exam short answer + 55 multiple choice midterm exam essay 1000 words – includes references ( barre...
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Exam short answer + 55 multiple choice
Midterm exam
Essay 1000 words – includesreferences ( Barre et al. 2007) givenbody of essay but not including reference citations given at the end of the paper-also spelling counts as partof 5 marks for presentation section ofmarks
18.5-24.9
MINERALS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS SINGLE ATOMS CAN BE CHARGED OR UNCHARGED
IN THE BODY MAJOR -ARE FOUND IN THE BODY IN EXCESS
OF 5 GRAMS -ELECTROLYTES AND MINERALS
MINOR- ARE FOUND IN THE BODY IN AMOUNTS
OF LESS THAN 5 GRAMS
MINERALS- GENERAL COMMENTSCONTINUED
MOST ESSENTIAL- WE CANNOT MAKE THEM-SOME DEFICIENCIES HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR SOME MINOR MINERALS MAKING IT UNCLEAR WHETHER THEY ARE NEEDED IN THE DIET
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MINERALS ?
ELECTROLYTESIN PART RESPONSIBLE FOR FLUID BALANCE IN BODY
SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE
MAJOR MINERALS
CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS, MAGNESIUM AND SULPHUR
Water functions/sources/deficiencies/toxicities
-carries nutrients and wasteproducts-maintains the structure of large molecules e.g. proteins and glycogen-participates in chemical reactions-serves as solvent for small nutrients-temperature-regulation-blood volume-regulation water balance required for all this above
sources-foods, drinks, water
deficiencies- loss of above functions
toxicities-none-unless water balance failure
SODIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-processed foods DEFICIENCIES- rare-except with diarrhea, vomiting and kidney disorders TOXICITIES – rare(kidney disposes of it)- edema and acute high blood pressure
POTASSIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-fruits, vegetables, whole grains DEFICIENCIES- muscle weakness, paralysis TOXICITIES-supplements-muscle weakness, vomiting
CHLORIDE FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, part of stomach acid SOURCES-same as sodium DEFICIENCIES-same as sodium TOXICITIES-acute hypertension
CALCIUM
FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle function, blood pressure SOURCES –dairy, fortified orange juice, green leafy vegetables, small fish with bones DEFICIENCIES-children-impaired growth, adults-osteoporosis TOXICITIES-kidney stones, impaired iron absorption
PHOSPHOROUS FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, pH control, regulation of coenzyme function SOURCES-all animal products, bread and ready to eat cereal DEFICIENCIES-rare- weakness and bone pain TOXICITIES- low blood calcium
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTION- bone formation, nerve transmission, protein and carbohydrate metabolism (enzyme activity)
SOURCES-green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, seafood, chocolate DEFICIENCIES-weakness, confusion, growth failure in children TOXICITIES- rare- nausea, vomiting
SULPHUR FUNCTION-protein structure, component of biotin, thiamin and insulin SOURCES-all protein foods DEFICIENCIES-unknown TOXICITIES-unknown in humans
DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF MAJOR MINERALS
PART OF STORY ON CONNECTION OF MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION TO HEALTH
MAJOR MINERALS- DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT CONTINUED
DIGESTION – NONE- MINERALS IN = MINERALS OUT
ABSORPTION-ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MAJOR MINERALS- DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT CONTINUED
TRANSPORT-FREE OR BOUND
FREE- EXAMPLES SODIUM AND ALL OTHER MAJOR MINERALS (EXCEPT SULPHUR)
BOUND- SODIUM CHLORIDE -POTASSIUM CHLORIDE -SULPHUR-INSULIN
MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS
REQUIRED IF: A)INADEQUATE DIETARY SUPPLY OF MAJOR MINERALS RELATIVE TO NEED(PREVENTION OR SLOWING OF DISEASE) B) IF IN DISEASE IN GENERAL A MONITORING OF MAJOR MINERALS SHOWS REQUIREMENT.
FUNCTIONAL FOODS
USE OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS TO SUPPLEMENT MAJOR MINERALS
EXAMPLE OF FUNCTIONAL FOOD-
CALCIUM- FORTIFIED ORANGE JUICE
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
SOMETIMES LOW SODIUM DUE TO SWEATING-SUPPLEMENT REQUIRED FOR INFANTS DUE TO LOW SODIUM IN FORMULA, BREAST MILK AND SOME INFANT FOOD
BURNS-
FLUID LOSS THROUGH SKIN--ELECTROLYTES-CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND MAGNESIUM
EATING PROBLEM- MAY NOT FEEL LIKE EATINGTHEREFORE NEED INTRAVENOUS OR TUBE FEEDING
OSTEOPOROSIS
PREVENTION-
CALCIUM BUILDUP
SOURCES
CALCIUM CITRATE
CALCIUM CARBONATE
CAUTION-CALCIUM
PHOSPHORUS BALANCE
PREGNANCYADDITIONAL 2000
CALCIUM MG/DAY DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
BETTER CHANCE OF
SUCCESSFULPREGNANCY
DECREASING BLOOD PRESSURE
POTASSIUM, CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION-EACH INDIVIDUALLY LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE- LOWER RISK OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
SOME KIDNEY DISEASES- EG
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE-
LOSE TOO MUCH SODIUM GIVING A DROP IN BLOOD PRESSURE
WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ?Drs. Whiting and Wood, Nutr. Rev.55:1-9
MAGNESIUM LOSSES
a) Dietary calcium/magnesium milligram ratio of > 5 GET magnesium deficiency-lower magnesium absorption
b) urinary magnesium up with 1000 milligramdietary supplement of calcium (Dr. Whiting)
WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ?CONTINUED
TWO WAYS OF GETTING REDUCED BODY MAGNESIUM DUE TO INCREASEDCALCIUM INTAKE
1) REDUCED ABSORPTION
2) INCREASED URINARY LOSS