Evolution of Wireless Mobile Communication

AMPS(America)

TACS, NMT(Europe)

IS-54

GSM

IS-95A CDMA200095B

EVDO

EVDV

EVDORevA

EVDORevB UMB

WCDMA HSDPA HSPA+ LTE

CT-2

pager

GPRS

EDGE

WiMAXwave 1

WiMAXwave 2

TD-SCDMA(China)

4G

1990 1995 2000 2005

1G (analog)2G (digital)

3G~3.9G (high speed data)4G (very high speed data)

voice

voice

Voice, 14.4k

Voice, 14.4k

voice

Voice, 14.4k

Data, 56k

한국에서의 서비스 (2007년 기준)

Voice, 384k

Data only, 2.4M/150k

Voice, 153k

Voice, 3.2M/1.8M

3.2M/1.8M

14.4M/5M

14.7M/5.4M ~200M

~200M

Voice, 384k

20M/5M 40M/10M100M~1G

56k

384k

number

1G and 2G cellular Systems• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

– Developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s and first used commercially in the United States in 1983. It operates in the 800 MHz band (1G) by AT&T

– Full duplex (FDX) operation : simultaneous two-way communication

• two 30 kHz channels (forward & reverse)– Analog frequency modulation (FM) used exclusively– Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

• one channel per pair of users

2G cellular Systems

• 2G Overview– The European Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), is

introduced in 1992– The North American Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), is introduced in 1994

• IS-54: FDMA/TDMA access mode• IS-95: CDMA access mode

– The First CDMA commercial service was started in Korea in 1996– The Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system, is introduced in 1992, PDC

(Personal Digital Cellular)– The North American Personal Communication System operating at

1900 MHz (PCS 1900)

GSM Overview

• Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication– GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater to voice services and

data delivery using digital modulation– Digital Communication technology– GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges

• Most 2G GSM networks :900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. • Some countries in the Americas: 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands • Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.

• History– Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT

(Conference of European Post and Telecommunication)– Developed to replace the incompatible analog system – Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group

under ETSI(European telecommunication Standards Institute)– Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990 . Under ETSI, GSM is named as

“ Global System for Mobile communication “

GSM System (cont’d)• Advantages

– Worldwide used with over millions of subscribers. – International roaming– Robust to channel noise compared to FDMA– GSM's maturity means engineers cut their teeth on the

technology, creating an unconscious preference. – The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are

smart cards that provide secure data encryption give GSM advantages.

• Disadvantages– Low Data rate – Strict synchronization and guard time needed– Still susceptible to jamming, and other-cell interference

CDMA System• History

– In 1993, TIA recognized CDMA as an IS-95 Standard– Korea government promote to commercialize the technology in two parts

• ETRI and Qualcomm took charge of switch design, prototype development and base transmit station

• Handset manufactures developed new mobile handsets and switching system– Core chip for CDMA communication was successfully developed by Qualcomm

• Power control was a key issue• A complex high tech chip of the times

• Keypoint– “multiple access” : a large number of users share a common pool of radio

channel bandwidth and any user can gain access to any channel – Idea derived from military & developed by Qualcomm, USA around late

1980’s– Use Spreading Sequence for spreading gain– One common frequency band for all users– Separation between users can be done by user-specific code

CDMA vs. GSMNote CDMA

(Code Division Multiple Access)

GSM(Global System for Mobile

Com.)

Adopted year 1996 1989

Users rate(`05) 20% 70%

Region America, South-Korea, Mongol Europe, South America, Most country

3G CDMA-2000 W-CDMA

Development from 2G to 3GJapan Europe Americas

1st Gen TACS NMT/TACS/Other AMPS

2nd Gen PDC GSM TDMA CDMA

Global strategybased on W-CDMA and EDGE networks,common IP based network, and dual modeW-CDMA/EDGE phones.

Converged TDMA/GSMfamily of technologies will have dominant market share (~80 percent).

3rd Gen (EDGE in Europe and Asiaoutside Japan) EDGE cdma2000W-CDMA/EDGE

W-CDMA and cdma2000will be optional modes inone spec. Basic phoneswill be one or the other.Global phones will haveboth.

IMT-2000

• International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)-2000– Better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards

for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union

– Which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX

– Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+)

– Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency

2G vs. 3G2G 3G(IMT-2000)

Service Low-speed Data service(Voice) High-quality Data service(Multi-media)

User Customer > Customer Customer<->Customer, IP<->Customer

Traffic trend Land to Mobile Mobile to Land

Mobility domestic, limited global roaming Global roaming

Frequency band

Mobile 824 ~ 849MHz869 ~ 894MHz

1885 ~ 2025MHz2110 ~ 2200MHz

PCS 1750 ~ 1780MHz1840 ~ 1870MHz

Standard CDMA, TDMA W-CDMA, CDMA2000

Minimum bandwidth 1.25MHz, 30KHz 5MHz

3G Technologies• Two key Technologies : All based on CDMA technology• Synchronous Vs. Asynchronous

– Synchronous (3GPP2)• Synchronous method that obtain standard time using GPS• Each Base Station uses the same PN code• Base Station classification PN code with time epoch

difference• CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO, EV-DV

– Asynchronous (3GPP)• Asynchronous method with different PN code for each

Base Station• W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+

3G TechnologiesW-CDMA CDMA2000

Leading area Europe, Japan North America

Standard organization 3GPP 3GPP2

Sync. Between BSAsynchronous method with

different PN code for each base station

Synchronous method that obtain standard time using GPS

Initial time Sync. Relatively long Relatively short(Same PN code)

Cell Planning

Relatively easy(Asynchronous BS does not

consider neighbor BS and cellradius)

