evolution of helicopters

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Evolution of Helicopters a report Zalak Upadhyay The report looks into the history of helicopters, from initial days of conception beginning from 4th Century A.D to today, with anatomy, features and a brief insight into Indian scenario.

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A brief study into evolution of helicopters.

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Page 1: Evolution of Helicopters

Evolution of Helicoptersa report Zalak Upadhyay

The report looks into the history of helicopters, from initial days of conception beginning from 4th Century A.D to today, with anatomy, features and a brief insight into Indian scenario.

Page 2: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterBasics

A brief insight into what is a helicopter and its features .

A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine driven rotors.

Definition

They are able to hover, fly forward, backward and sideward, and perform other desirable maneuvers.

This versatility gives the pilot complete access to three-dimensional space in a way that no airplane can.

Features

Page 3: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterAnatomy

A look into the basic components of a helicopter.

Landing Skids

Tail Boom

Tail Rotor

Main Rotor

Drive Shaft

Cockpit

Engine, Transmission,Fuel etc.

Page 4: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterRoles

A view at the various uses of a helicopter in civilian and military area.

Air Ambulance

Sea and Mountain Rescue

Crop Dusting

Fire Fighting

Police Surveillance

Corporate Services

Oil-rig servicing

Civilian Role

Troop Transport

Mine-Sweeping

Battlefield Surveillance

Assault

Anti-tank Missions

Military Role

Low Speed

Vibrations

Limitations

Page 5: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

4th century 15th centuryThe first reminiscent of a vertically flying object was seen in the form of a Chinese hand spun toy. This toy made out of Bamboo had to be rotated between two palms and it went flying upward in the air.

The Helical Air Screw as designed by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490, was impractical when blown into proportions but gave an insight into vertical thrust. Principle used again was that of rotation.

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Page 6: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

19th century

Internal combustion engine was invented and solved the need of adequate engine.

George Cayley produced a converti-plane in 1843. a man named Bourne flew a helicopter like aircraft an year later.

Invention of swashplate, with cyclic pitch control allowed the rotor blade angles to be altered giving equal lift on each side.

Torque and Dissymetry of lift were still an issue.

Page 7: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

20th century

Brothers Louie and Jacques Breget rose some 2 inches off the ground in their helicopter model.

Paul Cornu lifted a twin rotored helicopter off the ground entirely without assistance for a few seconds.

Invention of Autogyro, by a Spaniard Juan De La Cierva. These aircrafts were heavily used for Air Observation post WW I.

August 24, 1907

November 13, 19071923

Also known as Gyroplane, Gyrocopter or Rotaplane, it’s a type of rotorcraft which utilises an unpowered rotor in autorotation to develop a lift, and an engine powered propeller, similar to that of a fixed wing aircraft , to provide thrust.

Autogyro

Page 8: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

20th century contd.

Etienne Oehmichen became the first to fly a helicopter for a Km in a closed circuit. The flight lasted 7 min. and 40 sec.

First practical helicopter by the Germans called the Focke - Wulf Fw 61 was introduced, proving vertical flight possible.

A joint Sirkorsky - Vought effort funded by the American Government led to development of VS-300 helicopter model.

19241936

1938

It formed the most tangible link between the early design concept of rotary-wing aviation and the practical aircraft that is capable of military operation. It was indeed quite different from earlier models. It was an incredible advancement in helicopters, but others soon followed.

VS- 300

Page 9: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

20th century contd.

Sikorsky crafted the world's first certified commercial transport helicopter, the S-55 Chickasaw (H-19).

Another man named Hiller created the flying platform called the Hiller XROE-1 Rotorcycle.

Mc Donnell made the first helicopter with horizontal winged flight from a vertical rotor powered by the turbine engine.

1950s1950s

1950s

The creation of the turbine engine advanced the helicopter's capabilities. With assembly lines brought in by the Industrial Revolution, these engines could be produced with high efficiency and increased precision. The world's first turbine gas-powered engine was the Kaman K-225.

Turbine Engine Kaman K 225

Page 10: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

20th century contd.

The Bell 209 Cobra "Snake" icame into picture. Large missiles protruded from the sides of the machine on metal bases.

Also, Gyrodyne QH-50 was seen. This helicopter used infrared cameras to observe at night for better protection. Still in use.

Development of the Sikorsky S-61 Sea King, the heavy-lift S-64 Sky Crane, and the larger five- and seven-bladed CH-53.

1960s1960s

1960s

The 1960s and the 1970s marked a widespread advancement in helicopters because of the Vietnam War. Beginning in 1964 this war lasted for almost a decade. The military's need for advanced helicopters can be seen in historical pictures of the machines flying through the jungles of Vietnam to retrieve wounded troops. Helicopters were also used as weapons during this time. Many new helicopters appeared with missile capabilities.

Vietnam War’s Effect

Page 11: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

20th century contd.

Mc Donnell continued to produce helicopters like the Tiltrotor Unmanned Air Vehicle and the Bell/Boeing 609, the world's first commercial tiltrotor.

Smaller helicopters were produced to fulfill the public's needs. The Ultrasport Helicopters and the Air Command International Commander 14/A are appreciable examples.

Many helicopters used jet thrust rather than blades to give the directional stability, which made them extremely quiet.

1980s1980s

1980s

Page 12: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterHistory

A journey through the evolution of the helicopters.

20th century contd.

Helicopters were produced by large corporations like the Eurocopter Industry (Sparaco 57) and the Civil Helicopter Industry (Proctor 88).

The Revolution Helicopter Corporation created a single-seat helicopter that can be built by a person at home in forty to sixty hours.

