Contents Introduction

Hypothesis

Archean Biosphere

Biosphere Evolution

Important stages of Biosphere

Ecosystem and Biomes(Major Biomes)

Distribution Of Major Terrestrial Biomes

Cryosphere

Role of Cryosphere in Climate System

Snow Distribution and Variation

Structure Of Cryosphere

Conclusion

References

INTRODUTION The process of the origin and evolution of living organisms is

indivisible from the process of the origin and evolution of

Biosphere. The most general features of biosphere evolution as a

directed process are formulated in the Principle of “bio-

actualism”. It is demonstrated, that this principle, stated for

Phanerozoic eon, hold for early biosphere up to the period of

biosphere coming into being.

"Bio" means life, and the term biosphere, had first coined by

Eduard Seuss ,the term biosphere more than hundred years ago,

it is Vladimir Vernadsky’s concept of the biosphere, formulated in

1926,Another term sometimes used is ecosphere ("eco" meaning

home).

Cont…

Biosphere is a specific envelope of the Earth, comprising totality of

all living organisms and that part of planet matter which is in

constant material exchange with these organisms. It is a feature that

distinguishes the earth from the other planets in the solar system.

The biosphere includes the outer region of the earth (the lithosphere)

and the lower region of the atmosphere (the troposphere). It also

includes the hydrosphere, the region of lakes, oceans, streams, ice

and clouds comprising the earth's water resources.

Traditionally, the biosphere is considered to extend from the bottom

of the oceans to the highest mountaintops, a layer with an average

thickness of about 20 kilometers. Scientists now know that some

forms of microbes live at great depths, sometimes several thousand

meters into the earth's crust

HYPOTHESIS Traditionally, the problem of the origin of life on Earth is the

study of how biological life across from inorganic matter and

primary living organisms spread around the planet.

Some philosophers and scientists such as Helmholtz and

Arrhenius proposed the hypothesis of “panspermia” ,The place

and the origin of life is from outside the Earth somewhere in

cosmos.

The abiogenesis hypothesis claims that life emerged from non-

living matter in early terrestrial conditions. This is the traditional

approach to the question of life’s origin.

Main questions of abiogenesis hypothesis are reduced to an

origin of biological membranes via emergence of ionic

asymmetry of the cells and chiral asymmetry of bio molecules.

BIOSPHERE Virtually all life on earth exists in biosphere, that area between several

kilometer above the surface of the earth to several kilometers below the

surface .

The biosphere is a very tiny region on the scale of the whole earth, analogous to the

thickness of the skin on an apple. The bulk of living organisms actually live within a

smaller fraction of the biosphere, from about 500 meters below the ocean's surface to

about 6 kilometres above sea level.

PUTTING IT INTO PERSPECTIVE If the universe were scaled down to the size of the surface of

the earth, our solar system would equal the size of a single

bacterial cell.

Our biosphere wouldn’t even register as a single atom on the

planet’s surface .

Archaean biosphere

The Archaean biosphere was probably an oxygenic and

chemotropic, With oxidized ‘‘spots’’ of oxygenic photo synthetics .

The inversion of that Biosphere with irreversible oxygenation of

the atmosphere by cyanobacteria began 2 Byr ago, after large

amounts of Fe3O4 ore mass were buried . Then the iron cycle in

the biosphere was replaced by the sulfur cycle.

These cycles are incompatible sulfate reduction brings all free iron

into sulfides. Before that, sulfur was likely to concentrate in the

crust.

For example, in Precambrian volcanite in the form of sulfides. So

the immensely large iron ‘‘reservoir,’’ which used to bind free

Pre -Cambrian period was a time of immense change in the nature of the biosphere, characterized by glaciations of possible global extent (the so-called ‘Snowball Earth)

Biosphere Evolution

Biosphere evolution: upper row—biosphere evolution milestones; middlerow—the age-related distribution of cyanobacteria (Zavarzin, 2001)

Important Stages of Biosphere Evolution

Basic stages of climate evolution, earth’s crustevolution and biosphere evolution

Ecosystem Dynamic interactions between plants ,animals ,micro organisms

and their environment ,working together as a functional unit.

Ecosystem will fail if they do not remain in balance .

No community can carry more organisms than it food ,water andshelter can accommodate .

Food and territory are often balanced by natural phenomena (fire,disease and predatarors).

Each organism has its own role to play .

Biome A biome is a large area with similar flora, fauna, and micro

organisms.

Examples :

Tropical rain forest

Tundra in the arctic regions

Evergreen trees in the coniferous forests

Confusion about Ecosystem and

Biome ? Ecosystem

- can be as large as the sahara desert, or as small as a

puddle or vernal pool.

Biome

-many similar ecosystems thoughts the world grouped

together

Major Biomes Mountains (high elevation)

Tundra

Temperate forest

Marine/island

Desert

Tropical dry forest

Cold climate forest

scrub

Grassland

Savannah

Tropical rainforest

The Distribution Of Major Terrestrial Biomes

Cryosphere

Cryo(frozen) , a component of the

earth’s Climate system comprised of

water in its solid state

It consist of

Glaciers and ice sheets

Snow

Permafrost

Sea ice (perannia and seasonal)

The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climatesystem with important linkages and feedbacks generatedthrough its influence on surface energy and moisture ,fluxes, clouds , precipitation , hydrology

Thus the cryosphere plays a significant role in the globalclimate model response to global changes .

