evolution of organocatalyst ~focused on macmillan’s work~ · 2021. 2. 22. · somo activation...
TRANSCRIPT
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Evolution of organocatalyst
~focused on MacMillan’s work~
2015.5.9 (Sat)
Takumi Matsueda (M1)1
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
3. SOMO-activation
4. Metal-free SOMO-activation
5. Summary
2
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Insensitive to oxygen & moisture
Non-toxic
Inexpensive and easy to prepare
A wide variety of organic reagent
1. Introduction
3
An explosion of interest in organocatalyst
MacMillan, D. C. Nature, 2008, 455, 304-308
Enantioselective organocatalyst was
found in 2000 (by MacMillan)
Organocatalyst is one of the most
important catalyst in organic chemistrydiscovery of organocatalyst
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Prof. David W. C. MacMillan
Career1987-1991 Undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of Glasgow
1991-1996 Doctoral studies at the University of California (Prof. Larry E. Overman)
1996-1998 Postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard University (Prof. David A. Evans)
1998-2000 His independent research career at the University of California, Barkeley
2000-2006 the Department of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology
2006-2011 the Department of Chemistry at Princeton University
2011-present James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of
the Department of Chemistry at Princeton University
1. Introduction
4
The pioneer of organocatalyst
MacMillan catalyst
= enantioselective C=O activation
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1. IntroductionAldehyde activation
5
4 main types of aldehyde activation
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1. Introduction
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
3. SOMO-activation
4. Metal-free SOMO-activation
5. Summary
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The birth of MacMillan catalyst
Selectivity of iminium cation formation
*5 mol% cat. (entry 5)
LUMO-activated Diels-Alder reaction
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 4243-42447
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LUMO-activation by imidazolidinone 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
MacMillan, et.al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 32-33
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 9328-9329
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 1192-1194
Mukaiyama Michael addition
Hydride reduction
Amine addition
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2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
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R=Et,iPr,iBu,Cy,Ph
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 10808-10809
HOMO-activation by proline
Homo aldol
Cross aldol
Oxidation
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 6798-6799
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HOMO-activation by imidazolidinone 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
FluorinationChlorination
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 4108-4109
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 8826-8828
not 6-membered ring TS
... imidazolidinone catalyst
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HOMO, LUMO-activation 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
enantioselective ...
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Organocascade reaction 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
enantioselective C-Nu and C-E bond formation in one-pot reaction
+
2 chiral carbon
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 15051-15053
temp: -60~-40 ℃ yield: 67-97%
dr: >25~9:1 ee: 99%
Nu-
E+
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Cascade cycle 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
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2. HOMO, LUMO-activationProblem of organocascade reaction
Problem: diastereoselectivity
Solution: use different catalyst at respective cycle
LUMO-activation HOMO-activation
14
Cycle specific
organocascade reaction
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2. HOMO, LUMO-activationCycle-specific organocascade reaction
MacMillan, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2009, 48, 4349-4353
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Limitation of electrophile 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
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Application of cascade reaction
Timeline
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
MacMillan, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2009, 48, 4349-435317
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Summary of organocascade reaction 2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
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enantioselective...
imidazolidinone only
cyclic specific catalysts
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1. Introduction
