examenu de stat

7/27/2019 Examenu de Stat

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59. The nature of

literary & informative

text translation.1. There are some

differences that can be

distinguished between

literary & informative text,

they are called fiction and

non fiction. Literary

translation deals with literary

texts, it works with poetry

and fiction. Its main function

is to make an emotional

impression for the reader.

The primary task of the

translation is to reproduce

the quality of feelings and of

emotions in this translation.

2. Informative transrefertonon- lit texts. Its main

purpose is to convey acertain informative

translation into the target

text. Sometimes the aim can

vary; sometimes the texts

should reproduce only the

main idea. It also depends on

customer if he asks you to

translate all he says you will

do it. Sometimes a lit transl

may contain some elements

of an informative transl and

vice-versa. There are a nr of

genres in our literature. Lit

transl also is subdivided into

the same way, as each genres

needs a specific

arrangement, so on , if you

translate poetry , prose,

youll have to translate the

quality of it in order to

impress the reader. It

requires experience & talent.

60. The subdivision of

informative

translation.Here we may differentiate:

transl of scientific & technical

texts, transl of newspapers

material of official

documents etc. trans of

scientific and technical

materials has the most

important role to play in our

age of the revolutionary

technical propers. Almost

every translator dealt with

such kind of translation. We

should have a good

knowledge about terms and

sufficient comprehension of

the subject matter in order to

be able to give an adequate

description of the situationeven if it is not highly

achieved in the original.

The newspaper texts contain

a variety of slangs , stylistics

devices, vulgar elements etc.

American & English

neologisms differ from the

Russian or Moldavian

counterparts because it s a

thing of culture & nation,

language. It is also important

to distinguishhere the

translation of diplomatic

papers. Here every wordshould be carefully chosen

making the translation more

than particular. Journalistic &

publicistic deals with social &

political matter. Here also

metaphor and other stylistic

devise are used

57. The trans

informative capacity.A transl usually knows a word

if he worked with it or with

its particular word senses

from different contexts.

There are 5 different lvls of

the transl informativecapacity: 1. When transl

associates a word meaning

with a general or a practical

activity: hydrophobia disease

2. The transl is able to refer

the word sense to a

particular class of things:

hydrophobia an affection of

the nervous system (disease)

3. the transl. is able to refer

the word sense to a

particular species of things or

ideas: hydrophobia is a

disease which affects people

& animals & u can catch it if u

are bitten by an infected dog.

4. the transl. possesses

encyclopedic details of the

phenomenon described by

the concept in question:

hydrophobia its an acute

infection fatal or desease of

most animals: wolves, dogs,

cats. It attacks nervous

system its transmitted by

the byte of an infected

animal.5. in addition to encyclopedic

details of the phenomena

described by the concept in

question. Scientific

knowledge always allows a

detailed description of the

essential viruses in the way

that it attacks the central

nervous system & the

translator should know when

this illness was first identified

, the way it was treated now

& many years ago.

58.semantic

engineering & levels

of translationThere are some lvls of

approximation in transl: 1.

close approximation or

equivalents that is

considered to have the samemeaning..ex fitter=montor,

these two words can be

considered equivalents in the

S.T. & T. text.

2. inflectional communicative

analogs that is the product of

contextual engineering of

senses or semantic

engineering of translation.

Ex. Blind trust in her luck=

noroc. 3. Interpretation or

descriptive definitory when it

is impossible to get anequivalent. Ex: the popular

new years eve TV = revelion.

4. loan translation or direct

translation where the lexical

item corresponds to literary

one. Ex. Business moldovian

style business in stil

moldovenesc. 5 .

reproduction of words in

their original script. Ex VIP,

VISA.

6. phonetic transcription or

transliteration; when the

transl tries to convey thesound of lexical.

Ex. Notebook: duma etc.

All this shit it is because of

the differences in lang & the

full branches of the words

from the S & T languages.


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47.principles of f ideli ty(primary inf ormation)Priminform is the informativecommunication in which the

sender formulates his aim as a

carrier of a message for thepurpose of achieving his aim:_informingto provide a

piece of information,Addresses, name etc._explainingto clarify or to

explain the information

_persuading- to introduce apiece of information In orderto complete the sentence. Forthe sender communication is

successful if this aim isachieved. The translator

represents the sender for hedoes his job well, only in the

case when all the informationreaches the receiver. the

message is not allowed to be

changed completely, it maybe only reformulated.

