evolutionary history of dairy
DESCRIPTION
Based primarily on the work of Professor Loren Cordain (Colorado State University), Professor Nina Jablonski, (Penn State) and Professor Dallas Swallow (University College London)TRANSCRIPT
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UWS Master of Science in Nutrition and Functional Medicine
Course: Supplementation and Whole Food Nutrition
Week #: 4 Topic: Milk, Dairy and Human Health Instructor: Pedro Carrera Bastos, MS
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OBJECTIVES FOR THIS WEEK
To understand the evolutionary pressures behind Adult lactase persistence
To recognize that Milk is a mammalian signaling system, with various hormonal effects
To know the current scientific evidence concerning Dairy, Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer
To understand the potential value of Dairy and/or its Proteins in Exercise Performance
To know the current evidence regarding Dairy and Body Composition
To understand the mechanisms behind Milk and Acne
To know the Casein A1/A2 controversy
To recognize the main differences between raw milk and pasteurized/homogenized milk
To understand the role of Calcium in Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease
To recognize Milk Allergy
To understand the connection between Milk proteins and auto-immune diseases
To learn to prepare lactose/dairy-free, rich-calcium meals, and to know how to ferment milk
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TOPICS FOR THIS PRESENTATION
Evolutionary History of Milk and Dairy
Lactose Intolerance and ALP
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HISTORY OF MILK & DAIRY
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Homo sapiens
H. neanderthalensis
H. antecessor
H. heidelbergensis
H. erectus
H. ergaster
Au. rudolfensis
Au.bahrelghazali
Au. anamensis
H. habilis
Au. garhi
Au. africanus
Au. afarensis
P. robustus
Paranthropus boisei
Ardipithecus ramidus
Orrorintugenensis
Sahelanthropustchadensis
Kenyanthropus platyops
P. aethiopicus
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ORIGINS OF MAN
Adapted from Wood B. Nature 2002:418:133-35 & from Cordain L, 2009
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All humans in
Europe, Asia, Oceania and America have an
AFRICAN ORIGIN
LESS GENETIC DIVERSITY OUTSIDE AFRICA
Relethford JH. Heredity. 2008 Jun;100(6):555-63.
Manica A, et al. Nature; 2007; 448(7151):346-8
Liu H, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;79(2):230-7
Conrad D, et al. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 1251–1260
RAY N, et al. Genome Res 2005; 15:1161–1167
Macaulay V, et al. Science 2005; 308(5724):1034-6
Currat M, Excoffier L. PLoS Biology 2004; 2: 2264–2274
Jakobsson M, et al. Nature 2008; 451(7181):998-1003
Hellenthal G, Auton A, Falush D. PLoS Genet. 2008 May 23;4(5):e1000078
Ramachandran S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):15942-7
Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F. Current Biology 2005; 15:R159–R160
Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW. Nat Genet 2003; 33:266–275
Tishkoff S, Williams S. Nat Rev Genet 2002; 3: 611–621
Harpending, H, Rogers, AR. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2000; 1:361–385
Etiópia
Liu H, et al., 2006
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Liu H, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;79(2):230-7
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WHAT WAS OUR ECOLOGICAL NICHE???
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HUNTER-GATHERER’S DIETS
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Plants
Roots & Tubers
Berries
Fruits
Nuts
Cordain L et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54
VEGETABLE SOURCES
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Wild Animals
Insects
Seafood
Eggs
ANIMAL SOURCES
Cordain L et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54
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WHAT THEY DIDN’T EAT?
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CEREALSREFINED SUGARS
SALT
DAIRY
REFINED VEGETABLE OILS
ALCOHOL FEEDLOT MEAT
LEGUMES
Cordain L. Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans. In: Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Ungar, P (Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006, pp 363-83
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MILK? WHY NOT?
Cordain L et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54
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meses meses meses
Sellen DW. J Nutr. 2001 Oct;131(10):2707-15
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BREASTFEEDING PATTERNS
Sellen DW. J Nutr. 2001 Oct;131(10):2707-15
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Cordain L et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54.
