evonik vestosint coatings · evonik industries is the german-based creative industrial group which...
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VESTOSINT®Polyamide 12 Coating Powders
Evonik Industries is the German-based creative industrial group which operates in the three businessareas Chemicals, Energy and Real Estate. Evonik is a global leader in specialty chemicals. Together with the Acrylic Polymers and Acrylic Monomers Business Lines the High PerformancePolymers Business Line is a part of the Performance Polymers Business Unit.
The High Performance Polymers Business Unit is specialized in manufacturing customized products andsystems. We have been producing high-performance plastics for over 40 years and have a well-knowncompetency in powder technology - in development, production, applied technology and service.
Content
Introduction .......................................................................................
Properties ..........................................................................................
Applications .......................................................................................
Processing and technology ...............................................................
Chemical resistance of polyamide 12 ................................................
Environmental aspects and quality ....................................................
Product overview and delivery .........................................................
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Evonik’s High Performance PolymersBusiness Line represents a series of poly-amide 12 powders (PA 12) sold under thetrade name VESTOSINT®. The powdersare manufactured by a special physicalprocess and feature a nearly round geo-metry. Therefore, they are eminentlysuited particularly for coating techno-logies.
High Performance Polymers manufactureslaurolactam, the monomer of polyamide12, derived from butadiene. The PA 12polymer is obtained by the condensationpolymerization of laurolactam.
The amide groups (-CO-NH-) of poly-amides form hydrogen bridge bonds bet-ween the chains of the macromolecules,thereby substantially promoting crystalli-nity and increasing their strength, andresistance to chemicals. This is character-istic of all semi-crystalline polyamides.
Polyamide 12 has the lowest amide groupconcentration of all commercially availablepolyamides, giving it the lowest moistureabsorption and largest component dimen-sional stability under conditions ofchanging humidity.
1 Introduction
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H - [NH - (CH2)11 - CO]n - OH
100 µm
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2 Properties
Array of colorsVESTOSINT® fluidized bed coatingpowders are available in well over 1,500color formulations. Special colorings canbe provided upon request. Colors thatproduce a metallic effect are especiallystriking. Even in contact with water, theyare permanently colorfast.
Abrasion resistanceDepending on the intended use, abrasionresistance plays a crucial role, for example,in the coating of shopping carts. In experi-ments simulating actual use, nearly notraces of abrasion were observed onVESTOSINT®-coated shopping carts after250,000 test pushes with a full mineralwater crate.
The superior properties of PA 12, whichare also featured by PA 12 powders, are:• high toughness• very good resistance to greases, oils,
fuels, hydraulic fluids, water, alkalis, saline solutions and many organic solvents
• very good stress crack resistance, evenwhen exposed to chemicals
• low coefficient of sliding friction andhigh abrasion resistance even when running dry
• noise and vibration damping
In addition, the coating powder manufac-tured from the base polymers with tech-nically challenging processes affords otherphysical, chemical and electrical propertiesthat make it perfect for a broad spectrumof applications:• good adhesion to metals • high mechanical strength, elasticity and
surface hardness• low water absorption and water vapor
permeability• high resistance even in warm and
detergent-containing water• low thermal conductivity• good electrical insulation and dielectric
strength• safe according to food law• easy to clean • no surface fouling
VESTOSINT® maintains these properties even at extreme sub-freezing tempera-tures. VESTOSINT® coated objects are not only protected from abrasion, scratching and impact abuse but also, from chemicalsand corrosion. Up to about 500 microns, the protective action increases proportion-ally to layer thickness.
Easy to clean and no surface foulingThanks to the non-porous smooth surface,VESTOSINT® coatings are not susceptibleto microbial growth and are easy to clean.They afford no points of attachment formicroorganisms. This is proven by themicrobiological test according to WorkingSpecification W 270 of the German Tech-nical and Scientific Association on Gasand Water (DVGW).
Thermal conductivityOn cold days, gasoline pump levers bene-fit not only from high chemical, oil andgasoline resistance but also from low ther-mal conductivity, which prevents freezing.
