examining biblical exegesis as ethical hindrances to human flourishing in post-industrial society by...
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8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/examining-biblical-exegesis-as-ethical-hindrances-to-human-flourishing-in-post-industrial 1/72
Nxjmohohl Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsos js Ntcogj` Coherjhgns tb Cumjh D`buroscohl oh
Vbst-Oheustroj` Wbgonty
K. Urjvos \rolct
^hovnrsoty bd Enhvnr ^hovnrsoty Gb``nln
Gjpstbhn Vrbingt
dbr
Mjstnr bd Vrbdnssobhj` Wtueons oh Brljhozjtobhj` jhe Vrbdnssobhj`
Gbmmuhogjtobh
J`tnrhjtovn Eosputn [nsb`utobh
Hbvnmknr :?, ;6:6
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRWtnvn [noqujm, Vc.E.
Gjpstbhn Jevosbr
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRJmy An`sj``, Vc.E.
Jgjenmog Eorngtbr
^pbh tcn [ngbmmnhejtobh bd tcn Enpjrtmnht
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRIjmns [. Ejvos, Vc.E., Enjh
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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\rolct-oo
JKWU[JGU
Ucn Kok`n os gbmmbh`y rnvnrne js jh nheurohl jutcbroty bh ntcogs jhe
mbrj`oty. Hbhntcn`nss, tcn Kok`n os j pjstogcn bd drjlmnhts gbhstrugtne bvnr
lnhnrjtobhs jhe ohtnrprntne mo``nhhoj `jtnr ky govo`ozjtobhs djgohl
uhprngnenhtne l`bkj` grosns jhe rjeogj``y eoddnrnht sbgoj` jhe ntcogj`
stjhejres. Ucos stuey erjws upbh hnjr`y bhn engjen bd rnsnjrgc, humnrbus
sgcb`jr`y iburhj`s, jhe ohtnrvonws wotc nxpnrts oh dovn don`es9 ntcogs,
tcnb`bly, pco`bsbpcy, nvb`utobhjry kob`bly, jhe psygcb`bly. ^hebuktne`y,
ntcogj` jhe gu`turj` znotlnosts cjvn scodtne sohgn tcn wrotohl bd tcn Kok`n.
Hbtjk`y, vnrsns tcjt nxtb` snrvohl tcn uhenrprovo`nlne jrn sto`` rndnrnhgne
tbejy, ynt eosturkohl vnrsns gbhebhohl enp`brjk`n jgts jrn sn`ngtovn`y
eosrnljrene. Ucos pjpnr wo`` mjan rngbmmnhejtobhs jkbut cbw knst tb
nxp`brn Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos bd tcn uhodone tnxt gblnht`y oh pbst-oheustroj`
sbgonty.
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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\rolct-ooo
UJK@N BD GBHUNHUW
Jkstrjgt ............................................................................................. oo
Jkbut tcn Ohtnrvonwnns ........................................................................ v
Ohtrbeugtobh ....................................................................................... :
Ucnsos Wgbpn, @omotjtobhs, jhe Eosg`jomnr ......................................... ;
@otnrjturn [nvonw ................................................................................ 7
Vrbingt Kjgalrbuhe jhe Lbj` ........................................................... 7
Gbhdormjtobh Kojs jhe Cumjh Unhenhgons ......................................... 5
Lrbup Oenhtotons jhe Urokj`osm ......................................................... >
Ucn Kok`n js jh Jhgonht Vjtgcwbra Vrbmbtohl Wjponhtoj` Nsgcjtb`bly .... 4
Ntcogj` Ohtnrprntjtobhs bd tcn Kok`n jhe tcn Jsa-Dorst Vrohgop`n .............. 3
V`jtb‟s Nutcypyrb Eo`nmmj jhe Eovohn Gbmmjhe Ucnbry .................. :6
Ucn Hjturn bd Kn`ond ..................................................................... :5
Nvb`utobh bd Kn`onds jhe Ynotlnosts .................................................. :>
Mbrj` Ohtuotobhs tb Jutcnhtogjtn Kok`ogj` \osebm .............................. :?
Vrbingt Mntcbeb`bly .......................................................................... ;6
Jhj`ysos bd [nsu`ts ............................................................................ ;7
Ohtnrvonws wotc Wukingt Mjttnr Nxpnrts ........................................... ;7
Dorst Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Mbrj` Wystnms ................................................ ;5
Wngbhe Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Ntcogs bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns ............................ 7:
Ucore Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Kojsns bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns ............................... 7>
Dburtc Vrohgopj` Jrnj9 Vbst-Oheustroj` Ossuns jhe Kok`obhbrmj`ozjtobh .. 56
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\rolct-ov
Wyhtcnsos bd Ohtnrvonws ................................................................ 57
Wpngu`jtobh bd Kok`ogj` Nxtrnmost Tonws Ubwjre tcos Ucnsos ................. 5>
Gbhg`usobh ....................................................................................... 54
Gbhg`usobh bd @otnrjturn [nvonw ..................................................... 54
Gbhg`usobh bd Ohtnrvonwnns ............................................................ 53
Dohj` Gbhg`usobh jhe Ucbulcts ....................................................... 53
[ndnrnhgns ....................................................................................... >5
Jppnheogns ...................................................................................... >?
