evlib2009forum4
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Predicting Heat Release
Loss due to
overpotentialsand ohmic
potential drop
Reversible heat generation
related to entropy change due to all chemical
reactions occurring in cell
Heat Generation
during discharge or thermal
runaway
Where:
U= open circuit potential
V= cell potential
I= current
Mechanisms and Interactions Between
Heat Transfer and Chemical Reactions
How do we break the cycle?
Heat
accumulationin Cell
Net Heat
Entering/LeavingCell
= +Heat
Generation
Insufficient heat
transfer causes
heat accumulation
in cell
heat accumulation
in cell creates
burden on cooling
Heat from
Chemical reaction
accumulates in
cell
heat accumulation
in cell creates
additional chemical
reactions
Li-ion Battery Safety Methods
Cell Level Pack Level
Cell Design Cell Chemistry Active Cooling Passive Cooling
Liquid Cooling
(refrigerant)
Air
Cooling
Phase Change
Material (PCM) See Next Slide
Safety
CircuitsSafety
Vents Shutdown
Separators
Positive Thermal
Coefficient Devices Electrode
Coatings
Conductive
Polymer
Ceramic
Materials
Cell Chemistry
Electrode Materials ElectrolytesElectrode
Additives
Shutdown
Flame Retarding
Overcharge
Protecting
(redox Shuttles)
SEI
Protecting
Anode
Carbon Lithium
Titanate
GraphiteNano-
Graphine
Platelet
Composites
LiFePO4 LiNiO2LiCoO2 LiMn2O4Flammability
LoweringOxygen “Eating”
Gel
Polymers
Molten
Salts
Solid
Polymers
Cathode
Case StudyPreventing Thermal Runaway Propagation
Using Phase Change Material (PCM)
What is PCM cooling?
Thermal management using phase change
material (PCM) – latent
heat of fusion
Excess heat absorbed into latent heat of
melting wax
No pumps, radiators,
piping, or controls
Prevents propagation of
thermal runaway
Case Study
Air Cooling Simulation
Thermal runaway propagation occurs due to a
single cell run-away in an air-cooled module
Case Study
PCM Cooling Simulation
Propagation of thermal runaway due to a single cell run-away is
prevented by interstitial PCM microencapsulated in graphite
Module of 12 high energy Type 18650 cell
Case 1: thermal runaway trigger of a single cell
Pack Heat Generation Liquid Fraction
Case Study
PCM Cooling Simulation Module of 12 high energy Type 18650 cell
Case 2: thermal runaway trigger of 2 cells
Can not prevent propagation of thermal runaway when more than
2 cells are triggered simultaneously (i.e. more PCM material or
higher latent heat is needed)
Liquid Fraction Pack Heat Generation
Summary
Safety of Li-ion batteries is a major concern
Thermal Management is essential for successful
commercialization of hybrid/electric vehicles
Combination of various methods may be needed
to optimize system design and cost
Thermal amanagement with phase chnage
material (PCM) is an effective alternative solution
for Li-ion battery packs
Discussion and Questions
Acknowledgement
Carrie Okma for preparing presentation slides.
Contacts:Said Al-Hallaj, Chairman & CEO
Tel: +1-312-235-3705
Karen Orlich, CFO/COO Tel: +1-312-235-3702
All Cell Technologies
IIT University Technology Park 3440 S. Dearborn Street Suite 117N
Chicago, IL 60616
Pres MES-DEA
EV Li-ion Battery Forum Shangai Sept. 2, 2009
Rome and Lyon Case study:
Evaluating the Sodium Nickelchloride Battery
value for electric urban bus transport
Pres MES-DEA
Lyon: Mission of ALTRA-IVECO
electric buses
Service 7:00AM - 10:00PM – 5 days a week
Down town line 91,10 km,1 h round trip, 15’ frequency
Public service on urban bus line in Lyon (F) downtown.
Urban service with many stops and starts cycles charges on
downtown traffic
120 Km per day for each vehicle with a complete daily service
of about 50 complete trips. Energy consumption 1.1 kWh/km.
Pres MES-DEA
Main Europolis BUS features
7400 x 3750 x 3100 mm
Kerb weight 8740 kg
GTT 12280 kg
Capacity 48 Passengers
Energy on board 17KWh
Chargers on board with 8
hours charging time
Top speed 60 km/h
Max slope starting 16 %
Pres MES-DEA
Improvement 1: Lyon Remote Diagnostic system
Pres MES-DEA
Improvement 2: New MBS software
Multi Balancing Algorithm
Pres MES-DEA
Improvement 3: new three-phases Charger
+ power, - charging time, + efficiency
Furthermore different BMI/MBS software
improvements have been introduced.
Pres MES-DEA
Lyon case study result:
Dec. ’04 ~ July ’09 = 500’000KmAverage = 130’000Km/year
Pres MES-DEA
15 Europolis EVbus in Sorrento Italy
Public service for tourists between Sorrento
port and city centre.
Urban service with many stops and starts
cycles charges on downtown traffic
70 km per day for each vehicle
100% bus availability
102000Km covered up to July 2009
Pres MES-DEA
52 electric Gulliver bus already travelling in Rome powered by lead acid battery
+ Other 100 electric Gulliver bus powered by
ZEBRA® batteries
= Rome will became one of the city with the
largest electric bus fleet in Europe.
Rome: Mission of TECNOBUS and MES-DEA
Pres MES-DEA
The “Gulliver” zero-emission electric bus, equipped with ZEBRA® high technology batteries, has been in regular urban service for many years further than in Italy also in several countries as England,France, Portugal, Spain,Germany and Canada withexcellent results.
This specific bus version works with about 70KWh and can cover about 130 km during a daily duty service even using air conditioning system.
Tecnobus Gulliver vehicles:
Pres MES-DEA
Gulliver capabilities in urban conditions with
ZEBRA® batteries
Many Gulliver bus are working in urban streets and in severe winter climatic conditions (Canada T=-40°C).
Pres MES-DEA
ZEBRA® Charging Efficiency
Pres MES-DEA
ZEBRA® Expected Life
Pres MES-DEA
Battery price target
For reference:
If fuel price is
1.5 /l and a low
fuel consumption
for such a car of
4,5l/100km,
a battery price of
413 /kWh or 8260
is calculated.
Pres MES-DEA
Thanks for your attention!
www.mes-dea.ch
* References:
- Li or Na_Full_paper_iamf 2009-Cord-Henrich Dustmann - Pure electric buses fleet in Lyon: mission, battery, energy, maintenance-
Giorgio Mantovani, Fabio Nicora, Renato Manzoni
CONFERENCE DAY TWO
3 September 2009
Examining The Li-ion Battery Needs Of Small Size City Cars For City Mobility
!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234(56
Chetan Kumar MainiDeputy Chairman & Chief Technical Officer
REVA ELECTRIC CARIndia