Safe under food law VESTOSINT® powder coatings are li-censed for direct contact with non-alco-holic foods in most color formulations,both by German authorities and by theAmerican Food and Drug Administration(FDA). Their quality is not affected.VESTOSINT® coatings satisfy even themost rigorous criteria for contact withdrinking water. Therefore, they are per-fectly suitable, for example, for corrosionprotection in public water mains.
High impact strengthThe drop-weight test according to ISO6272 dramatically demonstrates theimpact strength of a VESTOSINT® coating.A 1 kilogram ball-peen hammer falls ontoa 2 mm-thick VESTOSINT®-coated metalsheet. The indentation formed is up to 5or more millimeters deep. Even under ablow from the maximum falling height of1 meter, the coating, though deformed,does not tear.
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Melting temperature
Density 23 °C
Water absorption
Tensile test*
Shore hardness D
Ball indentation hardness H30
AbrasionCS 17, 500 g
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Physical properties of unpigmented VESTOSINT® coatings
Properties
°C
g/cm3
%
MPa%MPa%
N/mm2
mg/100 turns
ISO 3146
ISO 1183
ISO 62
ISO 527-1/-2
ISO 868
ISO 2039-1
DIN 53754 (Taber)
176
1.016
1.93 1.330.52
43649311
75
90
<1
Test method Unit Value
Stress at yieldStrain at yieldStress at breakStrain at break
100 °C, immersion 23 °C, 96% r.h.23 °C, 50% r.h.
Electrical properties of unpigmented VESTOSINT® coatings
Properties
Relative permittivity23 °C/1 MHz
Dissipation factor 23 °C/1 MHz
Volume resistivity
Breakdown voltage
Electric strength
K 20/P 50
Ω cm
kV
kV/mm
IEC 60250
IEC 60250
IEC 60093
IEC 60243-2
IEC 60243-1
3.8
5 x 10-2
7 x 1014
12-14
6.7
17 x 10-2
3 x 1012
92
Test method Unit Value dry Value wet*1
*1 after immersion in water at 23 °C
* tested on a tensile bar
Thermal properties of unpigmented VESTOSINT® coatings
Properties
Thermal linear expansion
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
10-4 . K-1
W . m-1 . K-1
J . g -1. K-1
ISO 11359
referring to DIN 52612
DIN 53765
1.09
0.23-0.29
2.35
Test method Unit Value
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The above-listed properties are crucial to major applications of VESTOSINT®
coating powders. The following arecoated:• wire products for household appliances,
supermarkets, domestic hardware andother fields of application
• parts for the automobile industry• medical supplies• pipelines and fittings for water mains• industrial components• small parts
Wire productsThanks to the optimized particle size distribution of the powders, a non-porouscoating is ensured on wire products suchas dishwasher racks, shopping carts andfurniture. The high resistance of VESTOSINT® coatings to hot, rinsingagent-containing water and its elasticityare of prime importance for dishwashingracks. Therefore, the dishes are preservedand protected during the washing andrinsing dishwasher cycles. In addition, thecoating absorbs impacts and noise and ispermanently abrasion-resistant, provid-ing long-term reliability.
3 Applications
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Parts for the automobileindustryThe high impact strength and abrasionresistance favor the high-performancepolymer VESTOSINT® for use in the auto-mobile industry, for example, for automo-bile hood props, seat belt anchors, springsand latches. High-stress components suchas safety belt holders acquire their majorsafety feature only as a result of theVESTOSINT® coating. It covers the metaledge of the component, thus protectingthe belt from cuts in emergencies.
Medical suppliesMedical technology favors VESTOSINT®
coatings because they can be sterilized.Coated parts also have smooth surfacesand so prevent bacteria from growing.
Pipelines and fittings inwater systemsPlastic coatings have long been used with success in pipelines and fittings. The pro-tective layer applied by the fluidized bedcoating process resists high corrosivestresses. Mechanical strength and elas-ticity—even at low temperatures—andgood resistance to various chemicals andcrack corrosion are requirements in pipesand fittings, in cooling water lines in navalconstruction and in clarification plant andpower plant lines. Numerous power plantshave long used VESTOSINT®-coatedpipes with great success.
Industrial itemsOther industrial applications such as print-ing rollers, gasoline pump levers, hydrauliccylinders or hanging file holder rods bene-fit in particular from the chemical resist-ance, wear resistance and abrasion resist-ance of VESTOSINT® coating powders.