Jppnheox J9 Endohotobh bd Unrms .......................................................... 46
Jppnheox K9 [ngopns js @odn Ohstrugtobh ................................................ 4:
Jppnheox G9 Gbhtrjeogtobhs oh tcn Kok`n ................................................ 45
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\rolct-v
JKB^U UCN OHUN[TON\NNW
Ejvoe Kjsohlnr9 Ejvoe Kjsohlnr os j pco`bsbpcy prbdnssbr jt [bknrts
\ns`nyjh Gb``nln oh Hnw _bra. Cn bktjohne kbtc cos M.J. oh pco`bsbpcy jhe
Vc.E. oh pco`bsbpcy drbm tcn ^hovnrsoty bd Hnkrjsaj-@ohgb`h. Cn os tcn jutcbr
bd tcrnn pco`bsbpcy kbbas, ohg`ueohl [njsbh jhe [n`olobus Kn`ond9 Jh
Ohtrbeugtobh tb tcn Vco`bsbpcy bd [n`olobh.
Ljry [. Krbwnr9 Ljry Krbwnr os gurrnht`y tcn gcjp`joh jt tcn ^hovnrsoty bd
Enhvnr. Cn bktjohne cos Vc.E. drbm Euan ^hovnrsoty oh :??4. Cn cjs knnh
puk`oscne oh snvnrj` kbbas jhe sgcb`jr`y jrtog`ns. Oh :??<, cn wjs cbhbrne
ky tcn Nposgbpj` Gcurgc bd tcn ^hotne Wtjtns wotc tcn Eostohluoscne
@njenrscop Jwjre dbr tcn Bddogn dbr _buhl Jeu`t jhe Colcnr Neugjtobh
Mohostrons.
Molun` J. En @j Ubrrn9 Molun` En @j Ubrrn os gurrnht`y j prbdnssbr bd sbgoj`
ntcogs jt tcn O`odd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly oh Enhvnr, Gb`brjeb. Cn bktjohne cos
M.Eov. drbm Wbutcnrh Kjptost Ucnb`blogj` Wnmohjry jhe rngnovne cos Vc.E.
drbm Unmp`n ^hovnrsoty. Cn cjs jutcbrne gbuht`nss kbbas, ohg`ueohl [njeohl
tcn Kok`n drbm tcn Mjrlohs. Cn wjs j`sb jppbohtne tb tcn Kbjre bd Eorngtbrs
bd tcn Jmnrogjh Jgjenmy bd [n`olobh jhe os tcn Gcjor bd tcn Jmnrogjh
Jgjenmy bd [n`olobh [jgoj` jhe Ntchog Mohbrotons oh tcn Vrbdnssobh.
Ijgbk Aohhjre9 Ijgbk Aohhjre rngnovne kbtc cos M.J. jhe Vc.E. drbm tcn
^hovnrsoty bd Gcogjlb jhe os gurrnht`y tcn jssbgojtn prbdnssbr bd gbmpjrjtovn
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\rolct-vo
rn`olobus tcbulct jt tcn O`odd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly oh Enhvnr, Gb`brjeb. Cn cjs
knnh puk`oscne nxtnhsovn`y oh kbbas jhe jrtog`ns js wn``.
J. I. Ijgbks9 J. I. Ijgbks os tcn neotbr-jt-`jrln dbr Nsquorn mjljzohn oh Hnw
_bra Goty. Cn rngnovne cos K.J. oh pco`bsbpcy drbm Krbwh ^hovnrsoty. Cn os
j`sb jh jggbmp`oscne jutcbr wcb spngoj`ozns oh ommnrsobh prbingts. Cos mbst
rngnht kbba, Ucn _njr bd @ovohl Kok`ogj``y , spnht tcrnn mbhtcs bh tcn Hnw
_bra Uomns knstsn``nr `ost. Ijgbks cjs j`sb wrottnh dbr Ucn Hnw _bra Uomns,
jhe cjs jppnjrne bh Bprjc, Ucn Ubejy Wcbw , Lbbe Mbrhohl Jmnrogj, jhe os
j pnrobeog gbmmnhtjtbr bh HV[‟s \nnanhe Neotobh Wjturejy .
Inddrny C. Mjcjh9 Inddrny Mjcjh os tcn prbdnssbr bd mohostry, mneoj, jhe
gu`turn jt tcn O`odd Wgcbb` bd tcnb`bly. Er. Mjcjh rngnovne cos M.Eov. drbm
Ljrrntt-Nvjhln`ogj` Ucnb`blogj` Wnmohjry jhe cos Vc.E. drbm Hbrtcwnstnrh
^hovnrsoty. Cn os bh tcn stnnrohl gbmmottnn dbr tcn Jmnrogjh Jgjenmy bd
[n`olobh Mneoj, [n`olobh, jhe Gu`turn Gbhsu`tjtobh, os nxtnhsovn`y jgtovn
wotcoh tcn gbmmuhoty, jhe cjs jutcbrne [n`olobh jhe Vbpu`jr Gu`turn oh
Jmnrogj.