Dubreuil L. Journal of Archaeological Science 2004; 31(11): 1613-1629.
Bar-Yosef O. Evol Anthropol 1998;6:159 –77.
~11,000 YA
Neolithic Revolution in the Middle East
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EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF DAIRY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
66100133167200233267300333
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First evidence of dairying in the Middle East (Turkey) 4
Domestication of sheeps, goats and cattle (Middle East) 1-3
1 - Hiendleder S, et al. Proc Biol Sci. 2002 May 7;269(1494):893-904
2 - Luikart G, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 8;98(10):5927-32
3 - Loftus RT, et al. Mol Ecol. 1999 Dec;8(12):2015-22
4 - Evershed RP et al. Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):528-31.
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GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF THE FIRST NEOLITHIC CULTURES
Gerbault P, et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Mar 27;366(1566):863-77.
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EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF DAIRY IN THE MIDDLE EAST & EUROPE
66100133167200233267300333
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First evidence of dairying in the Middle East (Turkey) 4
First evidence of dairying in Europe (Romania) 5
Domestication of sheeps, goats and cattle (Middle East) 1-3
1 - Hiendleder S, et al. Proc Biol Sci. 2002 May 7;269(1494):893-904
2 - Luikart G, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 8;98(10):5927-32
3 - Loftus RT, et al. Mol Ecol. 1999 Dec;8(12):2015-22
4 - Evershed RP et al. Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):528-31.
5 - Craig OE, et al. Antiquity 2005; 79:882-894
6 - Copley MS et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):1524-9
First evidence of dairying in North. Eur (UK) 6
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UVB
Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 11;107 Suppl 2:8962-8
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UVA
Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 11;107 Suppl 2:8962-8
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Miller AL, Kelley GS. Altern Med Rev. 1996;1(4):220-235
FOLATE
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5MTHF absorbs UVB oxidized to 5MDHF
5MDHF doesn’t re-enter the Folate pool
5MTHF is oxidized by ROS produced by naturally photosensitizers (flavins, porphyrins, bilirubin, etc.) after UVA exposure
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 11;107 Suppl 2:8962-8
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Chaplin G. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 Nov;125(3):292-302
PIGMENTATION AND LATITUDE
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Liu H, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;79(2):230-7
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Holick MF. J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2062-72
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. J Hum Evol. 2000 Jul;39(1):57-106
Vitamin D all year
Vitamin D deficiency 1 + months per year
Vitamin D deficiency 6 + months per year
Vitamin D deficiency 6 + months per year
Vitamin D deficiency 1 + months per year
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Holick M. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(suppl):1678S– 88S.
Pele muito pigmentada
Pele muito pigmentada
Low Pigmentation
54 mJ/cm2
320 mJ/cm2
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Holick M. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(suppl):1678S– 88S.
Pele muito pigmentada
High Pigmentation
Low Pigmentation
54 mJ/cm2
320 mJ/cm2
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Holick M. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(suppl):1678S– 88S.
High Pigmentation
High Pigmentation
Low Pigmentation
54 mJ/cm2
320 mJ/cm2
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FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN D
Food Vit. D (IU)
Cod Liver Oil (10 g) 1360Sardins (105 g) 500Tuna (105 g) 402Farmed Salmon (105 g) 360Egg (1 medium) 20Liver (105 g) 15
Ozkan B. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010 Dec;2(4):137-43
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Holick MF. J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2062-72
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Pelvic flattening, permanently narrowing the birth canal
Jablonski NG et al. J Hum Evol. 2000;39(1):57-106
INCREASED MATERNAL MORTALITY DURING CHILDBIRTH
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Holick MF. J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2062-72
VDR IN MULTIPLE CELLS
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Zasloff M. Nat Med. 2006 Apr;12(4):388-90
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Darker
DEPIGMENTATION
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B.
Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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UVA IS HIGHER IN THE POLES & SNOW REFLECTS UVA
Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 11;107 Suppl 2:8962-8
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TF – Traditional Foods1 mcg Vit D = 40 IU
Kuhnlein HV, Receveur O. J Nutr. 2007 Apr;137(4):1110-4
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HIGH LATITUDE, CLOUDY CLIMATE, REDUCED SUNLIGHT
DECREASED UV EXPOSURE &LESS VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS
Loomis WF. Science. 1967 Aug 4;157(788):501-6.Jablonski NG et al. J Hum Evol. 2000;39(1):57-106
N 65
N 55
N 45
RICKETS
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GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF THE FIRST NEOLITHIC CULTURES
Gerbault P, et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Mar 27;366(1566):863-77.
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Jericho10,000 YA
9000 YA
8000 YA
6000 YA
5000 YA
WHEAT & BARLEY
THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST TO N. EUROPE BROUGHT NOT ONLY DAIRYING BUT ALSO
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press.
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Seager R. The source of Europe’s mild climate. Am Sci 2006;94;334-41 . In Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press.
The circum North/Baltic Seas land mass is warmed because of 1) Gulf Stream
2) Maritime nearness
Mar doNorte
MarBáltico
55 N
Average Temperature in Winter in
London is 4°C vs - 9 °C in N.
America & Eurásia, at 51º N
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Cordain L. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1999;84:19-73
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1Mellanby E. Lancet 1919;1:407-08.2Thomas BH et al. Biochem J 1936;30:12-177-883Sly MR et al. Calcif Tissue Int 1984;36:370-794Grammer JC et al. Poult Sci 1983;62: 103-95Gibson RS et al. Brit J Nutr 1987;58:23-296Brooke OG et al. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:18-267Hunt SP et al. BMJ 1976;2:1351-54.
In Cordain L. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1999;84:19-73
High consumption (>50% energy) of whole grains (whole wheat, maize, oats, rye) are routinely used to induce rickets in dogs, rats, chickens and primates1-4
Epidemiological studies of human populations consuming high intakes of unleavened bread show rickets and vitamin D deficiency to be widespread 5-7
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HOW WHOLE GRAINS MAY PROMOTE RICKETS?
1Batchelor AJ et al. Brit J Nutr 1983;49:213-162Cordain L. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1999; 84:19–733Mellanby E. J Physiol 1949;109:488-5334Guinex C. et al. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:765-745Findlay DR et al. J Cell Biol 1987;104:189-200
Increased elimination of vitamin D in bile1
Low Ca/P thereby promoting bone resorption2
Impaired labile calcium absorption via high phytate content3
Lectin (WGA) blockade of the nuclear pore, thereby preventing gene transcription of VDR4,5
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WGA
Wheat Germ: 300 – 350 mg/kg WGA (1)
Whole Wheat Flour: 30-50 mg/kg WGA (2)
Refined Wheat Flour: 4.4 mg/kg WGA (2)
1. Vincenzi S, et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Oct 23;50(22):6266-70.
2. Matucci A et al. Food Control 2004;15: 391-95
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION FOR SKIN PIGMENTATION
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B.
Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Extreme Dermal Depigmentation originated in Northern Europeans
~ 5,300 – 6,000 years
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION FOR HAIR & EYE PIGMENTATION IN EUROPE
Blond Hair / Blue Eyes originated in Europe
~ 6,000 – 10,000 YA
Eiberg H et al. Hum Genet 2008;123:177-187.
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B. Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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INCREASED CALCIUM INTAKE
Pettifor JM. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1725S-9S
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Cordain L. Dietary implications for the development of acne: a shifting paradigm.
In: U.S. Dermatology Review II 2006, (Ed.,Bedlow, J). Touch Briefings Publications, London, 2006.
