ewea wind turbine sound 2014 · noise for community assessment. 3rd international meeting on wind...
TRANSCRIPT
IOA AMWG
EWEA Wind Turbine Sound 2014
The Institute of Acoustics Working Group
on Wind Turbine Amplitude Modulation:
Progress towards a preferred assessment
methodology
Malmö 9th December 2014
Gavin Irvine, Ion Acoustics Ltd
UK History
2007 2009 – 2015 Denbrook
IOA AMWG
More History
R-UK Study R-UK Planning Condition
IOA AMWG
Structure
Institute of Acoustics
IoA Council
Wind Turbine Noise Group
Amplitude Modulation Working Group
Working Group Members
• Gavin Irvine, Ion Acoustics (Chair)
• Matthew Cand, Hoare Lea Acoustics
• Bob Davis, Robert Davis Associates
• Dave Coles, 24 Acoustics
• Sam Miller, Parsons Brinckerhoff
• Tom Levet, Hayes McKenzie Partnership
• John Shelton, AcSoft
• Jeremy Bass, RES
• David Sexton, West Devon Borough Council
• Geoff Leventhall
IOA AMWG
The Problem:
IOA AMWG
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
What is the AM Rating?
Why an agreed method?
• For use in planning conditions, either as a
stand-alone threshold or with a penalty
scheme
• For research purposes and mitigation
studies, to provide a consistent method for
trialling different techniques
• For noise nuisance investigations
IOA AMWG
Scope of Work• Undertake a literature review of available research and evidence on
amplitude modulation and current methods in use, as appropriate; and on
psycho-acoustic effects of AM
• Consider the design parameters for an AM metric and assessment method to
be used in the UK;
• Consider the various metrics and methodologies available to describe AM,
and develop a preferred option if possible, or identify alternatives for the IOA
membership to consider;
• Produce a first draft of a consultation document with explanatory notes /
justifications for consultation;
• Consult the IOA membership and where appropriate other relevant technical
experts on the draft guidance document;
• Consider the consultation responses and if appropriate, produce a final
Supplementary Guidance Note and / or consider the need for further
research;
• Provide software, if possible, to allow the analysis of AM data.
IOA AMWG
Literature Review• Fastl H. and Zwicker E. Psycho-Acoustics: Facts and Models . (Chapter 10 –
Fluctuation Srength). 199. Springer.
• Shin S-H. (2008). Comparative study of the commercial software for sound
quality analysis. . Acoustic Science and Technology 29: 221-228.
• Cheong C and Joseph P. (2014.) Cyclostationary spectral analysis for the
measuement and prediction of wind turbine swishing noise. Journal of Sound
and Vibration 333: 3153-3176.
• Cooper J. and Evans T. (2013). Automated detection and analysis of amplitude
modulation at a residence and wind turbine. Proc. ACOUSTICS 2013. Victor
Harbor, Australia.
• Di Napoli C. (2009). Case Study: Wind Turbine Noise in a small and quiet
community in Finland. 3rd International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise.
Aalborg.
• Di Napoli C. (2011). Long distance Amplitude Modulation of Wind Turbine
Noise. 4th International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise. Rome. .
• Gabriel J. et al. (2013). Amplitude Modulation and Complaints about Wind
Turbine Noise. 5th International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise. Denver.
• Larsson C. and Ohlund O. (2014). Amplitude modulation of sound from wind
turbines under various meteorological conditions. J. Acous. Soc. Am. 135(1).
• Larsson C. and Ohlund O. (2012) Variations of Sound from wind turbines
during different weather conditions. Proc. INTERNOISE 2012. New York.
Literature Review
Lenchine V. Amplituide modulation in wind turbine noise. Proc. ACOUSTICS 2009,
Adelaide, AustraliaC
Lee S. et al. Annoyance caused by amplitude modulation of wind turbine noise.
Noise Control Engineering 1 99(1) Jan-Feb 2011.