V. Y. Mynrs9 V.Y. Mynrs os jh nvb`utobhjry kob`blost jhe jssbgojtn prbdnssbr
jt tcn ^hovnrsoty bd Mohhnsbtj, Mbrros. Er. Mynrs rngnovne cos Vc.E. oh
kob`bly drbm tcn ^hovnrsoty bd Brnlbh. Cn os nxtnhsovn`y puk`oscne jhe
rnlu`jr`y mjohtjohs cos sgonhgn k`bl Vcjryhlu`j. Cn wjs j`sb hjmne js tcn
;66? Cumjhost bd tcn _njr ky tcn Jmnrogjh Cumjhost Jssbgojtobh jhe os j
mnmknr bd tcn [ogcjre Ejwaohs Dbuhejtobh dbr [njsbh jhe Wgonhgn.
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\rolct-voo
Krugn [nogcnhkjgc9 Krugn [nogcnhkjgc os j prbdnssbr bd pco`bsbpcy jt
Julskurl Gb``nln. Cn bktjohne kbtc cos M.J. jhe Vc.E. drbm Hbrtcwnstnrh
^hovnrsoty. Er. [nogcnhkjgc cjs puk`oscne mbrn tcjh tcrnn ebznh sgcb`jr`y
iburhj` jrtog`ns jhe nolct kbbas ohg`ueohl [njsbh jhe [n`olobus Kn`ond9 Jh
Ohtrbeugtobh tb tcn Vco`bsbpcy bd [n`olobh.
Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr9 Er. Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr os tcn dbuheohl puk`oscnr bd Wanptog
mjljzohn jhe j drnqunht lunst bh tn`nvosobh prblrjms sugc js HKG
Ejtn`ohn. Er. Wcnrmnr os jh jeiuhgt prbdnssbr jt G`jrnmbht Lrjeujtn
^hovnrsoty. Cn bktjohne cos M.J. drbm Gj`odbrhoj Wtjtn ^hovnrsoty jhe cos
Vc.E. drbm G`jrnmbht Lrjeujtn Wgcbb`. Er. Wcnrmnr cjs wrottnh gbuht`nss
kbbas, jrtog`ns, jhe os j mbhtc`y gb`umhost dbr Wgonhtodog Jmnrogjh.
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\rolct-:
OHU[BE^GUOBH
Oh pbst-oheustroj` Jmnrogj, tcnrn jppnjrs tb kn j yjwhohl gcjsm
snpjrjtohl sngu`jrosts, wcb kn`onvn ntcogj` stjhejres jrn kjsne bh ohtnrhj`
ntcogj` ohtuotobhs, jhe Kok`ogj` mbenrjtns, wcb kn`onvn ntcogs gbmn drbm
sgropturn. Ucos rodt gbhtohuns tb lrbw uhrnstrjohne jhe ossuns bd eoj`blun,
ntcogs, mbrj`oty, jhe tcn Kok`n hbw bggupy drbht-pjln hnws jhe ebmohjtn
pb`otogj` eosgbursn oh \jscohltbh. J gbhtnmpbrjry eoj`blun nxjmohohl
Kok`ogj` ntcogs jhe kn`onds scbu`e bggur oh j gblnht jhe jggnssok`n dbrum
kngjusn ntcogj` gcbogns oh tcn twnhty-dorst gnhtury hnne hbt rn`y nxg`usovn`y
bh jhtneo`uvojh Kok`ogj` pco`bsbpcons jhe gustbms. Od govo`ozjtobh mjhjlns tb
kroeln tcn ljp kntwnnh sngu`jrosts jhe Kok`ogj` mbenrjtns ky wbraohl uhenr
j hnw suppbsotobh tcjt ntcogs brolohjtn drbm butsoen sgropturn, mbrj`
jevjhgnmnht gbu`e bggur wcnrn j`` pjrtons gbhtrokutn tb mbenrh, bpnh
eoj`blun jhe cumjh d`buroscohl.
Ucn sukingt bd Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos snnms tb kn j enstrugtovn`y ohtrjgtjk`n
gbhd`ogt tcjt olhotns wjrs, jrlumnht, jhe cnjtne enkjtn. Cbwnvnr, tcnrn jrn
snvnrj` knhndots dbr tcn pursuot bd tcn mjttnr. Dorst, ohgrnjsne eoj`blun jkbut
tcos sukingt os ompbrtjht dbr cumjh jhe l`bkj` gbmmuhogjtobh. Wngbhe,
grotogj` tcohaohl jkbut tcos ossun bulct tb bggur kngjusn hnotcnr `bgj` hbr
l`bkj` `njenrs scbu`e jggnpt Krbhzn-Jln kn`onds bh hbhohtn``ngtuj` djotc.
Ucore, tcnrn scbu`e kn rngblhotobh tcjt knhnvb`nht jgts gjh bggur wotcbut
Kok`ogj` ohtrjhsolnhgn.
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\rolct-;
Dohj``y, tcn Kok`n cjs tcn jgutn pbtnhtoj` tb djo` cumjhoty kngjusn ot
snpjrjtns prbk`nms bd rolct jhe wrbhl drbm tcn rnj`oty bd suddnrohl.
