Evolution

• Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos Islands– He noticed how different each bird beak was due to

adaptive radiation• Evidence of evolution– The best evidence is matching AA sequences or DNA– We can also look at anatomy. What was the

difference between homologous and analogous structures?

3

What is Classification?

• Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

• Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4

Benefits of Classifying

• Accurately & uniformly names organisms

• Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish

• Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names

Sea”horse”??

5

Standardized Naming

•Binomial nomenclature

•Genus species

•Latin or Greek

Turdus migratorius

American Robin

6

Binomial Nomenclature

What is different in the scientific name of the polar bear and the grizzly bear?

7

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family

• Genus•

Species

BROADEST TAXON

Know in order, how the taxa are arranged from broadest to most specific

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• Broadest, most inclusive taxon• Three domains:

• Archaea and Eubacteria • unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or

membrane-bound organelles)• Eukarya • more complex and have a nucleus

and membrane-bound organelles

Domains

Kingdoms

• Eubacteria• Archaea• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

Know which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes

Know the difference between and prokaryote and eukaryote

Kingdom EubacteriaArchaebacteri

a Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell Type Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Cell Wall FlagellaCapsuleCell Wall

CapsidNucleic

AcidEnvelope

FlagellaCilia

SporesPseudopod

s

-Cell walls made of chitin-Filamentous forms with specialized,

complex cells

ChloroplastsCentral vacuole

Cell wall of cellulose

Specialized, complex

cells

Number of

CellsUnicellular Unicellular

Unicellular OR Multi-cellular

All Multi-cellular

except for yeast

(unicellular)

Multi-cellular

Multi-cellular

Mode of

Nutrition

Autotroph/Heterotrop

h

Autotroph/Heterotrop

h

Autotroph/Heterotrop

h

Absorptive heterotrop

hsaprobe

Autotrophic

Heterotroph

ExamplesSalmonella

E. ColiAnthrax

HIV HepatitisTobacco Mosaic Virus

ProtozoansAlgaeWater Mold

Slime Mold

MoldsYeasts

Mushrooms

MossesFerns

Non-woody & woody

flowering plants

InvertebratesFishes

ReptilesAmphibians

Birds Mammals

Fungus

• Are not plants-they do NOT carry out photosynthesis! The only thing they have in common are cell walls.

• Cell walls of chitin• Absorb food through cell walls– What do they do? Why is this important? What

would we do without them?– An ex of a fungus? Yeast-how does it make bread

rise?

Protists

• Not plants, not fungi– Algae, slime molds etc– These guys are important for creating most of the O2 for us

through photosynthesis!– Form red tides (caused from Dinoflagellates) that kill fish

and other animals in the ocean• Caused by farm runoff

• Are a junk drawer– Uni/multicellular– Eukaryotes– Auto/heterotrophs

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Dichotomous Keying• Used to identify organisms• Characteristics given in pairs• Read both characteristics

and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

Be able to identify characteristics that set organisms apart from the rest!

Prokaryotic – do not have nucleusSingle-celled – unicellular

Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan

What are two key differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

Virus

• Has DNA/RNA• Would we treat with antibiotics or vaccine?

Both?• Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle

Treating Pathogenic Bacteria• Gram Stain – stained

bacteria reveals whether to prescribe antibiotics

• Antibiotics – medicine used to block growth and reproduction of BACTERIA only

• Ex: Pencillium

• Vaccines – weakened pathogen PREVENTS disease in both viruses and bacteria

• Bacteria are beneficial to our environment by acting as:

1. Decomposers - recycle of nutrients to atmosphere

2. Nitrogen fixators - convert nitrogen into a form plants can use

Beneficial Bacteria

Beneficial Bacteria Cont…

3. Symbiotic Relationship – Two organisms benefit from one another

Ex. Humans and E. coliE.coli lives in our intestines, breaks down food for digestion

Preventing Bacterial Growth

1. Heat – inc in temp2. Disinfection – using chemicals3. Refrigeration – slows down

bacterial growth4. Light – slows down bacterial growth

How are Bacterial Infections Transmitted?

• Exchange of bodily fluids• Skin to skin contact, dirty hands• Contamination • Airbourne

• We use Penecillum as an antibiotic