Lee S. et al. An estimation method of the amplitude modulatoin in wind turbine
noise for community assessment. 3rd International Meeting on Wind Turbine
Noise. Aalborg. June 2009.
Legarth S.V. (2007). Auralization and Assessments of Annoyance from Wind
Turbines. Proc. 2nd International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise. Lyon.
Lundmark G. Measurement of Swish Noise. A new method. 4th International
Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise. Rome. April 2011.
Jiggins M. Subjective perception of Wind Turbine Blade Noise. M.Sc. thesis.
Heriot-Watt University. 1997.
McLaughlin D. (2011). Measurement of amplitude modulation frequency spectrum.
4th International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise. Rome.
Seong Y. et al. (2013). An experimental study on rating scale for annoyance due to
wind turbine noise. Proc. INTERNOISE. Innsbruck.
Fukushima A, Tachibana H et al. Study on the amplitude modulation of wind
turbine noise: Part 1 – Physical investigation. Proc. INTERNOISE 2013..
Yokoyama S et al. (2013). Study on the amplitude modulation of wind turbine
noise: Part 2:. Proc. INTERNOISE 2013. Innsbruck.
Literature Review
Tachibana H et al. (2014). Nationwide field measurements of wind turbine noise in
Japan. Noise Control Engineering Jhl 62(2): 90-101.
van den Berg G.P. The Sound of High Winds: The effects of atmospheric stability
on wind turbine sound and microphone noise. Doctoral thesis, Rijksuniversetiet
van den Berg G.P. The Beat is getting stronger: The Effect of Atmospheric Stability
on Low Frequency Modulated Sounds of Wind Turbines. Journal of Low
Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control Vol 24, No. 1 2005.
Studies and papers by MAS Environmental - http://www.masenv.co.uk/windfarms
NSW Planning Guidelines – Wind Farms (Consultation draft). (2011). New South
Wales Department of Planning and Infrastructure
Acoustics – Wind farm Noise. New Zealand Standard NZS 6808:2010.
Wind farms environmental noise guidelines (2009). South Australia Environmental
Protection Agency.
Wind turbine amplitude modulation: research to improve understanding as to its
cause and effect. Renewable UK Limited December 2013.
Template Planning Condition on Amplitude Modulation. Renewable UK Limited,
December 2013.
The efficacy of the RUK AM condition. Renewable Energy Foundation March 2013
. http://www.ref.org.uk/publications
Persson Waye K. and Ohrstrom E. (2002. Psycho-acoustic chtracters or
relevance for Annoyance of Wind Turbine Noise. JSV 250(1) 65073
Classifying Methods
FFT
Peak to Trough
(Time)
Fluctuation Strength
Impulsivity
Standards / Conditions
Tachibana
Hybrid
Methods
Methods backed with
subjective studies
• Salford – mean
peak to trough
• Tachibana et al
DAM
• Seong, Lee –
LAMax
• Gabriel &
Hubner / Vogl
• Legarth
IOA AMWG
0 5 1025
30
35
40
45
50
Modulation Depth, dB
Re
fere
nce
le
ve
l, d
B(A
)
45
40
35
30
25
Comparing Methods
IOA AMWG – Analysis by Tom Levet, Hayes McKenzie
Comparing Methods
IOA AMWG – Analysis by Matthew Cand, Hoare Lea
IOA AMWG
• Use band-limited spectrum based on 1/3rd Octave Band Monitoring
• Contribution of BPF harmonics ??
• Allow for variation in turbine rpm
Option 1 – FFT-based Method
IOA AMWG
Option 2 – Hybrid Method – Evans and Cooper
• Objective – to measure noise from a wind farm to determine compliance with interim AM limits in NZS 6808: 2010
• Applied FFT method to detect periodic peaks related to BPF and reject non-related peaks, using time windows of varying width. Then applied peak-trough tests to time-series data identified as being WTAM dominated. Technique largely eliminated ‘false positive’ exceedances of dB(A) limit.