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Evolution An Introduction

Dra. Umiyah, MSc.

Jur. Biologi, FMIPA, Univ. Jember

November 2011

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Evolusi = evolveproses perubahan

Perubahan genetik yg tjd pada populasidan berlangsung dr generasi ke generasi

(dalam jangka waktu yg lama)

Dpt menjelaskan kesatuan (unity) dan

keanekaragaman makhluk hidup

Mikroevolusi : perubahan frekuensi alel pd

gene pool dr generasi ke generasi

Makroevolusi : pembentukan species baru

(spesiasi)

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EXIT

BAGAIMANA PERSEPSIMU TENTANG GAMBAR- GAMBAR INI?

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How Do We Know That Evolution

Has Occurred?

The evidence for evolution has primarily comefrom four sources:

1. the fossil recordof change in earlier species

2. the chemical and anatomical similaritiesof relatedlife forms

3. the geographic distributionof related species4. the recorded genetic changesin living organismsover many generations

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Geological strata containing an evolutionary sequence of fossils

The Fossil Record

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Archaeopteryxfossil

Archaeopteryxrecreation

Archaeopteryx tail feathers

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section of a DNA molecule

Amino acid

simple protein molecule

Chemical Evidence for Evolution

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Summary of Evolution of Life

Formation

of the

earths

earlycrust and

atmosphere

Small

organic

molecules

form inthe seas

Large

organic

molecules

(biopolymers)form in

the seas

First

protocells

form in

the seas

Single-cell

prokaryotes

form in

the seas

Single-cell

eukaryotes

form in

the seas

Variety of

multicellular

organisms

form, first

in the seas

and lateron land

Chemical Evolution

(1 billion years)

Biological Evolution

(3.7 billion years)

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Anatomical Evidence for

Evolution

Homologous structures: structures with

different appearances and functions that all

derived from the same body part in acommon ancestor

The bones in the forelimb of mammals are

homologous structures Different functions, same ancestor structure

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Homology of the bones of the forelimb of mammals

Anatomical Evidence for

Evolution

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Embryology

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Geographic distribution of some of the major colour pattern forms of

Heliconius melpomene. Names of various geographical

races/subspecies are given on the figure. Chris Jiggins.

the geographic distribution

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Garis Webber Dan Wallance

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Di wilayah ini dijumpai tumbuhan anggota suku

Raflesiaceae,anggotafamili Dipterocarpaceaemisalnya Keruing ( Dipterocarpus sp), Meranti (Shorea

sp), Kayu garu (Gonystylus bancanus), dan Kayu

kapur (Drybalanops aromatica).

Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Barat

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Shorea lepro sula

Shorea resinosa

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Raflesia arnoldi Raflesia padma

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Wilayah Indonesia Bagian Timur

Flora yang dapat ditemukan :

Sagu, Rotan, matoa, Eboni, Meranti

Eucalyptus (mirip dengan di Australia)

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Hewan-hewan di Indonesia memiliki tipe Oriental

(Kawasan Barat Indonesia) dan Australia (Kawasan Timur

Indonesia) serta peralihan.

ciri-ciri hewan di Kawasan Barat Indonesia :

1.Banyak species mamalia yang berukuran besar, misalnya gajah, banteng,harimau, badak. Mamalia berkantung jumlahnya sedikit, bahkan hampir

tidak ada.

2.Terdapat berbagai macam kera, misalnya: bekantan, tarsius, orang utan.

3.Terdapat hewan endemik, seperti: badak bercula satu, binturong (Aretictis

binturang), monyet (Presbytis thomari), tarsius (Tarsius bancanus),

kukang (Nyeticebus coucang).

4.Burung-burung memiliki warna bulu yang kurang menarik, tetapi dapat

berkicau. Burung-burung yang endemik, misalnya: jalak bali (Leucopsar

nothschili), elang jawa, murai mengkilat (Myophoneus melurunus), elang

putih (Mycrohyerax latifrons).

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Kawasan Indonesia Timur Ciri-ciri hewannya

adalah:

1.Mamalia berukuran kecil

2.Banyak hewan berkantung

3.Tidak terdapat species kera

4.Jenis-jenis burung memiliki warna yang beragam

Jenis-jenis hewannya seperti kanguru (Dendrolagus ursinus),

kuskus (Spiloeus maculatus). burung Cenderawasih (Paradiseaesp). komodo (Varanus komodoensis).

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Daerah peralihan

Jenis hewannya antara lain tarsius (Tarsius

bancanus), maleo (Macrocephalonmaleo), anoa, dan babi rusa (Babyrousa

babyrussa).

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Genetic Drift Seleksi alam yg mengakibatkan frekuensi gen mengalami

perubahan krn ada kesempatan

Gene Flow Perubahan frekuensi gen krn adanya migrasi individual

Mutation Peristiwa yg tjd scr acak

Efek: menguntungkan, merugikan atau tdk berpengaruh.

Seleksi alam Tekanan seleksi yg bekerja pd populasi dgn variasi

genetik

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Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College .

ALL IMAGES: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

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Map 17.1 POPULATIONS

evolution equilibrium

forcesPhenotypic

variation RandomRepro-duction

LargePopu-lation

No netmigration

Gene flow chance Naturalselection adaptiveSexual

Recombi-nation

MeioticCrossing

over

mutationRandomMating/

Offspringsuccess

Geneticdrift

Direc-tional

Disrup-tive

Stabil-izing

fitness

determines

If itenhances

undergoNever in complete

requires

No

requires

With act on

include from

May beor

May beincludes

Or may get

Or may get

includes

Or may get

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Hukum Hardy-Weinberg : frek aleldlm populasi tetappopulasi tdkmengalami evolusi

Syarat: Perkawinan acak

rarely takes place, evenin animals

Ukuran populasi sgtbesarmenguranigenetic drift

Tdk ada migrasi

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Mekanisme yg menyebabkan perubahanpd populasipopulasi tsb dpt survivedan bereproduksimewariskan

perubahan tsb pd generasi berikutnya Seleksi alam bekerja pd individuyg

berubah adlh populasi

Terdapat 3 tipe seleksi alam:

1. Directional

2. Disruptive

3. Stabilizing

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Two models exist to describe the rates ofspeciation.

Gradualism:

Refers to the model which holds thatevolutionary change occurs in a gradual linearfashion. A species will change its morphologyover time.

Punctuated equilibriumDescribes the process in which a species

remains relatively unchanged for relativelylong periods of time. Following which, a periodof stress causes rapid change, followed by

another period of relative stability.

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AllopatricGeographic isolationmost common type

Reproductive barriers/isolation

Adaptive radiation

Sympatric

Almost always in plants

Without geographic isolation

In same population but do not interbreed

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The peppered moth is a species ofmoth which uses camouflageagainst tree bark to avoid beingeaten by birds. It is normally a lightgrey color.

During England's industrialrevolution, pollution caused a

darkening of the bark of the trees. There was a natural variation in

moth coloration with some beingdarker than others.

Those moths of a lighter color, wereeasier to spot and eat by birds. Andwere eaten at a faster rate.

The survivors tended to be darker,and when they mated, theiroffspring tended thus to be darkeralso.

Over time, this resulted in thespecies becoming darker in color.

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