Adapted from Cordain L, 2009(with permission)
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TGF-α: Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
HB-EGF: Heparin Binding EGF
EPR: Epiregulin
AR: Amphiregulin
(NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, NRG4): Neuregulins 1, 2, 3 and 4
ErB1 – EGF-R
Cordain L. Dietary implications for the development of acne: a shifting paradigm.
In: U.S. Dermatology Review II 2006, (Ed.,Bedlow, J). Touch Briefings Publications, London, 2006.
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BETA-CELLULIN
Bastian SE, et al. Measurement of betacellulin levels in bovine serum, colostrum and milk. J Endocrinol. 2001 Jan;168(1):203-12.
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Cordain L. Dietary implications for the development of acne: a shifting paradigm.
In: U.S. Dermatology Review II 2006, (Ed.,Bedlow, J). Touch Briefings Publications, London, 2006.
EGF in saliva: 0.0512 ng/ ml
Total Saliva: 691 ml/24 hours
EGF in 24h Saliva: 35.3 ng
BTC per liter of Bovine Milk:
1930 ng
Adapted from Cordain L, 2009(with permission)
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WGA Lumen
WGA
WGA
BTC
To Lymph
To Circulation
EG
F R
eceptor
EG
F R
eceptor
EGF Receptor
Hormi K et al. Cell Tissue Res 1994;278:439-50
Rebbaa A et al. J Neurochem 1996;67:2265-2272
Lochner N, et al. Pharm Res. 2003 May;20(5):833-9.
or
WGA can bind luminally expressed EGF-R
Adapted from Cordain L, 2009(with permission)
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LACTOSE SOURCES
Park YW, Haenlein GFW. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Food Serving (g) Lactose (g)
Cow’s Milk 100 4.6
Buffalo Milk 100 5.1
Goat’s Milk 100 4.1
Sheep’s Milk 100 5.4
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Lomer MC, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan15;27(2):93-103
LACTOSE HYDROLYSIS
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LACTOSE SOURCES
Park YW, Haenlein GFW. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Food Serving (g) Lactose (g)
Human Milk 100 6.9
Cow’s Milk 100 4.6
Buffalo Milk 100 5.1
Goat’s Milk 100 4.1
Sheep’s Milk 100 5.4
LACTASE EXPRESSION IS COMMON IN MOST YOUNG MAMMALS
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After the weaning period is over, lactase
production usually declines , although the
mechanisms and evolutionary reasons for this
downregulation are not fully understood
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Gerbault P, et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Mar 27;366(1566):863-77.
HIPOLACTASIA IS THE NORMAL PHENOTYPE
IN HUNTER-GATHERERS
AFTER AGE 3-5
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Burger J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 6;104(10):3736-41
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INTOLERÂNCIA À LACTOSE
DIARRHEA DIARRHEA
HIGH OSMOTIC LOAD
HIGH OSMOTIC LOAD
Lomer MC, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan15;27(2):93-103
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
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ALP IN EUROPE
Gerbault P, et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Mar 27;366(1566):863-77.
Predicted Old World LP phenotype frequencies based on -13,910 C>T allele frequency data only
Estimated Dates of Origin: 2188 - 20650 BP 7450 - 12300 BP(s = 0.014 - 0.150)
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N. Sea
Baltic
THE HIGHEST FREQUENCY OF THE -13,910 C>T allele IS CENTERED CONCENTRICALLY WITHIN ~ 1000 KM
RADIUS OF THE NORTH & BALTIC SEAS
(between 53º and 58º N)
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B.
Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(s = 0.090 - 0.190)
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The combination of 1) high latitude, 2) cloudy weather, 3) whole grain cereals as staples likely represented the unique combination of selective pressures responsible for the evolution of:
ALP: Ad libitum consumption of milk with GI distress protects against rickets by milk’s high calcium content1
Blond hair & blue eyes; extreme dermal depigmentation enhances dermal synthesis of vitamin D and further protects against rickets2
(5,000 – 12,000 YA) (6,000 – 10,000 YA) (5,300 – 6,000 YA)
ALP Blond Hair/Blue Iris Extreme Dermal Depigmentation
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B.
Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Domestication of the Arabian camel: 6000 BP
Origin of G-13915 allele in the Arabian Pensinsula: 4000 BP
Enattah NS, et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Jan;82(1):57-72
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Tishkoff SA, et al. Nat Genet. 2007 Jan;39(1):31-40
Spread of Pastoralism south of the Sahara: 4,500 BP
Spread of Pastoralism into Northern Tanzania: 3,300 BP
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000
Various SNPs (G/C-14010, T/G-13915 and C/G-13907) associated
with LP in Sub-Saharan Africans arose
3000-7000 BP
Tishkoff SA, et al. Nat Genet. 2007 Jan;39(1):31-40
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African children typically maintain normal plasma concentrations of vitamin D
High selection coefficient (s) for putative LCT alleles in sub-Saharan Africans (s = 0.035-0.097)
Is milk drinking protective of other pre-existing causes of mortality?
Equator
20 N
20 S
Pfitzner MA et al. J Pediatrics 1998;133:740-4. In Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press.
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MALARIA INCIDENCE
MALARIA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLD WIDE ARE HIGHEST IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
~75% of all cases of P. falciparum malaria and >80% of all malaria attributable deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa
Walther B et al. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007;101:657-72.
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GENETIC CHANGES IN GEOGRAPHIC AREAS WHERE MALARIA IS ENDEMIC
Hemoglobinopathies and other mutations influencing erythrocyte longevity
Sickle cell anemia
G6PD Deficiency
ALP in parts of Africa where animal Trypanosomiasis doesn’t occur
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B.
Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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MILK & MALARIA ???
All milk diets suppress malarial infections in birds, rodents and primates by restricting para amino benzoic acid (PABA) intake 1,2
The suppression of malarial symptoms is abrogated when supplemental PABA is added to all milk diets or PABA deficient diets of infected animals 2,3
1Kretschmar W et al. Tropenmed Parasit 1973;24:51-59
2Nowell F. Parasitology 1970;61:425-33.
3Kicska GA et al. Infect Dis 2003;188:1776-81
Adapted from Cordain L, 2009(with permission)
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Pentose phosphate cycle Glycolysis
D-Erythrose 4-P Phosphoenolpyruvate
7-Phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate3-Dehydroquinate synthase
3-Dehydroquinate3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase
3-DehydroshikimateShikimate 5-Dehydrogenase
ShikimateShikimate kinase
Shikimate 3-Phosphate3-phosphoskikimate-1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EPSP synthase)
3-Phospho-5-enoylpyruvylshikimate
Chorismate
PABA synthase activity in Plasmodia is low & poorly supports growth1
Dietary deficiencies of PABA & folate may suppress malarial symptoms by impairing folate metabolism1
Dietary PABA and folate reduce efficacy of sulfa drugs in rodent models2
Ubiquinone Aromatic Amino AcidsPABA synthase
PABA
Folate
Sulfonamides(inhibit plasmodial growth)
(additional PABA antagonizes sulfonamides)
MILK DOES NOT CONTAIN PABA & IS A POOR SOURCE OF
FOLATE
(6-9 mg/100g vs. DRI 400 mg)3
1Kicska GA et al. Infect Dis 2003;188:1776-812Jacobs RL. Exp Parasitol 1964;15:213-253Johnston KE et al. J Food Sci 2002;67:817-20
PABA, FOLATE & MALARIAAdapted from Cordain L, 2009
(with permission)
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ALP & MALARIA
The pastoralist Fulani (>50 % ALP) exhibit resistance to malaria compared to other non-milk drinking African ethnic groups
Unexplained by genetic resistance factors, but rather by enhanced immunity
Displacement of PABA & Folate rich foods by milk may attenuate malaria infection while allowing immune exposure, thereby preventing serious symptoms & facilitate establishment of protective immunity
Cordain, L., Hickey, M. S. & Kim, K. In press. Malaria and rickets represent selective forces for the convergent evolution of adult lactase persistence. In Biodiversity in agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability (eds P. Gepts, R. Bettinger, S. B.