Gbmp`ntn`y iustodone ky tcn Kok`ogj` mbrj` pco`bsbpcy, tcn gurrnht npoenmog bd
suogoej` cbmbsnxuj` tnnhjlnrs os g`njr`y oheogjtovn bd jh ohvnrtne mbrj`
systnm. \cnh j pbwnrdu` gbhhngtobh kntwnnh mbrj`oty jhe cumjh wn``-
knohl os mjen, ot kngbmns nvoenht tcjt sugc Kok`ogj` neogts eb hbt jhe gjhhbt
mjxomozn cumjh wn``-knohl (Cjrros ;6:6).
U c n s o s W gb p n , @ om o t j t o b h s , j h e E o s g ` j om n r
Bwohl tb tcn vb`jto`n hjturn bd tcos tbpog, ot os nssnhtoj` tb entjo` tcn
sgbpn jhe `omotjtobhs bd tcos tcnsos. Ntcogs jhe rn`olobh jrn snhsotovn tbpogs
jhe tcn lbj` bd tcos tcnsos os tb pursun jgtovn jhe grotogj` tcbulct bh tcn
sukingt bd ntcogs jhe tcn Kok`n. ‐[njsbhjk`n, rnspbhsok`n, rnd`ngtovn pnrsbhs
gjh `nlotomjtn`y eosjlrnn” jkbut tcnsn gbmp`nx ossuns (Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3,
:5). Ucos eoddogu`t qunst scbu`e kn vonwne wbrtcy bd gbhsoenrjtobh, nvnh od
uhjhomoty bd bpohobh os hbt rnjgcne. Wugc jh jpprbjgc nmu`jtns tcn
Jrostbtn`ojh mntcbe9 tcbulcts jhe gbhgnpts gjh kn nhtnrtjohne wotcbut
hngnssjro`y jggnptohl tcnm (Vju` jhe N`enr ;66;).
Gbhsoenrjk`n nddbrt cjs knnh mjen tb nxjmohn ossuns bd eoj`blun,
ntcogs, jhe Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos wco`n knohl mohedu` bd bppbsohl jhe eovnrlnht
vonwpbohts cn`e ky mjhy. Ucos prbingt os rnstrogtne oh `nhltc jhe tcnrndbrn
hbt nvnry jhl`n bd njgc ossun gjh kn nxp`brne. Jeeotobhj` rnjeohl bd tcn
sburgns nhumnrjtne oh tcn kok`oblrjpcy os rngbmmnhene. Dohj``y, ot scbu`e
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\rolct-7
kn jgahbw`nelne tcjt tcos ebgumnht os hbt tjrlntohl j spngodog rn`olobus
lrbup br nvnh rn`olobh oh lnhnrj`. Ucos tcnsos nxjmohns tcn hjturn bd tcn
Kok`n js j uhodone kbba9 kbtc cnmospcnrns bd tcn Kok`n wo`` kn gbhsoenrne jhe
jhj`yzne. J gbhgnrtne nddbrt cjs knnh mjen tb n`omohjtn tcn wbre ‐rn`olobh”
drbm tcos tnxt jhe ohstnje dbgus bh tcn ntcogs dbuhe wotcoh tcn Kok`n. J
endohotobh bd tnrms gjh kn dbuhe oh Jppnheox J.
@OUN[JU^[N [ NTON\
V r b i n g t K j ga l r b u h e j h e Lb j `
Mbenrh eosgussobhs jkbut tcn Kok`n jhe ntcogs jrn j`tnrohl tcn
`jhesgjpn bd p`urj`ostog eoj`blun jhe Kok`ogj` eosgbursn (Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup
;66?1 MjgVcnn ;66;). Humnrbus jutcbrs uhebuktne`y rngblhozn
gbhvnrsjtobhs jkbut tcn Kok`n jrn ohcnrnht`y snhsotovn ossuns1 hnvnrtcn`nss,
tcny lrjpp`n wotc tcn ohnvotjk`n tnhsobhs jssbgojtne wotc sugc Kok`ogj`
sukingtovoty but bd j hngnssoty tb durtcnr cumjh cjppohnss jhe mbrj`
uhenrstjheohl (Ejvos ;66>1 Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup ;66?1 Wcnrmnr :??4).
Nxtnhsovn ohquory cjs o``umohne tcn hnne tb nxp`brn nolct solhodogjht jrnjs
wcnrn tcn nxostohl rnsnjrgc jppnjrs tb pboht tbwjre tcn lrnjtnst hngnssoty
dbr sbgonty tb jpprngojtn tcn gjusj` gbhstotunhts bd tcos sukingt. Ucos
`otnrjturn rnvonw wo`` jerbot`y cjhe`n sukingts bd gbhdormjtobh kojs jhe cumjh
tnhenhgons1 lrbup oenhtotons jhe trokj`osm1 tcn Kok`n js jh jhgonht
pjtgcwbra1 ntcogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs jhe tcn jsa-dorst prohgop`n1 V`jtb‟s
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\rolct-5
Nutcypyrb eo`nmmj jhe eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry1 tcn hjturn bd kn`ond1 jhe
mbrj` ohtuotobhs tb jutcnhtogjtn Kok`ogj` wosebm.