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The fluidized bed coating processWhen metals are coated with poly-amides, the positive properties of thetwo materials are combined. Fluidizedbed coating technology is the mostcost-effective method for coating pre-heated, preferably metallic objects withplastics. It consists of a combination offluidized bed and immersion processes.With an economical equipment invest-ment, layer thicknesses of 250–500microns are achieved; even coatings of1–2 millimeters are possible.
A fluidized bed coating pan consists of thepowder container and the air receiver,separated by a porous fluidizing bottom.Oil- and dust-free air flows into the airreceiver and passes through the fluidizingbottom in the form of fine bubbles. Ittransforms the sintering powder to thefluidized state resembling a boiling liquid.
The fluidized bed coating powder has agrain size distribution ranging from 30 to250 microns and is adjusted so as not toproduce dust.Workpieces of any geometry constructedof steel, metal alloys or aluminum can becoated. To do this, dip the pieces in fluidi-zed VESTOSINT® powder. The powdersinters to the surface of the piece andfuses into a smooth surface thanks to itsresidual heat. Depending on the desiredcoating thickness, the pieces are heated to230–450 °C and dipped for 2–10 seconds.The process operates without solvent.Materials that change their shape, losetheir properties or generate gases duringthe above-described procedure cannot becoated.
4 Processing and technology
.Workpiece. Powder container. Fluidized bed powder. Fluidizing bottom. Air receiver
Air
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Flame sprayingIn the flame spraying process, VESTOSINT® is fed into a flame sprayinggun, melted by an enclosing, circularflame, and applied on the surface to becoated. Because the process is mobile, it isused particularly in general repair workand in the coating of pipes, tanks, andsimilar applications.
Design recommendationsEssentially, all materials suitable for coat-ing because of their physical propertiescan be coated with VESTOSINT®. How-ever, basic conditions must be met in thedesign of the pieces: • They may not have any burrs, sharp
edges or corners—all transitions must be rounded off.
• Thermically stable welded or solderedconnections of metal sheets, pipes, extrusions or wires may have no gaps.
• Castings must be degassed to obtain a non-porous surface.
• Lead, tin and soft-soldered pieces are unsuitable.
Depending on the requirements of theapplications, a special pretreatment of thepieces can be necessary, including the useof adhesives. The best possible corrosionprotection for steel and other metals inexternal applications is achieved when theparts are degreased, blasted and primedbefore coating.
Other coating processes
Electrostatic coatingElectrostatic coating is used in almost allareas of corrosion protection and decora-tive metal coating. In this process,VESTOSINT® powder is electrostaticallycharged as it exits a powder gun and sticksto the grounded metallic portions to becoated. These portions are subsequentlyheated to a temperature above the melt-ing point of the powder (ca. 176 °C),causing the powder to fuse into a smooth,non-porous plastic film. In contrast tocoating with duroplastics, the polyamide12 powder VESTOSINT® does not cross-link, and the coating retains its thermo-plastic character.
Minicoating processThe main fields of application of minicoat-ing include the coating of clips for theundergarment industry and componentcoating for the electric and automobileindustries. The principle of minicoating issimilar to that of fluidized bed coating.Hot (small) parts drop into a fluidizedVESTOSINT® powder pan. As they fall,the powder sinters to the metallic surface.Subsequently, the objects are conveyedout of the VESTOSINT® container in avibrating trough and the surface is furthersmoothed, no matter what the shape ofthe articles being coated.
Acetic acid Acetone (b.p. 56.3 °C)Ammonia, aqAnilineAnti-freezeApple juiceAsphalt
Barium saltsBattery acidBeerBenzeneBrake fluidButane, gaseousButane, liquidButter
Caustic potashCaustic sodaChlorine, liquidChrome plating solutions (commercial)Chromic acidCitric acid, aq.Coffee, ready for drinkingCyclohexanone
Detergent solutions 1)
Dibutyl phthalate (VESTINOL® C)Diethyl ether (b.p. 35 °C)Dioctyl phthalate (VESTINOL® AH)Dishwashing agents
Edible oils (animal or vegetable)Ethyl acetateEthyl alcohol, not denatured
FishFormic acidFuel oils
GlycerinGlycol
Hydrochloric acidHydrofluoric acidHydrogen peroxide, aq
1212
5 Chemical resistance of polyamide 12
Chemical resistance of polyamide 12
Medium
+++++++++++++
++±++++++++++++
++++------++++++
+++++++++
++++++
++++++
++++
---++
10100conc.100
100
100100
5050100
20c.s.