52. differences between

semantic & syntacticLang. are reffered to different

object which are designed toother words of the same lang.with which they make upstylistic units. These relations

are called SEMANTIC.

Words are also related topeople who use them. Theserelations are called

PRAGMATICS. SYNTAX is

concerned with words andhow they are combined to

form phrases & sentences.

e.g. the same meaning can beexpressed in many ways: eg.The ability, permission,obligationcan be expressed

by auxiliary meansor modal

verbs- HE can go\must go\may go\ he is able to go.(semantic) 1. The Greeks whowere philosophers liked to

talk (all)2. The Greeks whowere philosophers liked to

talk there are 2 attributeclauses = in the 2 we have a

describing relative clauseinoral speech u can rely it onlyby intonation, in written bypunctuation marks.

(pragmatics)includes thestudy how the interpretationdepends on the knowledge ofall over the world: ex.

Redhots= it is idiomatic

expression it can be translatedin 2 ways(crenvuste & barbatnecasatorit)pragmatics differ

from other that it deals onlywith the meaning without anyreferences to users orfunction of the sentence.

46. Fidelity as phenomenon in

translation/verbalizing a simple

idea.

1. In English dictionary fidelity

is: strict observe of promises and

duties/adherence to facts,

details/loyalty/accuracyconjugal faithfulness.

in the theory of translation we

follow the 5

th

mean : we speak ofaccuracy in translation. The main

problem with fidelity of

translation lies in the fact thatthere is no-one to one

correspondence between SL and

TL, there is no such acorrespondence , because there

are no isomorphic languages. All

Existing lang. structure , lexical,syntactical structure, stylistical

devices and even in pragmatics

there are 3 types of equivalents:lexical equivalents- correlated

words in the ST & TL . there are

two types of context: A.

linguistic contextincludes the

language

units of the SL

B. the situational context

includes the temporal , spatial

&

other circumstances under

which the SL was produced -

phraseological equivalent can befound in both languages,

in case when it is impossible to

give word to word translation -grammatical equivalents it

depends on the semantic and

combinability of the lexicalelements , practically there no

permanent grammatical elements.

A. zero translationthe

grammatical unit isnt translatedB. appropriate translation may

use of a TL text , partiallyequivalent equivalent lacking unit

of the SL2. To clarify this idea in one classa professor presented a picture of

2 pupils speaking to each other ,

he asked his students to express

the idea of the picture in one

sentence, he saw that as they

were15 students in the group, they

presented 15 different sentences

the same idea messages presentedunder exactly identical,

conditions at the same point oftime , individuals sharing thesame mother tongue tend to give

different sentences to express this

idea The result is due to the facthow the students understand the

message presented to them. It

depends on their languageKnowledge background :

knowledge of it also depends on

their cultural level . all thesentences are built around the

message, if different sentences

can correspond to the samemessage, & if it is

applicable in SL & TL.

53. meanings of words.

Synonims

Words are also related to people

who use them because people

have a certain attitude to words

they use. Any lang. has a

wordstock of three main layers:

literary, colloquial,neutral. The

lit. layer has a bookish character.

The colloquial has a lively spoken

character which make it

unstable, feting. The neutral is

universal.

SYNONIMS dif words same

meaning. The number of sintax is

great but nr. Of absolute

synonym is very few. They differ

in their intensivity of the

expression, of the notion,of

emotional colouring. There are

also so called double-

synonyms:e.g. null & void=fara

valoare- but there are also

synonyms only in the same

context but not in their generalmeaning.

54. Translation & styleWhile speaking about English

vocabulary we cannot pas over

style without mentioning it. Lit.

style is used by educated people.