Gb h d o r m j t o b h K o js j h e C um j h U n h e n h g o ns
Ucn dornstbrms bd Kok`ogj` enkjtns jrn djhhne ky j mjn`strbm bd
pjssobhjtn pb`jrozjtobh, nhtrnhgcne tnhnts, jhe prnentnrmohjtobhs
gbhstrugtne jkbut tcn wbr`e (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641
Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup ;66?1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Ot os ompnrjtovn tb kn
wjtgcdu` bd tcn sbgoj` prbpnhsoty tb rnwrotn tcn pjst tb dot gbhtnmpbrjry
kn`onds jhe znotlnosts, tb mosgbhstrun tcn kjsos jhe mnjhohl bd nmbtobhs, tb
kn eospbsne tb snn o``usbry gbhhngtobhs tcjt eb hbt nxost, jhe tb cjvn tcn
pnhgcjht tb dj`` dbr tcn gbhdormjtobh kojs (Wcnrmnr ;665). Gbhdormjtobh kojs
os dorm`y nhsgbhgne oh cumjh kncjvobr. Cumjhs wo`` ‐`bba dbr jhe dohe
gbhdormjtbry nvoenhgn dbr wcjt wn j`rnjey kn`onvn jhe olhbrn
eosgbhdormjtbry nvoenhgn―ot os somp`y j mjttnr bd sgjhhohl tcn sbgoj`
`jhesgjpn jhe pogaohl but nxjmp`ns tb suppbrt wcjtnvnr jhswnr ybu cjvn
j`rnjey dbrmu`jtne tb tcos qunstobh” (Wcnrmnr ;66<).
J rngnht stuey bd gbhdormjtobh kojs wjs gbheugtne ky Bcob Wtjtn
^hovnrsoty. Ucos twnhty-pjln stuey eosgbvnrne tcjt tn`nvosobh-vonwnrs
prbgnssne pb`otogj` sjtorn oh Ucn Gb`knrt [npbrt kjsne upbh tcnor pnrsbhj`
oenb`blons jhe tcrust tcnor vonws upbh tcn cbst, Wtnpcnh Gb`knrt. Ot wjs
dbuhe tcjt ‐oheovoeuj`-`nvn` pb`otogj` oenb`bly solhodogjht`y prneogtne
pnrgnptobhs bd Gb`knrt‟s pb`otogj` oenb`bly” (@jMjrrn, @jhernvo``n, jhe Knjm
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\rolct->
;66?, ;:;). Ucn stuey nstjk`oscne tcjt `oknrj`s wnrn mbrn `oan`y tb rnpbrt
tcjt Gb`knrt usne sjtorn jhe wjs hbt snrobus wcnh cn mjen pb`otogj`
stjtnmnhts, wcnrnjs gbhsnrvjtovns rnpbrtne tcjt Gb`knrt bh`y prntnhes tb kn
ibaohl jhe sohgnrn`y mnjhs wcjt cn sjys (@jMjrrn, @jhernvo``n, jhe Knjm
;66?).
Lr b u p O e n h t o t o n s j h e U r o k j ` o sm
Cumjh gbmpbrtmnht jhe ntcogs jrn prohgopj``y rn`ojht bh nvb`vne
mngcjhosms dbr prbtngtobh jhe sjdnty bd tcn trokn (Wcnrmnr ;665). Kngjusn
oheovoeuj`s oh j kjhe br trokn oenhtody wotc tcn mnmknrs bd tcnor sbgoj` lrbup,
tcny jrn j`truostogj``y gbbpnrjtovn (Ejwaohs ;6641 @nelnrwbbe jhe @ovojtjh
;6:6)1 cbwnvnr, j eoddnrnht trokn os gbhsoenrne jh but-lrbup jhe ntcogj`
pjrjeolms hb `bhlnr jpp`y tb butsoenrs (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651
Wcnrmnr ;665). Gbhsnqunht`y, mjhy bd tcn ntcogj` eoatjts oh tcn Kok`n jrn
eorngtovns hbt dbr tcn nhtorn cumjh rjgn, kut rjtcnr brenrs dbr tcn mnmknrs
bd bhn spngodog lrbup (Ejwaohs ;6641 Wcnrmnr ;665). Gbmmotmnht tb j
lrbup os bd pjrjmbuht solhodogjhgn kbtc gbmmuhj``y jhe nvb`utobhjro`y
(Ejwaohs ;6641 @nelnrwbbe jhe @ovojtjh ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;665).
J rngnht psygcb`bly nxpnromnht jt Ann`n ^hovnrsoty oh Nhl`jhe dbuhe
tcjt ky nxpnronhgohl nmpjtcy dbr j mnmknr bd j tjrlntne jhe
uhenrprovo`nlne but-lrbup (oh tcos gjsn, Jdrogjh Jmnrogjhs, cbmbsnxuj`s,
jhe dnmj`ns), pbsotovn oh-lrbup jttotuens mjtnroj`ozne js j gbhsnqunhgn bd
ohgrnjsne vj`un dbr tcn tjrlnt mnmknr‟s wn``-knohl (Ujrrjht jhe Cjenrt
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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;6:6). Mohedu`hnss bd oh-lrbup/but-lrbup eostohgtobhs joe tcn rnjenr bd tcn
Kok`n js sbbh js gbhtrjeogtbry mbrj` luoen`ohns jrn prnsnhtne9 bhn pjln
gbhdnrs wosebm bd usohl djor wnolcts jhe mnjsurns1 rolctnbushnss, pnjgn,
jhe rnspngt dbr pnbp`n jhe prbpnrty1 jhe bh tcn db``bwohl pjln rjpn,
murenr, jhe tcndt drbm tcn but-lrbup os stjuhgc`y rngbmmnhene (Ejwaohs
;6641 Wcnrmnr ;665). Wbgoj` psygcb`blost Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr (;665) wrotns,
‐Oh tnrms bd nvb`utobhjry lrbup sn`ngtobh . . . vob`nhgn, lnhbgoen, jhe wjr
jrn jejptovn kngjusn tcny snrvn tb uhotn oh-lrbup mnmknrs jljohst nhnmy
but-lrbups” (7<).