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
3. SOMO-activation
4. Metal-free SOMO-activation
5. Summary
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The concept of SOMO-activation 3. SOMO activation
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low ionization potential of enamine ... 3p electron system and radicalic addition
MacMillan, et al., Science, 2007, 316, 582-585
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CAN = (NH4)2CeiV(NO3)6
1e- oxidant (CeIV -> CeIII)
21MacMillan, et al., Science, 2007, 316, 582-585
SOMO-activation by CAN 3. SOMO activation
arylation cyclization
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MacMillan, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 6106-6110
Catalytic cycle of SOMO-activation 3. SOMO activation
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Mechanistic study 3. SOMO activation
MacMillan, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 6106-6110
The role of water: hydrolysis of enamine, solve CAN
3 features of SOMO-activation by CAN
Enamine selective oxidation
Water concentration is critical (2 eq is good)
Kinetic role of CAN is masked (heterogeneous)
Enamine formation
+: Lewis acidity of Cerium cation
―: hydrolysis by H2O
CAN
Ce(NO3)3・6H2Osame reactivity for enamine formation
2 eq H2O without H2O
concentration of CAN: 0.03M (anhydrous), 0.39M (water 2 eq)
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Combination with photoredox catalyst
First report of photoredox catalyst in organic chemistry
Catalytic amount of redox reagent (CAN: 2 eq)
MacMillan, et al., Science, 2008, 322, 77-80
3. SOMO activation
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About photoredox catalyst 3. SOMO activation
MacMillan, et al., Chem. Rev., 2013, 113, 5322-5363
MLCT=metal to ligand charge transfer
ISC=intersystemcrossing
A=1e- accepter, D=1e- donor
activation by visible light and 2 types of quenching route
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a-alkylation 3. SOMO activation
26MacMillan, et al., Science, 2008, 322, 77-80
Olefin, benzyl tolerate (Ru cat don’t produce allylic radical and benzyl radical)
Wide scope of substituent of phenyl moiety
Addition of tertially alkyl moiety to a-position of C=O
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Catalytic cycle 3. SOMO activation
MacMillan, et al., Science, 2008, 322, 77-80
Ered(oxidant side) – Ered(reductant side)
>0 : proceed
<0 : NR
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Ir(ppy)3 catalyst 3. SOMO activation
Ir cat. passes reductive quenching route
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 13600-13603
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SOMO-b-activation
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3. SOMO activation
New type of enamine activation
MacMillan, et al., Science, 2013, 339, 1593-1596
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b-allylation - mechanism 3. SOMO activation
MacMillan, et al., Science, 2013, 339, 1593-1596
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Michael addition of SOMO-b-activation 3. SOMO activation
entry9: reaction time12 h / entry10: without DABCO
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 6858-6861
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Limitation of b-allylation 3. SOMO activation
Accepter should stabilize radical anion. (EWG aryl / ketyl radical)
Not radical accepter (alkylation)
SOMO-b-accepter
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1. Introduction
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
3. SOMO-activation
4. Metal-free SOMO-activation
5. Summary
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4. Metal-free SOMO activationEnvironmental friendly photocatalyst
HOMO, LUMO-activation ... imidazolidinone or proline catalyst (organocatalyst)
SOMO-activation ... imidazolidinone + photoredoxcatalyst (Ru, Ir)
potentially toxic for environment
Use organic dye for photoredox catalyst
low cost
non toxic (= environmental friendly)
activated by visible light (especially green light)
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4. Metal-free SOMO activationAlkylation by oranic dye catalyst
Konig, B. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 951-954
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Consecutive PET 4. Metal-free SOMO activation
PDI gains high reductivity from photoactivation by two photons
Stability of PDI・- is important for second activation
Exceeds reduction energy of PDI*・- to Ar-Cl (high reduction energy)
Potential to stronger photoredox catalyst than Ru, Ir
R = EWG only
Konig, B. et al., Science, 2014, 346, 725-728
-0.88 V
-1.5~2.0 V
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1. Introduction
2. HOMO, LUMO-activation
3. SOMO-activation
4. Metal-free SOMO-activation
5. Summary
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Summary 5. Summary
Imidazolidinone activation
Diels-Alder,
Hydride reduction
Mukaiyama-Michael
Proline activation
(6-membered ring TS)
Imidazolidinone activation
