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Exam 3 Review:Chapter 21:

  Signposts- tell what has been covered, what remains, and when direction changes happen.

  Examples- a demonstration of a point/procedure

  Analogy- related known material to teach unknown

  Enumeration- numbering as an organizational tool

 Repetition- repeating something to make a point stick out

  Emphasis cue- Used when want something to stick out. EX: “This is important” 

  Preview- to give audience a little snippet of what is to come.

  Attention Getter- a phrase/story/quote used to grab the attention of the audience.

Chapter 22:

  Persuasive Goals- use goals to change attitude/behavior of audience

  Proposition of- the thesis of a speech and the claim of an argument

o  Inference- what you can identify from the audience. What you can use to create the propositions

o  Fact- used when there are things that cannot be verified directly in the factual domain

o  Value- judge worth, good vs bad, wise or foolish, etc.

o  Policy- advocates a specific course of action

  Attention- speaker must first motivate the audience to listen to speech

  Need- listeners must become aware of the compelling, personalized problem

  Satisfaction- course of action advocated must be shown to alleviate the problem

  Visualization- vivid picture of the benefits of agreeing with the speaker or the evils of the alternatives  Action- speech should end with an overt call for listeners to act

  Personal involvement- you need to establish credibility for your point to be taken seriously by the audience.

  Neutral Audience- audience is neither for nor against your point because of one of three things: uninterested,

uninformed, or undecided.

Chapter 23:

  Manuscript- a written out and read speech

  Impromptu- “off -the-cuff” 

  Memorized- word for word

  Extemporaneous- given from notes

Chapter 24:

  Parallel structure- using the same pattern of words to show equal importance

  Long speech- a speech that goes over the amount of time allotted

 Short speech- a speech that covers the topic in less time than allotted.

  Practice sessions- writing a time table of points to practice so they become committed to memory after a period of

time.

Chapter 25:

  Paralanguage- the properties of speech (pitch, rate, etc.)

  Voice- how you speak to the audience

  Rate-average pace of speech, vary to create inflection and emphasis

  Pitch- tone of voice, use inflection that implies to a high energy level and self-confidence.

  Volume- loudness of your voice

  Harshness, Hoarseness, Stridency-rough, husky voice that can give impression of anger or gruffness. (Caused by

tension or damage in vocal folds)

  Nasality-too much air escapes through nose

Chapter 26:

  A smile-use to reinforce message appropriately

  Gesture inhibiting – stances that cause you to not be able to make gestures.  The 9 natural gestures- ten-hut(wrists nailed to hips), flesh wound(one arm dangle the other like a tourniquet), firing

squad(legs spread slightly and hands behind back), choir boy/girl(hands clasped together in front), supplicant(same as

choir only at chest level), fig leaf(demurely crossed hands strategically placed), Lady MacBeth( hand wringing), Happy

Pockets (hands jingling things in pockets)

  Eye contact- Keep eye contact to show purpose, openness, and interest.

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Chapter 27:

  Presentation Aid(P/A)-an object or entity that adds another communicative dimension beyond your vocal content and

physical delivery.

  Constructing P/As- determine what type of aid would be most useful and appropriate be it visual, physical, or

auditory.

Chapter 28:

  Restless audience-when the audience is not captivated and seems bored.

  Audience agreement- when the audience is not agreeing with your point the way you thought they would

  Less informed audience- when the audience knows less than you thought they would

  More informed audience- when the audience is more informed than you thought they would

  Distractions- anything that can cause the attention of the audience to waver from you

  Heckling-when a member of the audience criticizes the speaker during the speech

Chapter 29:

  Calling on questions-question/answer period

  Anticipate Questions- Try to practice what questions you might get

  Self-indulgent Questioners- when the person just wants to have their time to speak

Chapter 30:

  Public or Private-determined by venue or domain

  Formal or informal-dependent upon the rules that are established by audience, topic, and location.

  Monologist or dialogic- defined by role of the participant.

Chapter 31:  Generic speaking skills-developed by projects, presentations, and so forth throughout school

  Deliverable-an outline, paper, set of slides, or analysis of your group process. (Things that accompany a presentation)

  Oral reports- a report given as a speech

Chapter 32:

  Training sessions- presentations for new people

  Introductions- who you and goals from training

  Conclusions-summery of what has been covered, have people state what has been most meaningful and useful to

them.

  Group planning- a plan that ensures that peoples time is used efficiently

Chapter 33:

  Ceremonial Speeches- designed to fulfill rituals. Follows a standard format.

Chapter 34:

  Symposium-series of short speeches, usually informative, on various aspects of the same general topic. Audience

questions often follow

  Panel-group of experts publically discussing a topic among themselves. Individually prepared speeches, if any, are

limited to very brief opening statements.

  Forum-Essentially a question-answer format. One or more experts may be questioned by a panel of other experts,

 journalists, and/or the audience.

  Debate- structured argument in which participants speak for or against a preannounced proposition.

Chapter 35:

  Agenda Planning-climactic order. Routine reports, announcements, or intros early then lead up to the major speaker,

presentation or discussion.

  Metacommunication-talking about the way people need to communicate during the event. (“At our meeting, we

agree to seek the floor by raising a hand and letting the speaker call on people.”)

  Appropriate Communication- have correct tone, appearance, and level of formality.

  Ground rules-set rules as a group for the meeting to abide by

  Violations of rules and norms-try to get the group back on track with positive statements use redirection or askpeople who are not abiding by the rules to leave.