri un"!r Ru%! 4 s!!s th! )$rti$% r!&!rs$% o( th!21 !ru$r/ 199: *!#ision1o( th! Court o( A))!$%s i(t!!nth *i&ision in CAG.R. SNo. 3797 hi#h mo"i8!" th! 17 A)ri% 199 *!#ision2o( th! Constru#tion In"ustr/Aritr$tion Commission DCIAC.

+h! #$s! origin$t!" (rom $n $#tion (or $ sum o( mon!/ 8%!" / +it$nI!"$Constru#tion $n" *!&!%o)m!nt Cor)or$tion D+it$n $g$inst nii"! S$%!s R!$%t/ $n"R!sour#!s Cor)or$tion Dnii"! ith th! R!gion$% +ri$% Court DR+C, r$n#h119,3$s$/ Cit/ $rising (rom nii"!>s non)$/m!nt o( #!rt$in #%$ims i%%!" / +it$n$(t!r #om)%!tion o( thr!! )ro=!#ts #o&!r!" / $gr!!m!nts th!/ !nt!r!" into ith!$#h oth!r. )on nii"!>s motion to "ismisssus)!n" )ro#!!"ings $n" +it$n>s o)!n#ourt m$ni(!st$tion $gr!!ing to th! sus)!nsion, Ci&i% C$s! No. 9@;@14 $ssus)!n"!" (or it to un"!rgo $ritr$tion.4+it$n>s #om)%$int $s thus r!8%!" ith th!CIAC.!(or! th! CIAC, nii"! 8%!" $n $ns!r hi#h $s %$t!r $m!n"!" $n" r!$m!n"!", "!n/ing th! m$t!ri$% $%%!g$tions o( th! #om)%$int, ith #ount!r#%$ims (orr!(un" o( o&!r)$/m!nts, $#tu$% $n" !5!m)%$r/ "$m$g!s, $n" $ttorn!/>s (!!s. +h!

$gr!!m!nts !t!!n +it$n $n" nii"! $r! ri!/ "!s#ri!" !%o.

&!0*E$T =+:

+h! 8rst $gr!!m!nt Dro=!#t 1 $s $ ritt!n 0Constru#tion Contr$#t0 !nt!r!" into /+it$n $n" nii"! som!tim! in B$/ 1991 h!r!/ +it$n un"!rtoo to #onstru#tnii"!>s J$r!hous! C%u $n" A"ministr$tion ui%"ing in Liis, u!on Cit/ (or $ (!!o( 12;,93:,91.;, )$/$%! in month%/ )rogr!ss i%%ings to ! #!rti8!" to /nii"!>s r!)r!s!nt$ti&!.7+h! )$rti!s sti)u%$t!" th$t th! ui%"ing sh$%% !#om)%!t!" not %$t!r th$n 3; No&!m!r 1991. As (oun" / th! CIAC, th! ui%"ing $s!&!ntu$%%/ 8nish!" on 1 !ru$r/ 1992@$n" turn!" o&!r to nii"!.

&!0*E$T @+

Som!tim! in 'u%/ 1992, +it$n $n" nii"! !nt!r!" into th! s!#on" $gr!!m!ntDro=!#t 2 h!r!/ th! (orm!r $gr!!" to #onstru#t $n $""ition$% oor $n" tor!no&$t! th! %$tt!r>s $r!hous! %o#$t!" $t th! E*SA C!ntr$% B$r!t Ar!$ inB$n"$%u/ong Cit/. +h!r! $s no ritt!n #ontr$#t !5!#ut!" !t!!n th! )$rti!s (orthis )ro=!#t. Constru#tion $s $%%!g!"%/ to ! on th! $sis o( "r$ings $n"s)!#i8#$tions )ro&i"!" / nii"!>s stru#tur$% !ngin!!rs. +h! )$rti!s )ro#!!"!" onth! $sis o( $ #ost !stim$t! o( 21,3;1,;7.77 in#%usi&! o( +it$n>s 2; m$ru).

+it$n #on#!"!" in its #om)%$int to h$&ing r!#!i&!" 1,;;;,;;;.;; o( this $mount.+his )ro=!#t $s #om)%!t!" in th! %$tt!r )$rt o( O#to!r 1992 $n" turn!" o&!r tonii"!.