Relatively difficult( Synchronous BS considers time-offset of neighbor BS’s PN code)

System developer Ericsson, Nokia, NTT DoCoMo Qualcomm, Lucent, Motorola

Core Network GSM-MAP ANSI-41

Base technology GSM IS-95

Chip rate 3.84Mcps 3.6864Mcps

CDMA2000 (3GPP2)

4G Wireless -3GPP LTE• 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)

– the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks

– Considered as 3.5G system– Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA) on the

downlink– Downlink peak rates of at least 100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50

Mbit/s – RAN round-trip times of less than 10 ms– Supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 20 MHz down to 1.4 MHz– Supports both FDD and TDD– Adopted all-IP signaling and networking

(A significant departure from 3G W-CDMA, which adopts circuit switching)

3GPP LTE

• Key TargetsHigh Data Rates at High Speed

Reduced Cost/GByte

Reduced Latency

Optimized for packet-switching

Cost Efficient Roll-out

Bit rates: 50(UL), 100Mbps(DL)Speed: Walking to bullet-train

Higher system capacityLower cost/GByte

Quick response time

Better support for VoIP & data

Reuse 3G/2G spectrumBandwidth flexibilityMinimum Frequency planning

3GPP LTE

• Radio Access and Network aspect (Target)3G and Enhanced 3G 4G

R99/R4Mid-termevolution

3G LTENew mobile

access

Spectrum 3G spectrum (2GHz band the additional band(s)) New spectrum

Radio aspect WCDMAHSDPA, EDCH

etcUltimate

enhancementNew spectrum

RadioAccess

Direct-SequenceCDMA

Ultimateenhancement

New radioInterface

Min. TTI(Latency)

10msec 2ms =< 0.5ms

CarrierBandwidth

5MHz5-20MHz

Fit in 5MHz100MHz

Data rate 384k-2Mbps 14Mbps 30-100Mbps 100Mbps-1Gbps

NW aspect

CS and PS PS only

GTP(tunneling)[IP routing in CN]

IP routingIn CN and RAN

Overview of Mobile Communication

User-oriented SystemUbiquitous Convergence Service(Broadband,Ubiquitous,Convergence,Intelligence)

Service-oriented SystemHigh-speed Wireless Internet

(Broadband)

Technology-orientedSystem(Voice Quality/Roaming)

cdmaOne(9.6~13kbps) W-CDMA/HSDPA(384kbps~2Mbps/14.4Mbps) WiBro(30/ 50Mbps)

cdma2000 rA,B/HSUPA(3~70Mbps/5.8Mbps)

OFDM(600Mbps이상)

Voice+ SMS Voice+Data Voice+Data+Wireless Internet

Voice+Data+WirelessInternet+Sensing

DMB/Digital Camera/MP3 Phone Game/Video Phone 3D Video/Rich Multimedia Phone

cdma2000(153.6kbps)GSM(13kbps)

2G 3G 4G(2011~ )

5G

Beyond

IMT-Advanced

3G

3GPP LTE

IMT-Advanced

WiBro/Mobile WiMAX

WiBro Advanced

VHT(NoLA)

WiMAX

EV/DO-rA,BHSDPA/HSUPA

cdmaOne/GSMWPANBluetooth, Zigbee

2.4GHz WLAN802.11b/g

5.8GHzWLAN802.11a

WLAN802.11n

54Mbps

수 Gbps

100Mbps

Mobility

30~50Mbpscdma2000/W-CDMA

270Mbps

9.6~13kbps

153.6Kbps/2Mbps

3.1~14.4Mbps/5.8Mbps

2G

3GPP LTEAdvanced(NeMA)

MultiGiga Bits60GHz/3~6GbpsIEEE 802.15c / ECMA36Mbps

11~54Mbps

600Mbps 이상

WiBroEvolution

200Mbps

Data Rates

WiBro Advanced

HSDPA: High-Speed Downlink PacketAccess

HSUPA: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network NeMA: New Mobile Access NoLA: New Nomadic/Local Area

Wireless Access OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple OutputSDR: Software Defined Radio 3GPP LTE : 3GPP Long Term EvolutionGSM : Global System for Mobile

CommunicationsECMA: European Computer

Manufacturers Association

Harmonization of IMT-2000

IMT-2000

IEEE 802®

3GDECT

IS136

MobileWiMax

Interconnection

IMT-2000

Mobility

Low

High

1 10 100 1000Peak useful data rate (Mbit/s)

EnhancedIMT-2000

Enhancement

IMT-2000

Mobility

Low

High

1 10 100 1000

Area Wireless Access

EnhancedIMT-2000

Enhancement

Digital Broadcast SystemsNomadic / Local Area Access Systems

New Nomadic / Local

Systems beyond IMT-2000 will encompass the

capabilities of previous systems

New capabilities of systems beyond

Dashed line indicates that the exact data

rates associated

with systems beyond IMT-2000 are not

yet determined

New Mobile Access

Recommendation ITU-R M.1645

Capabilities of IMT

”IMT-ADVANCED”

‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11

PROPOSAL

Evaluation & Revision of Proposal

Consensus Building & Revision of Proposal

IMT.RADIOIMT.TECH

IMT.EVAL

ITU-RIMT-Advanced

IEEE802.16m

WG Letter Ballot

Sponsor Ballot

Workshop

Requirements

WRC ‘07

Baseline

Evaluation MethodologySystem Description Document (SDD)

3GPPLTE-Advanced

LTE-Advanced W

/S Study Item for IMT-Advanced Work Item for IMT-Advanced

IMT.RSPEC

Schedule