100
ready for use
100
ready for use
100
10100
100100
104030
-++++
+++++
++--
±++++
++++------±
±
++++
++++
++-+
++++
++++
---
Concentration [%] Test duration and temperature6 months/20 °C 4 weeks/60 °C
Key to symbols:Resistance levels++ = resistant+ = almost resistant± = limited resistance- = low resistance-- = not resistant
Concentrationsaq = aqueous solutionc.s. = cold saturated1) tested Dixan® and Persil®
Lactic acid, aqLemon juiceLinseed oil
Magnesium salts, aqMethanolMethyl ethyl ketoneMilk
Nitric acid
Ozone (0.5 ppm)
Paraffin oilPetrolPetroleumPotassium chlorate, aqPotassium permanganate, aqPropane, gaseousPyridine
Rum
Sea waterSilicon oilsSodium chloride, aq (common salt)Sodium hypochlorite, aqSoft soapSugar solutionsSulphurSulphuric acid
TolueneTomato juiceTrichloroethylene
WaterWhisky
Xylene
Chemical resistance of polyamide 12
Medium
+++++
++++++++
--
±
+++++++-++++
++
++++++++++++++
++++±
++++
++
10
100100
10
100
100c.s. (7.3)c.s. (6.4)100100
40
c.s.5
any10010
100
100
10040
100
±++++
+++±++
--
++++++±--++
++
++++++-++++++-
-++-
++
±
Concentration [%] Test duration and temperature6 months/20 °C 4 weeks/60 °C
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6 Environmental aspects and quality
Physiological and toxi-cological evaluationThe department of Environment, Healthand Safety, responsible for the High Per-formance Polymers Business Line, pro-vides a survey of the toxicological prop-erties of VESTOSINT® powders or evalu-ations relating to contact with foods. Thisdepartment is also responsible for pro-viding information on product safety and writing EC safety data sheets for VESTOSINT®. Please send inquiries, alsofor US Material Safety Data Sheets, to thecontact addresses provided.
Food Contact – EU-StatusUniform regulations for plastics that comeinto contact with foodstuffs exist at theEuropean level.The consolidated EUDirective 2002/72/EC and its amend-ments apply. It lists approved monomersand, since December 31, 2006, approvedplastic additives as positive. In otherwords, in Europe only approved mono-mers and additives on the EU positive listsmay come into contact with food. Nation-ally approved additives are no longer per-mitted. However, nationally approved additives that had been submitted to theEU Commission for approval prior to12/31/06 constitute an exception.Theseadditives may continue to be used for foodcontact beyond 12/31/06 during a trans-ition period until final evaluation and approval by the EU Commission. In respectto the monomers the VESTOSINT® poly-amide 12 powders have been approvedfor direct food contact in the EuropeanUnion because the basic monomer lauro-lactam is positively listed in the Directive2002/72/EC.
It specifies a migration value limit of 5 milligrams per kilogram for laurolactam,which must be tested on the finished articleitself and be kept within limits there. Dueto various additives it is not possible to make any general statements here. Forfurther information, please contact theindicated contact persons.
Food Contact – FDA statusAccording to 21 CFR, § 177.1500 (a) (9)(Nylon 12 Resins), of the U.S. Food andDrug Administration (FDA), PA 12powder, the polymer base of our VESTOSINT®, is currently listed for coat-ings intended for repeated use.The listingexcludes contact with alcohol-containingfoods and beverages.
