exam 4 key posted office hours... final exam f 5/14 from 9am-noon in
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Exam 4 key posted Office Hours... Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in. The connection between resources and armed conflict: Darfur. Changes in precipitation 1900-2000. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Exam 4 key posted
Office Hours...
Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in...
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The connection between resources and armed conflict: Darfur
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Changes in precipitation 1900-2000
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Drought in the northern part of Darfur has forced nomadic groups to immigrate southwards
in search of water and herding ground, which resulted in conflict with sedentary tribes.
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Solutions to the violence in Darfur must consider the environmental factors behind the conflict.
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Conflicts over resources are predicted to intensify. Reduced resource exploitation can
help mitigate these conflicts.
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I'm only one person, what can I do?
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What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate global climate change.
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Fig 55.11
Energy is lost in each consumer: the 10% rule
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Human impact:
As consumers
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Use of agriculture in the U.S.About 1/2 of water and ~80% of agricultural land is used for raising animals.
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Fossil Fuels:Producing beef consumes over 100 times more fossil fuel than producing potatoes.The typical American could save almost as much gas by going vegetarian as by not driving.
http://bicycleuniverse.info/transpo/beef.html
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What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate global climate change.
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Not all habitats are equal
How do stable ecosystems develop?
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Primary Succession- the first organisms to colonize bare rock
Secondary Succession- recovery from a disturbance
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Primary Succession- from non-living to living
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Primary succession as this glacier retreats
Fig 54.22
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Primary Successionafter glacier retreat,150-300 years
Fig 54.22
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in Primary Succession biodiversity increases as resources become available
Fig 54.22
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Primary Succession: each stage helps enable the next
Fig54.23
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Secondary Succession: after a fire
Fig 54.21
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Grassland biodiversity and biomass are increased by regular burns
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Secondary Succession of a field(20 yrs)
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Disturbances can increase resources, but disturb the interconnections between organisms
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Human vs Natural Disturbances
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Fig 56.21
Restoration Ecology- human involvement in recovering from a disturbance.
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Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 – 1124
Looked at the results of 89 different ecological restorations.
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Tbl 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
Types of Disturbances:Cessation of prescribed burning; Cultivation and cropping; Disturbance, excavation, or burial of Substrate; Eutrophication; Hydrological disruption; Invasion by non-native species; Logging of trees; Over-grazing; Removal of carnivores or herbivores; Soil contamination
Restoration action:Cessation of degrading action only (passive restoration); Extirpation of damaging species (including non-natives); Nutrient removal; Planting of forbs or grasses; Planting of trees; Reinstatement of burning; Reintroduction of herbivores or carnivores; Remodeling of topography; Soil amendments
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Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
(goods)
(nutrients and primary production)
(climate, water, etc)
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Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
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Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
Restoration recovered 86% of biodiversity and 80% of combined ecosystem services compared to non-disturbed systems.
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Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
What limits the success of restoration?
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Not all habitats are equalFig 56.13
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A third to a half of all old-growth species avoid younger (<30-year-old) regrowth.
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What limits the success of restoration?
Invasive Species
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Why are species going extinct?
"Global Biodiversity" Chapman & Hall, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992
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Fig 55.6
Invasive species can disrupt an ecosystem
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The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)
• Its native in Australia and was introduced to Guam accidentally in the 1950’s
• Overall responsible for the extinction of 3 out of 4 seabirds; 9 out of 13 forest birds; 3-5 out 12 reptile species on the Island of Guam.
• This snake caused the extirpation or serious reduction of most of the island's 25 resident bird species on the main island of Guam.
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Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)
• Introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 to increase fish yield
• Caused extinction of 200+ endemic fish species through predation, and competition
• Fish caused indirect increased erosion on land, causing higher nutrient levels in the lake.
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Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
• Introduced as ornamental plant around the world• Now in 50 countries on 5 continents including US• In California it replaced the native pennywort
(Hydrocotyle umbellata) which occupies a similar habitat, leading to a marked decrease in invertebrate communities
• Limits water transport, reduces oxygen and light levels in the water
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How Many Invasive Species Are There in Texas?
67 terrestrial plants 12 aquatic/wetland plants 10 mammals 4 birds 7 fishes 11 insects 11 mollusks and crustaceans
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Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124
What limits the success of restoration?
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Exam 4 key posted
Office Hours...
Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in...