Modern stylistics distinguished

the following variety of

functional styles, they are:

1. Belle-letters(prose)2. Publicistic3. Newspaper4. Scientific5. Official documents

The 1-3 are usually rich instylistic devices. Stylistic devices

are different from the dictionary

meaning: metaphor= the

transfer of qualities from an

object to another, metonymy=

the royals the members of royal

house

Irony using a word that is

opposite of its usual meaning

Simile a comparison that shows

similarities in things that are

different

55. terms &

professionalismsIts very important to know such

words as term. It is very

difficult to differenciate a term &

a professionalism. Both belong to

literary style. A term is generally

very coined & accepted as being

a new one. Terms are most used

in works dealing with notions of

some branch of science. Terms

belongs to science. The

PROFESSIONALISMS are words

used in a definite trade or simply

by a group of people connected

by common interests, at work

and at home.they usually

designate some working process

or an instrument. Proff. Is usually

known to common social interest

& they are monosemantic.

56. types of informative

text

The word-stock of any lang is

varied & contains words of

different layers. A translator

should translate in the same

style, for ex. If he translates a

lit. text he should use the

same style in target lang: and

not change it. Some words

get older(became archaism)&

or change their meaning

thats why the translator

should know the temporary

location of the text he works

with. Speaking about text we

distinguish literary &

nonliterary texts:

1. Literary = fiction,poetic, mass-media

2. Non-Literary =scientific, technical& business text

According to the

communicative function of

the text:

1. Juridicial2. Progress oriented3. Didactic instructive

text

4. Copulation text1.juridicial have a legal status

(it implies the field of

science, technology & law)

translating it requires

knowledge in both of them.

Usually people who transl it

are researches or science

workers. Didactic text

conveys info for the purpose

of intellectual enrichment or

practical applications.

Copulation text have the

communicative function of

giving a review of the

knowledge conveyed in the

text or those 3 categories:

recipients as a : encyclopedia

text, dictionaries, reviews.


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49. differences between

interpretation &

translationKnowledge acquisition plays a

great role in works of many

interpretations or translations, 7

extra linguistic knowledge plays

agreat role in the comprehension& reformation phrases. Some

scholars say that to be a goodtranslator in a specialized field,the trans should know the field he

works is , quite well. Others

argue this point 7 say thatsometimes good trans are done

by people whose knowledge in

this or that field is meager. Theysay that this knowledge should be

enough to do the translation, but

not to act as an expert in thisfield of science, for ex; the trans

of medical text or engineering

ones should not be as well as anengineers. The one point is not

argued: the point that the trasn

knowledge should be enough tounderstand the text. He should

understand the information from

the text: essentially the types ofinformation required for

interpretation or translation are

similar in nature & use:

- terminological inform = which

mean that it is necessary to

understand more about SL terms,& to ree-xpress references in Tl

terms: the acquisition of

terminological inform is one ofthe most consuming type, &

difficult task in trans, while it is

probably also words the

intellectually gratifying to mostpeople. Although no one could

fail to understand such words as:front & back , left & right, but

while reading the text required

for sailors, 7 singing such stringsbow & stream, back & front are

used.

-stylistic inform= it is requiredfor the purpose of reformulating

the message in Tl. Along thesame stylistic lines as those

followed by native learning,

writing the same type of text inTL.

- extra-linguistic inform= it is

required when in the s text arenot sufficient to allow the trans to

understand it well, in order to

trans it, this may happen whenthe text is editorially unclear, in

particular when it is ambiguous

or contains mistakes, orsometimes when TL rules

required explicit mention of

inform that is not explicit in theSl

50. Knowledge

acquisition in written

translationInformation sources can be

classified in:

-sources on paper (newspaper,

books)

-human sources(speaker)

-Electronic sourcesThe reliability of a sources is a

function of 4sub-variables.

-an S text written in the authors

mother tongue is more reliable

than one written in a non-native

lang. ex. Introduction: to the

book speech; - to ones traveling.

-A journalists text is less reliable

than a specialists one.

-the same subject can be treated

differently , with respect to style

& terminology, depending on the

type of the text, author & the

readiness aimed atex. The

author is writing fo the generalpublic to explain events in a

given technology which tends to

use specialists terms. While

technical terms written for other

member of the company which

employs them, may use in house

terms, which cant be

understood by the other

members of the society & are

not appropriate to other

company. A case in point is the

field of data procession in which

each company has it own jargon;

moreover some companies

prefer their own list of terms

used in this company.

- interpretation becomes

obsolete very quickly. In many

special & technical fields

development occur very rapidly,

especially in terminology inform.