&!0*E$T A+9

+h! )$rti!s !5!#ut!" th! thir" $gr!!m!nt Dro=!#t 3 in B$/ 1992. In $ ritt!n0Constru#tion Contr$#t,0 +it$n un"!rtoo to #onstru#t th! nii"! S$%!s *!)$rtm!ntStor! ui%"ing in K$%oo$n Cit/ (or th! )ri#! o(11@,;;;,;;;.;; )$/$%! in )rogr!ssi%%ings to ! #!rti8!" to / nii"!>s r!)r!s!nt$ti&!.1;It $s sti)u%$t!" th$t th!)ro=!#t sh$%% ! #om)%!t!" not %$t!r th$n 2@ !ru$r/ 1993. +h! )ro=!#t $s#om)%!t!" $n" turn!" o&!r to nii"! in 'un! 1993.

nii"! $ss!rt!" in its )!tition th$t6 D$ it o&!r)$i" +it$n (or un$uthori!" $""ition$%ors in ro=!#t 1 $n" ro=!#t 3< D it is not %i$%! to )$/ th! V$%u!A""!" +$5 DVA+(or ro=!#t 1< D# it is !ntit%!" to %i?ui"$t!" "$m$g!s (or th! "!%$/ in#urr!" in

#onstru#ting ro=!#t 1 $n" ro=!#t 3< $n" D" it shou%" not h$&! !!n (oun" %i$%! (or"!8#i!n#i!s in th! "!(!#ti&!%/ #onstru#t!" ro=!#t 2.

An Aritr$% +riun$% #onsisting o( $ #h$irm$n $n" to m!m!rs $s #r!$t!" in on 21 !ru$r/ 199: nii"!>s motion (or r!#onsi"!r$tion $s %i!is! "!ni!" /
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An Aritr$% +riun$% #onsisting o( $ #h$irm$n $n" to m!m!rs $s #r!$t!" in$##or"$n#! ith th! CIAC Ru%!s o( ro#!"ur! Go&!rning Constru#tion Aritr$tion. It#on"u#t!" $ )r!%imin$r/ #on(!r!n#! ith th! )$rti!s $n" th!r!$(t!r issu!" $ +!rmso( R!(!r!n#! D+OR hi#h $s sign!" / th! )$rti!s. +h! triun$% $%so #on"u#t!" $no#u%$r ins)!#tion, h!$rings, $n" r!#!i&!" th! !&i"!n#! o( th! )$rti!s #onsisting o($M"$&its hi#h !r! su=!#t to #ross!5$min$tion. On 17 A)ri% 199, $(t!r th!)$rti!s sumitt!" th!ir r!s)!#ti&! m!mor$n"$, th! Aritr$% +riun$% )romu%g$t!" $*!#ision,11th! "!#r!t$% )ortion o( hi#h is $s (o%%os6

0J-EREORE, =u"gm!nt is h!r!/ r!n"!r!" $s (o%%os6

On ro=!#t 1 \ Liis6

Qnii"! is $so%&!" o( $n/ %i$i%it/ (or th! #%$ims m$"! / Q+it$n on this ro=!#t.

ro=!#t 2 \ E"s$ C!ntr$%6

Qnii"! is $so%&!" o( $n/ %i$i%it/ (or VA+ )$/m!nt on this )ro=!#t, th! s$m! !ing(or th! $##ount o( th! Q+it$n. On th! oth!r h$n", Q+it$n is $so%&!" o( $n/ %i$i%it/on th! #ount!r#%$im (or "!(!#ti&! #onstru#tion o( this )ro=!#t.

Qnii"! is h!%" %i$%! (or th! un)$i" $%$n#! in th! $mount o( :,3;1,;7.77 hi#his or"!r!" to ! )$i" to th! Q+it$n ith 12 int!r!st )!r $nnum #omm!n#ing (rom19 *!#!m!r 1992 unti% th! "$t! o( )$/m!nt.

On ro=!#t 3 \ K$%oo$n6

Qnii"! is h!%" %i$%! (or th! un)$i" $%$n#! in th! $mount o( ,1@,3:4.:3 hi#his or"!r!" to ! )$i" to th! Q+it$n ith 12 int!r!st )!r $nnum #omm!n#ing (rom;@ S!)t!m!r 1993 unti% th! "$t! o( )$/m!nt.