U c n K ok ` n j s j h J h g on h t V j t g c w b r a V r b m b t o h l W j p o nh t o j ` Ns gc j t b ` b l y
Mbst jgjenmog sburgns jlrnn tcjt tcn Kok`n os j pjtgcwbra bd
drjlmnhts drbm Mneotnrrjhnjh brj` trjeotobhs gbkk`ne tblntcnr bvnr
mu`todjrobus gnhturons (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 N``nhs :??<1 Cjlnh
;6:61 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641 Coga :?<<1 Ohl`ncjrt jhe Hbrros ;6651
Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Ucnrn os hb surnty bd tcn jutcnhtogoty bd tcn nxostohl
Kok`n sohgn trjhsgroptobh nrrbrs, tcn drjo`ty bd cumjh mnmbry, Gcohnsn
wcospnrs, dorns, mostrjhs`jtobhs, jhe tcn omprngosnhnss tcjt jrosns wcnh
trjhs`jtohl oeobmjtog Cnkrnw, Lrnna, jhe @jtoh pcrjsnb`blons ohtb btcnr
`jhlujlns cjvn gcjhlne tcn uhoqun mnjhohl bd tcn brolohj` tnxts (Ejwaohs
;6641 A`ohlcbddnr ;66>). Durtcnr, pb`otogj` jlnhejs jhe sn`d-prbmbtobh cjvn
uhebuktne`y wbrmne tcnor wjy ohtb tcn tnxt (A`ohlcbddnr ;66>).
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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\rolct-<
Ot os somo`jr`y trbuk`nsbmn tcjt jutcbrotons dohe upwjres bd 57? ohtnrhj`
gbhtrjeogtobhs oh tcn Kok`n (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 MjgVcnn ;66;1
\n``s ;6:6). Cbwnvnr, ot os pbssok`n tb jpprngojtn mjhy bd tcnsn
ohgbhsostnhgons, cjvohl knnh ohd`unhgne ky dbrgns bd trokj`osm js eosgussne
jkbvn. Ucndt drbm tcn oh-lrbup os wrbhl1 kut pnrmossok`n wotc tcn but-lrbup,
dbr nxjmp`n (Wcnrmnr ;665). Ky rngblhozohl gnrtjoh gbhtrjeogtobhs js
trokj``y gbhstrugtne, humnrbus sburgns dohe ot trbuk`ohl tcjt j kbba bd ntcogs
scbu`e kn strugturj``y ohgbcnrnht (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros
;6651 Cjrros ;6641 \n``s ;6:6). J lrjpcogj` rnprnsnhtjtobh bd Kok`ogj`
gbhtrjeogtobhs gjh kn dbuhe oh Jppnheox G.
Wnvnrj` nxpnrts (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641 Wcnrmnr
:??4) jrn gbhgnrhne tcjt sbmn oh sbgonty vonw tcn Kok`n js kbtc jh ntcogj`
luoenkbba jhe j kbba ensgrokohl nsgcjtb`blogj` nvnhts. Btcnr sburgns
(Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??31 Wgcnrmjh ;6661 Wcnrmnr ;665) sukmot tcn Kok`n
tnjgcns sjponhtoj`―br rnj`ozne―nsgcjtb`bly. Drbm jh ntcogj` pnrspngtovn,
sjponhtoj` nsgcjtb`bly os gbhsostnht wotc bhn‟s ntcogj` gbmpbrtmnht oh tcn
prnsnht mbmnht. _nt nsgcjtb`bly bh ots bwh, notcnr twb mo``nhhoj pjst wcnh
jpbgj`yptog wbras wnrn ukoquotbus (Ejwaohs ;6641 EoUbmmjsb ;66<1
A`ohlcbddnr ;66>1 Wgcnrmjh ;666), br oh pbst-oheustroj` govo`ozjtobhs tcjt
cjvn tcnor cjhes bh hug`njr gbens, ebns ‐`ott`n tb cn`p us grnjtn j eurjk`n
duturn dbr bursn`vns―sbgoj``y, ngbhbmogj``y, nhvorbhmnhtj``y, br
lnbpb`otogj``y” (Cjrros ;664, 7).
