EVOLUTIONPart III

Oparin’s Theory

• Aleksandr Oparin

• Russian biochemist

• 1924 pamphlet on the Origin of Life

• Scientists discovered methane in atmosphere of large planets

• Concluded early Earth consisted of CH4, NH3, H2 gases and H2O vapor

• Lifeless matter gave rise to living organisms

Miller-Urey Experiment

• Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

• University of Chicago,1953• Devised an experiment to

support Oparin’s theory

Figure 25.3b

20 m

(b) Reproduction

Figure 25.9-3

Plasma membrane

DNA

Cytoplasm

Ancestralprokaryote

Nuclear envelope

Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum

Aerobic heterotrophicprokaryote

Mitochondrion

Ancestralheterotrophic eukaryote

Photosyntheticprokaryote

Mitochondrion

Plastid

Ancestral photosyntheticeukaryote

Origin of solar system and Earth

Prokaryotes

Atmospheric oxygen

Archaean

4

3

Billions of years

ago

Figure 25.7-1

Origin of solar system and Earth

Prokaryotes

Atmospheric oxygen

Archaean

4

3

Proterozoic

2

Animals

Multicellular eukaryotes

Single-celled eukaryotes

1

Billions of years

ago

Figure 25.7-2

Origin of solar system and Earth

Prokaryotes

Atmospheric oxygen

Archaean

4

3

Proterozoic

2

Animals

Multicellular eukaryotes

Single-celled eukaryotes

Colonization of land

Humans

CenozoicMeso-

zoic

Paleozoic

1

Billions of years

ago

Figure 25.7-3

25

20

15

10

5

0

542 488 444

Era

Period

416

E O S D

359 299

C

251

P Tr

200 65.5

J C

Mesozoic

P N

Cenozoic

0

0

Q

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

Tota

l e

xti

nc

tio

n r

ate

(fa

mil

ies

pe

r m

illi

on

ye

ars

):

Nu

mb

er o

f fa

mili

es:

Paleozoic

145

Figure 25.15

Mass extinctions

Cooler Warmer

Rel

ativ

e ex

tin

cti

on

ra

te o

f m

arin

e a

nim

al g

en

era 3

2

1

0

1

23 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Relative temperature

Figure 25.17

Close North American relative,the tarweed Carlquistia muirii

KAUAI5.1

million years OAHU

3.7million years

1.3millionyears

MOLOKAI

LANAI MAUI

HAWAII0.4

millionyears

N

Argyroxiphium sandwicense

Dubautia laxa

Dubautia scabraDubautia linearis

Dubautia waialealae

Figure 25.20

Figure 26.3

Species:Panthera pardus

Genus:Panthera

Family:Felidae

Order:Carnivora

Class:Mammalia

Phylum:Chordata

Domain:Bacteria

Kingdom:Animalia Domain:

ArchaeaDomain:Eukarya

Figure 26.3

Species:Panthera pardus

Genus:Panthera

Family:Felidae

Order:Carnivora

Class:Mammalia

Phylum:Chordata

Domain:Bacteria

Kingdom:Animalia Domain:

ArchaeaDomain:Eukarya

Figure 26.21b

Sulfolobus

Methanobacterium

Thermophiles

Halophiles

Archaea

Figure 26.21a

Bacteria

Greennonsulfur bacteria

(Mitochondrion)

Spirochetes

Chlamydia

Cyanobacteria

Greensulfur bacteria

(Plastids, includingchloroplasts)

COMMONANCESTOR

OF ALLLIFE

Figure 26.21c

Eukarya

Land plants

Green algae

Red algae

ForamsDinoflagellates

Ciliates Diatoms

Cellular slime moldsAmoebas

Animals

Fungi

TrypanosomesEuglena

Leishmania

Figure 26.15a

1

TECHNIQUE

Three phylogenetic hypotheses:

Species Species Species

Figure 26.15b

TECHNIQUE

Species

Species

Species

Ancestral sequence

1 2 3 4Site

C

C

A

A

A

A

C

C

T

G

T

T

T TG

T

2

TECHNIQUE

1/C

3

4

RESULTS

1/C

1/C

1/C

1/C

4/C

4/C

4/C

4/C

4/C3/A

3/A

3/A3/A

2/T2/T

2/T

2/T

2/T3/A

7 events6 events 7 events

Figure 26.15c

Figure 22.19

Most mammals Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates

(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus (c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer)

Figure 22.20

Other even-toedungulates

Hippopotamuses

†Pakicetus

†Rodhocetus

†Dorudon

Livingcetaceans

Commonancestorof cetaceans

Millions of years ago

70 Key60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pelvis TibiaFemur Foot

Figure 22.17

Branch pointLungfishes

Amphibians

Mammals

Lizardsand snakes

Crocodiles

Ostriches

Hawks andother birds

Feathers

Amnion

Digit-bearinglimbs

Homologouscharacteristic

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

Bird

s

1

2

3

4

5

6

Figure 25.19

Ancestralmammal

ANCESTRALCYNODONT

250 200 150 100 50 0Time (millions of years ago)

Monotremes(5 species)

Marsupials(324 species)

Eutherians(5,010 species)

Figure 26.4 Order Family

Pantherapardus(leopard)

Genus Species

Canislatrans(coyote)

Taxideataxus(Americanbadger)

Lutra lutra(Europeanotter)

Canislupus(gray wolf)

Felid

ae

Carn

ivora

Pan

thera

Taxid

ea

Mu

stelidae

Lu

tra

Can

idae

Can

is

Figure 26.11aTAXA

Vertebralcolumn

(backbone)

Four walkinglegs

Hinged jaws

Amnion

Hair

(a) Character table

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

La

nc

ele

t(o

utg

rou

p)

La

mp

rey

Ba

ss

Fro

g

Turt

le

Le

op

ard

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

Figure 26.11b

Lancelet(outgroup)

Lamprey

Bass

Frog

Turtle

Leopard

Vertebralcolumn

Hinged jaws

Four walking legs

Amnion

Hair

(b) Phylogenetic tree

Figure 26.13

Mouse

Human

Chicken

Frog

Zebrafish

Lancelet

Drosophila

Present

CENOZOICMESOZOICPALEOZOIC

Millions of years ago542 251 65.5