Qnii"! is h!%" %i$%! to )$/ in (u%% th! VA+ on this )ro=!#t, in su#h $mount $s m$/! #om)ut!" / th! ur!$u o( Int!rn$% R!&!nu! to ! )$i" "ir!#t%/ th!r!to. +h! IRis h!r!/ noti8!" th$t Qnii"! S$%!s R!$%t/ $n" R!sour#!s Cor)or$tion h$s$ssum!" r!s)onsii%it/ $n" is h!%" %i$%! (or VA+ )$/m!nt on this )ro=!#t. +his$##or"ing%/ !5!m)ts C%$im$nt +it$nI!"$ Constru#tion $n" *!&!%o)m!ntCor)or$tion (rom this o%ig$tion.

L!t $ #o)/ o( this *!#ision ! (urnish!" th! -onor$%! Auror$ . N$&$r!tt! R!#in$,r!si"ing 'u"g!, r$n#h 119, $s$/ Cit/, in Ci&i% C$s! No. 94;@14 !ntit%!" Titan-Ikeda $onstruction %eelopment $orporation( &laintiB C ersus C 2niwide "ales

!ealty and !esources $orporation, *!(!n"$nt, )!n"ing !(or! s$i" #ourt (orin(orm$tion $n" )ro)!r $#tion.

SO OR*ERE*.012

nii"! 8%!" $ motion (or r!#onsi"!r$tion o( th! 17 A)ri% 199 "!#ision hi#h $s"!ni!" / th! CIAC in its R!so%ution "$t!" : 'u%/ 199. nii"! $##or"ing%/ 8%!" $)!tition (or r!&i! ith th! Court o( A))!$%s, 13hi#h r!n"!r!" th! $ss$i%!" "!#ision

on 21 !ru$r/ 199:. nii"! s motion (or r!#onsi"!r$tion $s %i!is! "!ni!" /th! Court o( A))!$%s in its $ss$i%!" R!so%ution14"$t!" 3; S!)t!m!r 199:.

-!n#!, nii"! #om!s to this Court &i$ $ )!tition (or r!&i! un"!r Ru%! 4. +h!issu!s sumitt!" (or r!so%ution o( this Court $r! $s (o%%os61D1 Jh!th!r nii"! is!ntit%!" to $ r!turn o( th! $mount it $%%!g!"%/ )$i" / mist$! to +it$n (or $""ition$%ors "on! on ro=!#t 1< D2 Jh!th!r nii"! is %i$%! (or th! )$/m!nt o( th! V$%u!A""!" +$5 DVA+ on ro=!#t 1< D3 Jh!th!r nii"! is !ntit%!" to %i?ui"$t!" "$m$g!s(or ro=!#ts 1 $n" 3< $n" D4 Jh!th!r nii"! is %i$%! (or "!8#i!n#i!s in ro=!#t 2.

As $ ru%!, 8n"ings o( ($#t o( $"ministr$ti&! $g!n#i!s $n" ?u$si=u"i#i$% o"i!s, hi#h

h$&! $#?uir!" !5)!rtis! !#$us! th!ir =uris"i#tion is #on8n!" to s)!#i8# m$tt!rs, $r!g!n!r$%%/ $##or"!" not on%/ r!s)!#t, ut $%so 8n$%it/, !s)!#i$%%/ h!n $Mrm!" /th! Court o( A))!$%s.1:In )$rti#u%$r, ($#tu$% 8n"ings o( #onstru#tion $ritr$tors $r!8n$% $n" #on#%usi&! $n" not r!&i!$%! / this Court on $))!$%.17+his ru%!, ho!&!r$"mits o( #!rt$in !5#!)tions.