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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\rolct-?
jrn p`jgne bh s`jvncb`enrs oh Nxbeus ;:9;6-;<9 tcn bwhnr scbu`e hbt knjt
cos mj`n br dnmj`n s`jvns ‐sb snvnrn`y tcjt . . . tcnor nyns br tcnor tnntc”
(Cjrros ;664, <) jrn ohiurne. Tnrsns n`snwcnrn―@uan :;95<-53, Npcnsojhs
49>, : Uombtcy 49:-;―eb hbt but`jw tcn jkcbrrnht prjgtogn bd s`jvnry
notcnr. Hnurbkob`blost Wjm Cjrros (;664) stjtns tcos jpprbjgc tbwjres
mbrj`oty eoe hbt cn`p put jh nhe tb s`jvnry oh tcn ^hotne Wtjtns. Ucnsn
vnrsns, wcnh vonwne jljohst tcn tjpnstry bd tcn rngbre bd cumjh rolcts,
pboht tbwjres ntcogj` omprbvnmnht (Ejvos ;66>1 N``nhs :??<1 Wcnrmnr
;665). Cje vnrsns jkbut s`jvnry knnh stroganh drbm tcn Kok`n jhe
supp`jhtne wotc eoj`blun gbmpjrjk`n tb tcn Lb`enh [u`n br tcn stbry bd tcn
Lbbe Wjmjrotjh, ot wbu`e cjvn prbvnh cn`pdu` tb tcn prblrnss bd cumjh
costbry (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;664).
Wbmn sburgns stjtn tcn Lb`enh [u`n prohgop`n cjs jh bkvobus
wnjahnss tcjt gjh kn uhgbvnrne od tcn mbrj` rngoponht rnjsbhs eoddnrnht`y
tcjh tcn mbrj` ebnr (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641 Wcnrmnr ;665). Dbr
ohstjhgn, ‐Mbst mnh . . . jrn mugc mbrn rngnptovn tbwjre uhsb`ogotne bddnrs
bd snx tcjh jrn wbmnh. Mbst mnh, tcnh, oh gbhsoenrohl wcntcnr tb jpprbjgc
j wbmjh wotc jh bddnr bd uhsb`ogotne snx, scbu`e hbt jsa tcnmsn`vns cbw
tcny wbu`e dnn` od tcn rb`ns wnrn rnvnrsne” (Wcnrmnr ;665, :34). Jggbreohl
tb Wcnrmnr (;6:6) wcb gbohne tcn gbhgnpt, tb entnrmohn gbrrngt`y od jh
jgtobh os rolct br wrbhl, jsa dorst. Ucn mbrj` ebnr scbu`e jsa tcn mbrj`
rngoponht od tcn kncjvobr oh qunstobh os ntcogj` br uhntcogj` (Wcnrmnr ;665).
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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\rolct-::
brenrs” (Kjlloho ;667, Aohe`n `bgjtobh >66-:7). Js rnvnj`ne oh tcn Wtjh`ny
Mo`lrjm nxpnromnhts, cumjhs cjvn j prbpnhsoty tb gbmmot jtrbgotons
kngjusn jh jutcbroty dolurn tn``s tcnm ot os jggnptjk`n (Mo``nr, Gb``ohs, jhe
Krond :??>). Jkrjcjm cje tcn drnn wo`` jhe gjpjgoty tb gcbbsn wcntcnr Lbe's
eorngtovns wnrn mbrj``y rolct br wrbhl. \otc sngbhes rnmjohohl, Lbe
ohtnrvnhne jhe stbppne tcn sjgrodogn. Jggbreohl tb bhn sburgn, ot os pbssok`n
tb jsgnrtjoh jhe jpprngojtn tcn enptc bd Jkrjcjm‟s gbmmotmnht bd jhe trust
oh Lbe (Wgcnrmjh ;666).
Cbwnvnr, btcnr sburgns (Cjlnh ;6:61 Aonranljjre :?34) eosjlrnn
wotc Wgcnrmjh jhe stjtn tcjt Jkrjcjm cje trun ohtnhtobhs bd s`julctnrohl
Osjjg tb sjtosdy Lbe‟s brenrs jhe sugc j mnssjln os mbrj``y jkcbrrnht sohgn
tcn stbry tnjgcns, ‐tb bkny Lbe, nvnh od brenrne tb ao`` jh ohhbgnht . . ..
