examine the view that rapid population growth will prevent some countries from meeting their...
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Examine the view that rapid population growth will prevent some countries from meeting their Millennium development
goals? (15)
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• Population growth increases pressure on food affecting MDG1c of halving the number of people living in hunger - e.g. Sub Saharan Africa where population growth is still very high and will overtake India as fastest growing region in the world.
• Population growth increases the pressures on education provision. The aim to provide universal education for all is affected by population growth. However, population growth is likely to decrease as a result of education therefore may not prevent MDGs being achieved in the long term.
• Population growth may not have a significant impact on health if there is enough provision and development of health care facilities and a commitment to improve health care.
• A youthful population may be of benefit to the wealth of a country because it increases the number of economically active, attracting investment. Even better if they are literate!
• The MDGs don't focus specifically on population growth but this may be affected by their achievement.
• Other factors might have more significant impacts such as migration, war, corruption, economic crises.
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Syllabus Content
• Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced with an emphasis on trade and market access, debt relief, aid and remittances.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce disparities.
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Key terms • Free trade • Trade barriers • Protectionist policies• Tariffs • Subsidies • Private sector • Public sector • Foreign direct investment• World Trade Organisation • Marxist approach • Populist approach • Top down • Bottom up
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Key theories
• Modernisation theory • To develop means to become ‘modern’ by adopting Western cultural values
and social institutions.
• It is suggested that undeveloped societies subscribe to value systems and institutions that hinder the development process.
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Rostow’s theory of modernisation
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Criticisms of modernisation theory
• It implies that traditional values and institutions have little or no value compared with their Western equivalents.
• It assumes Western forms of capitalism to be the ideal and conveniently ignores the social and economic problems that are common in those societies, e.g. high divorce-rates, crime, poverty, suicide, etc.
• Western encouragement of LDC élites has created inequalities in wealth and power which have led to human-rights abuses. In particular, the USA has propped up abusive right-wing regimes because they are anti-communist.
• In its emphasis on internal obstacles, modernisation theory underestimates the external obstacles to development
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Neo liberal theory
• Approach to economic development in support of free trade, reduction of government spending and intervention in economic matters
• Increase in private sector activities (as shown in NICs)
• Encourages free enterprise and free competition
• Encourages investment (FDI)
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Marxist approaches
• Critics argue wealth is uneven with a neo liberalist approach
• Development gap has therefore widened
• Governments need to intervene to ensure a fairer distribution of wealth within countries
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Marxist approaches
• Top down planning
• production and economic activity on the criteria of satisfying human needs
• Therefore production would be carried out directly for use and not for private profit.
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Populist approaches
• A Grass roots approach
• A more pragmatic approach to maximise the development impact of funding
• NGOs such as Water Aid apply bottom up strategies to lead to economic growth
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Water Aid – Populist approach
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Key Definitions
• Disparity
• Marginalisation
• Development Gap
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Core and Periphery
• Having looked at the Gini Co-efficient and Lorenz curve, it is clear that wealth is not equally distributed.
• 15% of the global population enjoy 75% of the wealth.
• Globally, we can separate countries into 2 groups, the CORE and the PERIPHERY.
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Reduction of Global Disparities
The following are all strategies that can lead to the reduction of disparities.
• trade• market access• fairtrade• debt relief• aid• remittances
1. Define these terms.
2. Use the links document I have sent to research: what they are, how they reduce disparities, and evaluate how successful they have been.
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TRADEMARKET ACCESS
FAIRTRADE DEBT RELIEF AID REMITTANCE
What is it?
How does it reduce disparities?
How successful has it been in reducing
disparities?