In %aid + $onstruction Industry and /rbitration $ommission(1@! ru%!" th$t, $s!5#!)tions, ($#tu$% 8n"ings o( #onstru#tion $ritr$tors m$/ ! r!&i!!" / thisCourt h!n th! )!tition!r )ro&!s $Mrm$ti&!%/ th$t6 D1 th! $$r" $s )ro#ur!" /#orru)tion, (r$u" or oth!r un"u! m!$ns< D2 th!r! $s !&i"!nt )$rti$%it/ or#orru)tion o( th! $ritr$tors or o( $n/ o( th!m< D3 th! $ritr$tors !r! gui%t/ o(mis#on"u#t in r!(using to h!$r !&i"!n#! )!rtin!nt $n" m$t!ri$% to th! #ontro&!rs/s 8n"ings o( ($#t ou%" h$&! h$" th! !!#to( 0s!tting $t n$ught th! $si# o=!#ti&! o( $ &o%unt$r/ $ritr$tion $n" ou%" r!"u#!$ritr$tion to $ %$rg!%/ inuti%! institution.0 urth!r, )!tition!r th!r!in ($i%!" to sho$n/ s!rious !rror o( %$ $mounting to gr$&! $us! o( "is#r!tion r!su%ting in %$# o(

=uris"i#tion on th! )$rt o( th! Aritr$% +riun$%, in !ith!r th! m!tho"s !m)%o/!" orth! r!su%ts r!$#h!" / th! Aritr$% +riun$%, in "is)osing o( th! "!t$i%!" #%$ims o( th!r!s)!#ti&! )$rti!s. In Metro $onstruction( Inc+ + $atam &roperties( Inc+,2!r!&i!!" th! 8n"ings o( ($#t o( th! Court o( A))!$%s !#$us! its 8n"ings on th!issu! o( h!th!r )!tition!r th!r!in $s in "!%$/ !r! #ontr$r/ to th! 8n"ings o( th!CIAC. in$%%/, in Megaworld 4lobus /sia( Inc+ + %"M $onstruction and %eelopment$orporation(2:! "!#%in!" to "!)$rt (rom th! 8n"ings o( th! Aritr$% +riun$%#onsi"!ring th$t th! #om)ut$tions, $s !%% $s th! )ro)ri!t/ o( th! $$r"s, $r!

un?u!stion$%/ ($#tu$% issu!s th$t h$&! !!n "is#uss!" / th! Aritr$% +riun$% $n" -!n#! it urg!s th! $))%i#$tion inst!$" o( th! )rin#i)%! o( solutio indebiti un"!r
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un?u!stion$%/ ($#tu$% issu!s th$t h$&! !!n "is#uss!" / th! Aritr$% +riun$% $n"$Mrm!" / th! Court o( A))!$%s.

In th! )r!s!nt #$s!, on%/ th! 8rst issu! )r!s!nt!" (or r!so%ution o( this Court is $?u!stion o( %$ hi%! th! r!st $r! ($#tu$% in n$tur!. -o!&!r, ! "o not h!sit$t! toin?uir! into th!s! ($#tu$% issu!s (or th! r!$son th$t th! CIAC $n" th! Court o(A))!$%s, in som! m$tt!rs, "i!r!" in th!ir 8n"ings.

J! no )ro#!!" to "is#uss th! issu!s in s!ri$tim.

&ayment by Mistake for &roect =

+h! 8rst issu! r!(!rs to th! ,@23,[email protected] )$i" / nii"! (or $""ition$% ors "on!on ro=!#t 1. nii"! $ss!rts th$t +it$n $s not !ntit%!" to ! )$i" this $mount!#$us! th! $""ition$% ors !r! ithout $n/ ritt!n $uthori$tion.

It shou%" ! not!" th$t th! #ontr$#ts "o not #ont$in sti)u%$tions on 0$""ition$%ors,0 nii"!>s %i$i%it/ (or 0$""ition$% ors,0 $n" )rior $))ro&$% $s $ r!?uir!m!nt!(or! +it$n #ou%" )!r(orm 0$""ition$% ors.0

Non!th!%!ss, nii"! #it!s Arti#%! DArt. 1724 o( th! N! Ci&i% Co"! $s $sis (or its#%$im th$t it is not %i$%! to )$/ (or 0$""ition$% ors0 it "i" not $uthori! or $gr!!u)on in riting. +h! )ro&ision st$t!s6