Climates of the Earth and Cryosphere Evolution We very often consider that we live in a warm climate. Through this travel in the

deep ages of the Earth, we shall see that this idea is mostly wrong.

During the Earth’s history. A striking feature is that, most of the time, there is just

no cryosphere at all.

The most common climate state of our planet is in fact warm . Since the

Precambrian explosion, 540 Ma ago the period that is best documented.

The glacial periods are also very infrequent. For instance, the dinosaurs, which

lasted very long (220–65 Ma), lived during warm climates without any ice sheet

most of the time .

In contrast, the period where we presently live (the Quaternary) with two ice

sheets (one in each hemisphere) in the last2.6 Ma is indeed a cold period and one

of the rare periods on the geological timescale.

For more than 1 Ma, the climate has shifted from glacial (80%) to interglacial

(20%). During the glacial period, four ice sheets existed, Greenland and Antarctica,

two extra ice sheets were located over the northern parts of North America and

over the north of Europe .

In the most recent 14,000 years, we are in a warm interglacial climate during

which human population has spread all over the world.

Role of cryosphere climate system Largest of fresh water storage

> influence sea level rise

>water resource

>influence ocean circulation

Regular earth’s albedo(reflection of light)change.

Reduce turbulent transport of heat ,water and momentum

Change in ocean buoyancy flux.

Glacier runoff from Antarctica in a major source of fresh water

for southern ocean .

Regular regional global climate .

Milankovitch theory describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate,

87% of ice is in Antarctica10% Greenland2.5% ice shelves (mostly Antarctic)

If all Ice melted sea levels would go up by about 65 meters (213 ft)

snow distribution and variation

The map shows how snow is distributed across the globe (in winter time).Well, of course, this excludes the two poles which have much more snow andthroughout the year. I also see how South America and South East Asia are evergreen throughout the year. By NOAA

Satellite sensors: METOP-A AVHRR, DMSP F-16,-17 and -18 SSMIS, GOES-East and -West Imager, MSG SEVIRI

Glacier A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice exceeding a surface area of

0.1 km² constantly moving under its own gravity which forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting )

On Earth 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent and on a few high-latitude oceanic island.

Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one third of the world's population.

Antarctica ice sheet• Is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of

the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth.

• It covers an area of almost 14 million square km and contains 26.5 million cubic km of ice. That is, approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet.

The icing of Antarctica began with ice-rafting from middle Eocene times about 45.5 million years ago[ and escalated inland widely during the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago.

Alpaine Glacier

Antarctic ice sheet

Greenland ice sheet

It cover around 1,710,000 sq kilometres

( 80% of the surface of Greenland )

It is the second largest ice body in the world,

after the Antarctic Ice Sheet.

It is not the only ice mass of Greenland –

isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover

between 76,000 and 100,000 sq kilometres

The ice in the current ice sheet is as old as

110,000 years. .

The Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the

middle Miocene by coalescence of ice caps and glaciers.

There was an intensification of glaciation during the Late

Pliocene

Sea ice

Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of

sea water. Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable

seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea ice covers

of both hemispheres.

Seasonally, sea-ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere , from a

minimum of 3-4 million km² in February to a maximum of 17-20

million km² in September.

The seasonal variation is much less in the Northern Hemisphere

where the confined nature and high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean

result in a much larger perennial ice cover .The seasonal variability

in Northern Hemisphere ice extent from a minimum of 7-9 million

km² in September to a maximum of 14-16 million km² in March

Conclusion Biosphere is a specific envelope of the Earth, The biosphere

includes the outer region of the earth (the lithosphere) and the

lower region of the atmosphere (the troposphere).

The origin of Biosphere is from the biological membranes via

emergence of ionic asymmetry of the cells and chiral

asymmetry of bio molecules .

Important stages of Biosphere evolution was from RNA

synthesis on montmorillonite to many celled organisms

Biosphere includes the Biome ,Ecosystem ,Community

,Population ,Individual

Cont….. Cryosphere composed of earth’s climate system ,comprised of

water in its solid state.

we presently live with two ice sheets (one in each hemisphere)

in the last2.6 Ma is indeed a cold period and one of the rare

periods on the geological timescale.

Largest mass in Antarctica and Greenland cover 58m deep of

water globally if they melt completely.

Sea ice land snow cover around 8-16% of earth’s surface .

Green land and W Antarctica ice sheet ,arctic sea ice and alpine

glacier have retreated rapidly in recent decades.

The cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate

model response to global changes .

Refrences Nikolay Dodretsov, Nikolay Kochanaov, Alexey Rozanov , Georgy Zavarzin

,Biosphere Origin and Evolution ,Springer Publishser ,pp 7-15,22-28

Chyba, C.F. and McDonald, G.D. (1995) The origin of life in the solar

system: current issues.

Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23, 215–249.

Malgorzata Moczydlowska-Vidal ,The evolution of the Earth and its

biosphere , Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology

,pp 22-32.

Vladimir F. Levchenko, Alexander B. Kazansky, Marat A. Sabirov and

Eugenia M. Semenova , Early Biosphere: Origin and Evolution , Laboratory

of Evolution Modeling, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and

Biochemistry of the Russian, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Russian

Federation , pp 5-12 ,15-22 ,27 -28

• Gilles Ramstein , Surv Geophys (2011) , Climates of the Earth and

Cryosphere Evolution , Received: 18 March 2011 / Accepted: 9 June 2011

Springer publisher ,pp 331-334 ,339-342.

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