Medical ApplicationsFor medical applications, the European approval procedure is laid down in Direc-tive 93/42/EEC. The national implemen-tation of this directive into German law is the Medizinproduktegesetz (MedicalProducts Act) of August 1994. The de-tailed procedure to be followed is de-scribed in the pertinent international andnational standards (e.g., ISO 10993, DINEN 30993-1).The DAB monographs(German Pharmacopoeia, current edition)or those of the European Pharmacopoeia(current edition 2008) can be used as sup-plementary regulatory works to make thedecision in special cases. In cases of doubt, the parts must be in-vestigated by the manufacturer or user, taking the relevant conditions of use intoconsideration. Our staff can provide youwith information about their experienceswith various approval processes.
Environmental impact andsafetyVESTOSINT® powders are non-toxic, notsubject to labeling under the hazardousmaterials regulation and are not water-polluting. They can be disposed of in land-fills or incinerated as normal householdwaste in accordance with local ordinances.The EC Safety Data Sheet for VESTOSINT®
provides further instructions.
If VESTOSINT® powders are properly pro-cessed, no hazardous byproducts are formed. Cadmium-containing pigmentsare not used at all.
VESTOSINT® powders are combustible. Atmass temperatures above 350 °C, flam-mable gases are formed by degradation.Combustion with sufficient air supplyyields CO, CO2, H2O and nitrogen-con-taining compounds as end products. Sincethe spectrum of cracking and combustionproducts greatly depends on the combus-tion conditions, it is not possible to makeany general statements here.
QualityLike all high-performance polymers of theHigh Performance Polymers Business Line,VESTOSINT® powders satisfy the highestquality standards. Our system for qualityassurance is certified according to ISO/TS16949:2002. In several audits conductedby our customers, this quality manage-ment system received excellent ratings.
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Supply formVESTOSINT® powders can be delivered inseveral particle size distributions tailoredto the different processing methods. Theupper particle size limit is about 250microns. Delivery is in bags with 20 kilo-grams net weight or in octabins with 800kilograms net weight. A unit of shipmentconsists of a pallet with 50 bags or oneoctabin. In rooms protected from theweather, the shelf life is at least 2 years
from the production date if the packagingis not damaged or opened. A storage temperature of 45 °C should not be ex-ceeded. The product should be processedon a first in first out basis.As system solution providers, we offerspecial powders for individual applica-tions.
7 Product overview and delivery
basis for colored powder*
basis for colored powder*
basis for colored powder*
high covering power
like 1174 white with improved
flowability
optimized for brightness and gloss
low-viscosity, easy flowing
for high-surface-area parts
high-viscosity, especially tough
basis for color minicoat grades
VESTOSINT® grades and their applications
d50 [µm] Coating Comments
Fluidizedbed
Mini-coating
Electro-static
Flamespraying
1101 white
1111 natural color
1111 colored
1121 white
1141 white
1141 colored
1161 white
1164 white
1174 white
1184 white
1301 white
1401 white
2157 natural color
2178 white
Z2583 black
100
90
90
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
100
100
55
20
25
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+
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-
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VESTOSINT® Type
* about 1,500 existing color formulations. Special color adjustments upon request.
Evonik Industries AGHigh Performance Polymers45764 MarlGermany
phone +49 2365 [email protected] www.vestosint.com
Your technical contacts
Your contact for EuropePaul-Ludwig [email protected]
Your contact for the Americas,Asia & PacificHolger [email protected]
Your contact for the AmericasJay [email protected]
Your contact for Asia & PacificShengjun [email protected]
02/l
au/6
00/e
This information and all technical and other adviceare based on Evonik’s present knowledge and expe-rience. However, Evonik assumes no liability for such information or advice, including the extent towhich such information or advice may relate to thirdparty intellectual property rights. Evonik reserves the right to make any changes to information or advice at any time, without prior or subsequent notice. EVONIK DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONSAND WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS ORIMPLIED, AND SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR,MERCHANTABILITY OF THE PRODUCT OR ITSFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (EVEN IFEVONIK IS AWARE OF SUCH PURPOSE), OROTHERWISE. EVONIK SHALL NOT BE RESPON-SIBLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOSS OFPROFITS) OF ANY KIND. It is the customer’s soleresponsibility to arrange for inspection and testing of all products by qualified experts. Reference totrade names used by other companies is neither arecommendation nor an endorsement of the corre-sponding product, and does not imply that similarproducts could not be used. ® = registered trademark