Art. 1724. +h! #ontr$#tor ho un"!rt$!s to ui%" $ stru#tur! or $n/ oth!r or (or $sti)u%$t!" )ri#!, in #on(ormit/ ith )%$ns $n" s)!#i8#$tions $gr!!" u)on ith th!%$n"on!r, #$n n!ith!r ith"r$ (rom th! #ontr$#t nor "!m$n" $n in#r!$s! in th!)ri#! on $##ount o( th! high!r #ost o( %$or or m$t!ri$%s, s$&! h!n th!r! h$s !!n$ #h$ng! in th! )%$ns $n" s)!#i8#$tions, )ro&i"!"6

D1 Su#h #h$ng! h$s !!n $uthori!" / th! )ro)ri!tor in riting< $n"

D2 +h! $""ition$% )ri#! to ! )$i" to th! #ontr$#tor h$s !!n "!t!rmin!" in riting/ oth )$rti!s.

+h! Court o( A))!$%s "i" t$! not! o( this )ro&ision, ut "!!m!" it in$))%i#$%! toth! #$s! $t $r !#$us! nii"! h$" $%r!$"/ )$i", $%!it ith unritt!nr!s!r&$tions, (or th! 0$""ition$% ors.0 +h! )ro&ision ou%" h$&! !!n o)!r$ti&!h$" nii"! r!(us!" to )$/ (or th! #osts o( th! 0$""ition$% ors.0 Inst!$", th! Courto( A))!$%s $))%i!" Art. 142327o( th! N! Ci&i% Co"! $n" #h$r$#t!ri!" nii"!>s)$/m!nt o( th! s$i" $mount $s $ &o%unt$r/ (u%8%%m!nt o( $ n$tur$% o%ig$tion. +h!situ$tion $s #h$r$#t!ri!" $s !ing $in to nii"! !ing $ "!tor ho )$i" $ "!t!&!n hi%! it n! th$t it $s not %!g$%%/ #om)!%%!" to "o so. As su#h "!tor,nii"! #ou%" no %ong!r "!m$n" th! r!(un" o( th! $mount $%r!$"/ )$i".

nii"! #ount!rs th$t Art. 1724 m$!s no "istin#tion $s to h!th!r )$/m!nt (or th!0$""ition$% ors0 h$" $%r!$"/ !!n m$"!. It #%$ims th$t it h$" m$"! th! )$/m!nts,

su=!#t to r!s!r&$tions, u)on th! ($%s! r!)r!s!nt$tion o( +it$nI!"$ th$t th!0$""ition$% ors0 !r! $uthori!" in riting. nii"! #h$r$#t!ri!s th! )$/m!nt $s$ 0mist$!,0 $n" not $ 0&o%unt$r/0 (u%8%%m!nt un"!r Art. 1423 o( th! Ci&i% Co"!.

-!n#!, it urg!s th! $))%i#$tion, inst!$", o( th! )rin#i)%! o( solutio indebiti un"!rArts. 2142@$n" 21:29o( th! Ci&i% Co"!.

+o ! #!rt$in, this Court h$s not !!n ont to gi&! $n !5)$nsi&! #onstru#tion o( Art.1724, "!n/ing, (or !5$m)%!, #%$ims th$t it $))%i!s to #onstru#tions m$"! o( shi)&!ss!%s,3;or th$t it #$n &$%i"%/ "!n/ th! #%$im (or )$/m!nt o( )ro(!ssion$% (!!s to th!$r#hit!#t.31+h! )r!s!nt situ$tion though )r!s!nts $ thorni!r )ro%!m. C%!$r%/, Art.1724 "!ni!s, $s $ m$tt!r o( right, )$/m!nt to th! #ontr$#tor (or $""ition$% orshi#h !r! not $uthori!" in riting / th! )ro)ri!tor, $n" th! $""ition$% )ri#! o(hi#h $s not "!t!rmin!" in riting / th! )$rti!s.