Helicopters were used in all areas of the public including the police force and hospitals. They are still in use and are evolving to become more efficient and capable of reaching their goals.

1990s1990s

1990s

Page 13: Evolution of Helicopters

Landing Skids

Engine Mount

Cowling

Tail RotorDrive Shaft

Synchonized Elevator

Tail Boom

90 Gearbox

Swash Plate

Cabin DoorsFuselage

HelicopterAnatomy

A look into the basic components of a helicopter.

Mast

Stabilizer Bar

Transmission

Rotor Blade

Tail Rotor

Tail Skid

45 Gearbox

Tail Fin

Page 14: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Nation: USAManufacturer: Bell Helicopter Co.Type: Attack HelicopterYear: 1965 (first AH-1G)Power Plant: Two GE-T700-GE-401 turbine engines (1690 SHP Each)Rotor Diameter: 44 ftFuselage Length: 44 ft 7 inOverall Length: 52 ft 11.5 inHeight: 13 ft 6 inEmpty Weight: 6,598 lbMax Takeoff Weight: 14,750 lbsMax Speed: 160 ktsCruise Speed: 120-130 KIASCeiling: 12,200 ftRange: 315 miles (sea level, 8% reserve)Time on Station: 2+00, 2+30 With 77 gal. Aux TankCrew: 2, Pilot in Rear Seat, Co-pilot/Gunner in Front Seat

AH-1 HueyCobra

Page 15: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Nation: USAManufacturer: McDonnell DouglasType: Attack HelicopterYear: 1984Engine: 2 General Electric T700-701C turboshaft, 1,857shpRotor Diameter: 48 ftTail Rotor Diameter: 9' 2"Fuselage Length: 49 ft 1 inOverall Length: 58 ft 3 inHeight: 16 ft 9.5 inEmpty Weight: 10,760 lbMax Takeoff Weight: 21,000 lbMax Speed: 186 mph (level), 227 mph (never exceeded powerdive)Ceiling: 10,200 ft (hover)Range: 428 milesCrew: 2Load/Armament: 1 M230A1 30mm chain gun; 4 underwing hardpoints for Hellfire and Hydra 70 rockets. Typical loadout is 8 Hellfire and 38 Hydra 70 (in 2 17 rocket pods).

AH-64 Apache

Page 16: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Length: 16.4 ftWing Span: 12.3 ftRotor Diameter: 8.2 ftPower: 2 x Allison 250-C20B Gas TurbinesCruise Speed: 160 knotsDash Speed: 200 knotsLoiter Speed: 110 knotsEndurance: 5 Hours (Approx.)Ceiling: 20,000 ft

Expert Avionics/Automated Flight Control Redundant flight control systems Heavy fuel compatible turbine engines Short Range UAV Commonality/interoperability Ring laser gyro IMU GPS Navigation 70% off-the-shelf components

Bell Eagle Eye UAV

Page 17: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Nation: USAManufacturer: Sikorsky AircraftType: Cargo HelicopterYear: 1966Engine: 2 General Electric T58-GE-5 turboshaft, 1,500 shp eachRotor Diameter: 62 ftFuselage Length: 73 ftHeight: 18 ft 1 inLoaded Weight: 22,050 lbMax Speed: 177 mphCeiling: 21,000 ftRange: 779 milesCrew: 3Load/Armament: 2 M2 .50 machine guns, cargo

CH - 3E

Page 18: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Nation: USAManufacturer: Sikorsky AircraftType: Assault Transport HelicopterYear: 1968Engine: 2 General Electric T64-GE-7 turboshaft, 3,435 shpRotor Diameter: 72 ft 3 inFuselage Length: 67 ft 2 inOverall Length: 88 ft 3 inHeight: 24 ft 11 inEmpty Weight: 23,257 lbMax Takeoff Weight: 37,466 lbMax Speed: 196 mphCeiling: 20,400 ftRange: 540 milesCrew: 3Load/Armament: 38 troops

CH - 53

Page 19: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Top speed: 210 mphLargest Helo ever in the CFLoad: cargo - 28,000 lbs on cargo hook, 5 tons internally; or 42 loaded troopsEngine: two Lycoming T55-L-11C turbine enginesNickname = 'Heavy Hooker' (You can guess the other one!)Left service in 1991

Boeing Vertol CH-47 Chinook

Page 20: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Empty Weight: 1200 kgMax. All up Weight: 2200 kgMain Rotor Diameter: 11.020 mOverall Length (Rotor Rotating): 12.84 mOverall Width (Blade folded) :2.590 mOverall Height : 2.97 mFuel Capacity: 575 LMax. Speed: 210 kmphCruising Speed: 185 km/hrService Ceiling : 3250 m with 2200 kg.Range: 500 km. at an altitude of 2000 mEndurance: 3.4 hrs. at an altitude of 3250 m and weight 2200 kg.Rate of climb (SL): 4.3 m/s at weight 2200 kg.

HAL CHETAK (ALOUETTE III)

Page 21: Evolution of Helicopters

HelicopterModels

A look into Military aircrafts of various countries.

Empty Weight: 1090 kgMax. All Up Wt.: 1950 kgMain Rotor Diameter: 11.020 mOverall Length(Rotor Rotating): 12.910 mOverall Width(Blade folded): 2.380 mOverall Height: 3.090 mFuel Capacity: 575 LMax speed (Vne): 210 kmphCruising Speed: 192 kmphService Ceiling :5400 m with 1950 Kg.Range: 560 km. at an altitude of 2600 m Endurance :4.1 hrs. at an altitude of 5000 m and weight 1950 kg.Rate of Climb: 5.5 m/s at weight 1950 kg.

HAL CHEETAH