(not 6-membered ring TS)
Imidazolidinone only
→HCl, HF addition
Cyclic specific catlyst
→Hydride reduction
+aldol, oxidation, amination
CAN (2 eq) activation
low IP of enamine
addition of water
allylation
Photoredox
Ru(bpy)2Cl2, Ir(ppy)3
alkylation
Ir(ppy)3
stable radical anion partner
b-arylation
g-hydroxyketone
radicalic Michael addition
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Summary-2 5. Summary
photoredox catalyst
Metal photoredox Metal-free photoredox
low cost
non toxic (= environmental friendly)
•stability (catalyst is radical reactant)
high reactivity
easy to change reactivity
(ligand modification)
•high cost
•potential toxic
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Appendix
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Synthesis of imidazolidinone from amino acid
MacMillan, et al., Org. Synth., 2011, 88, 42-53
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Hydride reduction of E/Z mixture
amine cat accelerate isomerization of E/Z intermediate
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Imidazolidinone & imidazolidinone cascade
-20 ℃ 30 h → -10 ℃ 12 h
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Aldol reaction by imidazolidinone catalyst
MacMillan, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 6722-6724
aldol reaction ... proceeds at 4 ℃
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45
Redox potential of photoredox catalysts
MacMillan, et. al., Chem. Rev., 2013, 113, 5322-5363
MacMillan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 6858-6861
cyclic voltammetry date of Ir(dmppy)2(dtbppy)2
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46
entry light Ru(bpy)3Cl2 yield
1 15-W fluorescent bulb ○ 84%
2 - ○ no rxn
3 15-W fluorescent bulb - <10%
4 UV (300-350 nm) - >80%
5 MLCT absorption band (465 nm) ○ 84% *
6 MLCT absorption band - <5%
a-alkylation
*90min
MacMillan, et al., Science, 2008, 322, 77-80
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47
Deprotonation of b-position
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48
Benzydrol addtion to allylic radical
H. Nozaki, et al., Tetrahedron, 1968, 24, 6557-6562
J. S. Bradshow, J. Org. Chem, 1966, 31, 237-240
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49
Searching for metal-free photoredox catalyst
entry3,5,10 ... degradation observed
entry4,6,7-9 ... stable under light
エオシンが比較的高い反応性と安定性を有していることからエオシンをチョイスした
ちなみにお値段の方はmmol単位の値段でRu(bpy)2Cl2 $62.5Ir(ppy)3 $630EosinY $2.66
Konig, ACIE, 2011, 50, 951-954
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Metal-free catalytic SOMO-activation
50
B. Konig, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 2958-2961
Meerwein reaction
40-86%
R is electron rich ... low yield
electron poor ... high yirld
transition metals : CuCl, TiCl3, Pd
mechanism : radicalic intermediate
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Reduction potential of aryl chloride
J-M. Saveant, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 16051-16057
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52
PDI photocatalyst substrate
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Mechanism study 4. Metal-free SOMO activation
radical trap by TEMPO
chemical production of PDI radical
B. Konig, et al., Science, 2014, 346, 725-728
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Evidence of PDI radical anion photoactivation
B. Konig, et al., Science, 2014, 346, 725-728
PDI radical anion production by addition of (Et2N)4S2O4 (= chemical reductant of PDI)
... no reduction of 4-Br-acetophenone
Aryl radical trapping
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Q & A
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この研究の最終目的は何か?
触媒量の金属のみの使用で酸化剤・還元剤を必要としないphotoredox catalyst
はatom economyや不要な副産物を生みにくいという点で環境負荷のない合成
法を可能にしています。現在はそれらを用いた反応のバリエーションを増や
している段階だと考えられますが、最終的には全合成・医薬品合成において
クリーンな合成方法を確立することにあるのではないかなと思います。
Ru,Ir以外でphotoredox catalystとなる例はある?
Photoredox catalystはRu,Irが使われる場合がほとんどで、それ以外のケース
ではエオシンのような色素が使われるケースもありますが、Cuを使った光酸
化還元反応もあります。
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p26でアルデヒドのα位はラセミ化しないのか?
MacMillanらの結果をみるにラセミ化はあまり起こってないことが分かります。
その理由としてはamine catalystが置換後のアルデヒドに攻撃しにくくなってい
ることが挙げられるのではないかと考えられます。反応前のアルデヒドより立
体的に混んでいる生成物がアミンの攻撃に耐性があるためイミンやエナミンの
生成が妨げられ、結果としてラセミ体になりにくいという可能性が考えられま
す。
RuとIrの使い分け方
Appendixのp45の表を参考に光励起されてから酸化的パス(E*/E-)のエネルギー差
と還元的パス(E+/E*)のエネルギー差を比べてみると、Ruは酸化的パスのエネル
ギーが大きく、Irは還元的パスのエネルギーが大きいことが分かります。
そのため傾向として言えることは比較的酸化されにくい基質があるときはRuの
方が適切で、還元されにくい基質があるときはIrが適切であるということです。
例えばp28のSOMO-activationの例ではカップリングパートナーが還元されにく
いためRuは使えずIrで反応を回しています。
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SOMO-activationとSOMO-β-activationの違いはどこに起因するのか?
SOMO-activationにおけるカップリングパートナーはphotoredox catalystによって
一電子還元された不安定なラジカルでエナミンに対してすぐ反応してしまうと考
えられます。一方でSOMO-β-activationの場合はカップリングパートナー側がラ
ジカルを安定化するような置換基(電子求引基)を持つことでエナミンへの付加
が抑制されることで、エナミン側に脱プロトンされる隙が生じたのではないかと
考えられます。(つまり、基質依存ではないかと思います)
また、SOMO-activationの場合においてエナミンの酸化に先立ってラジカルの付
加が起こっているという実験結果からもラジカル自体の不安定さが反応性に影響
していることが示唆されます。
SOMO-β-activationのβ位にラジカルが生じる機構は?
考えられる機構としては以下のようなものが挙げられます。