Brush, T. Famula, P. E. McGuire & C. O. Qualset). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Risk (OR [95% CI]) of FR-autoantibodies for each quintile compared with the lowest quintile of milk intake in men and women
J. Nutr. 139: 1037–1041, 2009
HIGH MILK INTAKE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER FOLATE RECEPTOR
AUTOANTIBODIES
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LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
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PREVALENCE OF ALP IN VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS
Whit
e UK
Whit
e USA
Hispan
icsIn
dia
Blacks
Afro-C
aribb
eans
Amer
indian
s0
20
40
60
80 76 75
27 25 2010
3
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Swallow DM. Ann Rev Genet 2003;37:197-219.
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Swedis
h
Danes
Irish
Britis
h
Finla
nd Swed
es
NW G
erm
ans
Czech
s
Swiss
Finla
nd
Austria
ns
SW G
erm
ans
N Fre
nch
Spanis
h
Hungaria
ns
Polish
Lapps
S Fre
nch
N Ital
ians
Greek
s
Russia
ns
S Ital
ians
Turks
0
20
40
60
80
10090
83 80 7873 70
6560 58 55 52 52 50
40 40 38 35
26 26 25
1510
Pe
rce
nta
ge
NORTH WEST SOUTH EASTGRADIENT
PREVALENCE OF ALP IN VARIOUS EUROPEAN POPULATIONS
Swallow DM. Ann Rev Genet 2003;37:197-219.
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HIPOLACTASIA
http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/nutrigenomics/index.cfm?objectid=968814F6-65B3-C1E7-0C7007B71CC9959A
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HIPOLACTASIA
Occurs in
~ 65% of adults
Gerbault P, et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Mar 27;366(1566):863-77.
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LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Constipation
Lomer MC, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan15;27(2):93-103
Abdominal Bloating (Small Bowell)
Flatulence (Colon)
DIARRHEA DIARRHEA
HIGH OSMOTIC LOAD
HIGH OSMOTIC LOAD
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Mataix J. Nutrición y Alimentación Humana – Tomo I: Nutrientes y Alimentos. Ergon, 2002.
Lactose
Milk
Yogurt
DIAGNOSIS
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LACTOSE FOOD SOURCES
Food Serving Lactose (g)
Cow’s Milk 1 glass 11
Ice-Cream 150 g 9-10
Cottage Cheese ~60 g 7-8
Parmesan ~60 g 1-2
Gouda ~60 g 1-2
Camembert ~60 g 0-1
Pribila BA, et al. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000 May;100(5):524-8.
Shils M.E. et al. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, US; 10Rev Ed edition, 2005.
GOOD TOLERANCE UP TO 12 GRAMS
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MILK FERMENTATION
20-30% LESS LACTOSE
Adolfsson O, Meydani SN, Russell RM. Yogurt and gut function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):245-56.
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LACTOBACILLUS BULGARICUS & STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS EXPRESS FUNCTIONAL LACTASE
YOGURT BETTER TOLERATED
Adolfsson O, Meydani SN, Russell RM. Yogurt and gut function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):245-56.
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BEER WILL CURE YOUR HYPOLACTASIA!!!
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Established in 1904, University of Western States is located at
2900 NE 132nd Avenue, Portland, Oregon, USA, 97230. Comprised of 50 quarter credits (550 hours, 33 semester
credits), the UWS Master of Science degree program is accredited by Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.
Course notes are copyrighted by University of Western States.
Additional information is available at www.UWS.edu, [email protected], 503-251-5734, and
http://www.uws.edu/Academic_Programs/MS_Nutrition_and_Functional_Medicine.aspx