When terms appear every day

when sources are not up to

date, all definition & equivalents

may be given for the terms that

have become poly-semantic or

that have change in the meaning

& usage. The human sources is

potentially the most powerful in

the world , an expert in this or

that field can provide highly

reliable inform more rapidly than

any book or data base; themain

problem with the human sources

lies within the external access.

a. transl dont necessary know

how to reach such experts.

b. experts do not always want to

help the trans.

51. Knowledge acquisition in

oral translation.

With the respect to the

minimum content of the

knowledge base required for

transl, interpretation differs

from trans in 2 important points:

-it is less demanding as regards

lang correctness &

terminological usage.-in conference interpretation a

significant demand of

interpretation is available to

interpreters from the presence

of experts out of the premises.

It follows minimum is lower

interpretation while is generally

considered desirable for trans to

be specialists, for interpreters is

not so important, they may

acquire high knowledge in this or

that field.the preparation of

conference can be divided in 3

stages:

-advanced preparation beforeany conference, the interpreters

should ask to give some inform

preparation before the

conference list of names, titles or

reporters, names of companies.

The more documents u get

before the conference, the easier

it would be for u to interpret.

-briefings them the translator

could ask questions on the

problem he doesnt understand,

to clarify the information.

-last minute preparation-

sometimes not all documents are

available before the beginning ofthe conference. The speaker

dont have written variant of

reports, they dont want to give

the material to the interpreters.

Its important for the interpreters

to ask the organizer to present

the materials to the translators

booth.-- in conference

preparation much information is

gained during the conference

itself. Partly through documents

which are only handed out after

it has started, partly at the

conference with the participants,

partly through the content of

presentation & discussion, which

provide them more information

than the documents.

Preparation as it is practiced.

Advanced preparation consists of

reading notes, preparation

glossaries writing comments

explanations on the documents

themselves, or in the translators

own note-book. In briefing & last

minute preparation the

preparation of conspectuous also

comes in in-conference

preparation, this is the

acquisition knowledge from

translationit should focus

essentially on extra-emphatic

knowledge & on terminological

preparation.

48. Principles of fidelity

(secondary information,

framing...)

Primary inform is the informative

communication in which the

sender formulates his aim as a

carrier of a message for the

purpose of achieving his aim:

1. Informing; to provide a piece

of information.

2.explaining to clarify or to

explain information

2. Persuading to introduce a

piece of information in order to

complete a text.

For the sender communication is

successful if his aim is achieved.

The translation represents the

sender, for he does his job well,

only in the case when all

information reaches the receiver.

The 1 principle of fidelity; the

message is not allowed to be

completely charged, it may be

only reformulated. The absolute

fidelity rules say that the

message should always be re-

expressed in the TL text.

45.components of acts of

communication(content &

package)

Initially an act of communication

In a professional trans is

connected with the aim of

communicat these aims are

multiplied. The aims can be

informing explaining persuading

but the communication speaks

about different layers of

communication. phatyc layers,

cathartic layers,international

layer.

Phatyc layer consists of a small

chat tolk to have built a personal

relationship.

Cathartic layer-it is a

communication aimed on

realizing emotions &

informational layer means when

we present the information.

1. informing aim- is to provide a

piece of inform such as address,

damnations of the object.

2. informing- explain the info

3. persuading-it means that text

may introduce a piece of

information in order to convince.

In most verbal communication

act, in order to achieve a goal,

the sender sends a verbal signal

writtenor spoken which consists

of informational content or

messages. In the speech the

package is made up of words &

linguistic structures as well as

the voice & delivery plus an

unverbal signal. In a written text

it is composed of words linguistic

structure pagely lay out graphics.

Package refers to the linguisticchoice made by the sender.

there is mush information

transmitted initially in the pakag


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43. different aspects of

trans activity. Transl &

cultural equation.The act of transl includes acultural equation any literary

work appears on the nationalground & reflects nationalproblems. National coloring

must be reflected in thescientific & technicalliterature is less expressed.There are some factors whichthe translator should have in

mind while translating fromST to TL:

1. to know &understand the

every artistic figure& its natural origin.

2. To reflect the socialclass, plot, style,

lang images to take

into considerationthe facts that arespecific fordifferent countries

nations or arms3. To tranmit the

nature of the sourcetext into Ttext

examenu de stat

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