!t th! "istin#tion )oint!" out / th! Court o( A))!$%s is m$t!ri$%. +h! issu! is no%ong!r #!nt!r!" on th! right o( th! #ontr$#tor to "!m$n" )$/m!nt (or $""ition$%ors un"!rt$!n !#$us! )$/m!nt, h!th!r mist$!n or not, $s $%r!$"/ m$"! /nii"!. +hus, it ou%" not $n/mor! ! in#um!nt on +it$n to !st$%ish th$t it h$"th! right to "!m$n" or r!#!i&! su#h )$/m!nt.

ut, !&!n i( th! Court $##!)ts Art. 1724 $s $))%i#$%! in this #$s!, su#h r!#ognition"o!s not ipsofacto$##or" nii"! th! right to ! r!imurs!" (or )$/m!nts $%r!$"/m$"!, sin#! Art. 1724 "o!s not !!#t su#h right o( r!imurs!m!nt. It h$s to !un"!rstoo" th$t Art. 1724 "o!s not )r!#%u"! th! )$/m!nt to th! #ontr$#tor ho)!r(orms $""ition$% ors ithout $n/ )rior ritt!n $uthori$tion or $gr!!m!nt $s toth! )ri#! (or su#h ors i( th! on!r "!#i"!s $n/$/ to m$! su#h )$/m!nt. Jh$t

th! )ro&ision "o!s )r!#%u"! is th! right o( th! #ontr$#tor to insist u)on )$/m!nt (orun$uthori!" $""ition$% ors.

A##or"ing%/, nii"!, $s th! on!r ho "i" )$/ th! #ontr$#tor (or su#h $""ition$%ors !&!n i( th!/ h$" not !!n $uthori!" in riting, h$s to !st$%ish its on rightto r!imurs!m!nt not un"!r Art. 1724, ut un"!r $ "i!r!nt )ro&ision o( %$.nii"!>s ur"!n o( !st$%ishing its %!g$% right to r!imurs!m!nt !#om!s !&!nmor! #ru#i$% in th! %ight o( th! g!n!r$% )r!sum)tion #ont$in!" in S!#tion 3D(, Ru%!131 o( th! Ru%!s o( Court th$t 0mon!/ )$i" / on! to $noth!r $s "u! to th! %$tt!r.0

nii"! un"!rt$!s su#h $ t$s !(or! this Court, #iting th! )ro&isions on solutioindebiti un"!r Arts. 214 $n" 21: o( th! Ci&i% Co"!. -o!&!r, it is not !nough to)ro&! th$t th! )$/m!nts m$"! / nii"! to +it$n !r! 0not "u!0 !#$us! th!r!

$s no )rior $uthori$tion or $gr!!m!nt ith r!s)!#t to $""ition$% ors. +h!r! is $(urth!r r!?uir!m!nt th$t th! )$/m!nt / th! "!tor $s m$"! !ith!r throughmist$! or un"!r $ #%ou" o( "out. In short, (or th! )ro&isions on solutio indebitito$))%/, th!r! h$s to ! !&i"!n#! !st$%ishing th! (r$m! o( min" o( th! )$/or $t th!tim! th! )$/m!nt $s m$"!.32

+h! CIAC r!(us!" to $#no%!"g! th$t th! $""ition$% ors on ro=!#t 1 !r! in"!!"un$uthori!" / nii"!. N!ith!r "i" th! Court o( A))!$%s $rri&! $t $ #ontr$r/"!t!rmin$tion. +h!r! ou%" thus ! som! "iM#u%t/ (or this Court to $gr!! ith thismost $si# )r!mis! sumitt!" / nii"! th$t it "i" not $uthori! th! $""ition$%ors on ro=!#t 1 un"!rt$!n / +it$n. Sti%%, nii"! "o!s #it! t!stimoni$% !&i"!n#!(rom th! r!#or" $%%u"ing to $ #on#!ssion / !m)%o/!!s o( +it$n th$t th!s! $""ition$%

ors on ro=!#t 1 !r! !ith!r $uthori!" or "o#um!nt!".33

!t !&!n #on#!"ing th$t th! $""ition$% ors on ro=!#t 1 !r! not $uthori!" or Sin#! %$or #osts is Qsi# )ro)ortion$t!%/ )%$#!" $t :;4; o( th! #ontr$#t )ri#!
http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt27http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt28http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt28http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt29http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt30http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt31http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt32http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt33http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt27http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt28http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt29http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt30http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt31http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt32http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_126619_2006.html#fnt33


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!t !&!n #on#!"ing th$t th! $""ition$% o

evidence second batch

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