QDurtcnrmbrn] jhy grun` jhe nvo` jgts jrn iustodone od ybu kn`onvn Lbe
gbmmjhene ot” (Cjlnh ;6:6). Ohenne, Ommjhun` Ajht sullnstne tcjt
Jkrjcjm scbu`e cjvn rnjsbhne tcjt Lbe gbu`e hbt cjvn ossune sugc jh
uhmostjajk`y ommbrj` gbmmjhe (Gjr`os`n ;6:6). Cumjhost Ijsbh Cjlnh
pbsots tcjt tcn Jkrjcjm/Osjjg stbry hnnes j rnvosobh9
Ucn prbpnr nheohl bd tcn stbry scbu`e cjvn knnh tcjt Lbe wjs bh`y
tnstohl Jkrjcjm‟s mbrj`oty, jhe jt tcn nhe, Jkrjcjm wbu`e rndusn tb
s`jy cos ohhbgnht sbh kngjusn cn ahnw ot wjs wrbhl. Ot wbu`e tnjgc
tcjt wn scbu`e kn wo``ohl tb stjhe up tb jutcbroty kngjusn bd bur
vj`uns jhe mbrj`s . . .. Ucn j`tnrhjtn nheohl wbu`e cjvn tjulct tcjt
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Jkrjcjm wjs wo``ohl tb sjgrodogn comsn`d (ohgurrohl Lbe‟s wrjtc) oh
brenr tb prbtngt tcn ohhbgnht. (Cjlnh ;6:6)
Ucnrn jrn ohcnrnht rosas jhe cjzjres gbhgbmotjht wotc ‐eovohn
gbmmjhe tcnbry.” Wukingt tb tcn mbbe bd tcn rnjenr, humnrbus gbmmjhes,
br ohstrugtobhs gbu`e kn usne tb rjtobhj`ozn prjgtogj``y jhy jgt kngjusn tcn
Kok`n cjs j rnputjtobh bd knohl j eovohn`y ohsporne bpus bd Lbe (Kjlloho
;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 [jcomo ;66?). Mbrj`oty gjhhbt jhe must
hbt kn enrovne drbm j sb`n jutcbroty9 mbrj` rnspbhsoko`oty gjhhbt kn jksb`vne
ky g`jomohl tcjt bhn os mnrn`y db``bwohl brenrs (Kjlloho ;667, Aohe`n
`bgjtobh >:5-;>). Dbr sbmn, `oan Mjrtoh @utcnr, rnjsbh jhe sgrup`ns bulct tb
kn scn`vne wcnh djgne wotc jhy brenr drbm j eovohn jutcbroty, wcnrnjs
Ajhtojh pco`bsbpcy stjtns hbtcohl gjh kn colcnr tcjh mbrj` `jw9 nvnh j
eovohn `jwlovnr, Lbe (Gjr`os`n ;6:6).
Btcnr jutcbrotons (Ejwaohs ;6641 \n``s ;6:6) qunstobh hbt bh`y eovohn
gbmmjhe tcnbry, kut j`sb tcn prohgop`ns bd tcn dbgj` gcjrjgtnr bd tcn Kok`n9
Lbe. Kob`blost [ogcjre Ejwaohs (;664) stjtns tcjt orrnspngtovn bd ots mbrj`
vnrjgoty, tcn Kok`n os rjosne js j stjhejre dbr bur sgrup`ns. Oh jh nddbrt tb
lbje tcn rnjenr ohtb grotogj``y sgrutohozohl wcjt os jgtuj``y oh tcn Kok`n,
Ejwaohs (;664, 7:) sjys tcos jkbut tcn eovohn `jwlovnr9
Ucn Lbe bd tcn B`e Unstjmnht os jrlujk`y tcn mbst uhp`njsjht
gcjrjgtnr oh j`` dogtobh9 inj`bus jhe prbue bd ot1 j pntty, uhiust,
uhdbrlovohl gbhtrb`-drnja1 j voheogtovn, k`bbetcorsty ntchog g`njhsnr1 j
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k
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ohl spngo
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ok`n].
Lbe
Wjtjh
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nrs jrn j
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477
\rolc
o`ogoej`,
y mj`nvb
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8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
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\rolct-:5
U c n H j t u r n b d K n ` o n d
Ucn wbra jggbmp`oscne ky sgonhtost jhe sbgoj` psygcb`blost Er. Mogcjn`
Wcnrmnr pbpu`jrozne tcn hngnssoty tb nxjmohn tcn hjturn bd kn`ond―
orrnspngtovn bd tcn kn`ond otsn`d. Er. Wcnrmnr jhe btcnrs (Vju` jhe N`enr
;66;1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3) stjtn tcjt pnrsbhj` kn`ond, ohtuotobh, jhe nvnh
cuhgcns jrn `nlotomjtn dorst stnps tb knohl jk`n tb nxp`joh jh nxpnronhgn
kndbrn jutcnhtogjtohl tcn nxpnronhgn. Cbwnvnr, ‐ohtuotovn oenjs jhe mystogj`
ohsolcts eb hbt kngbmn bkingtovn uhto` tcny jrn nxtnrhj``y vj`oejtne”
(Wcnrmnr :??<, ;6). Vrobr tb sukstjhtojtobh, sugc ohsolcts jhe gbhgnpts jrn
sukingtovn jhe stjan nquj` g`joms js tb tcnor vj`oeoty jhe trutc (Gjr`os`n
;6:61 Aonranljjre :?341 Vju` jhe N`enr ;66;1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3).
Ucnrndbrn, ot os gbmpu`sbry tb kjsn gbhg`usobhs bh `blog jhe nvoenhgn. Ucnrn
jrn mjhodb`e bkingtovn jvnhuns dbr rnj`ozohl gbhg`usobhs tb prbk`nms1
cbwnvnr, wcnh `blog jhe nvoenhgn jrn trjddogane dbr hbhohtn``ngtuj` grneu`oty
jhe kn`ond oh jhy jutcbroty, wn knloh tb dbrmu`jtn gbhg`usobhs jkbut
sukingtovn jhe eblmjtog g`joms mjen ky btcnrs wcb molct hbt cjvn grotogj``y
jhj`yzne tcn ossun tcnmsn`vns (Mo``nr, Gb``ohs, jhe Krond :??>1 Wcnrmnr
:??<). Oh j snhsn, tcos kndots j ljmn bd tn`npcbhn (Cjrros ;665) jhe hbkbey
ahbws gbhg`usovn`y wcjt wjs brolohj``y sjoe jhe wcy. Ucos os hbt tb sjy tcjt
btcnrs‟ sukingtovn gbhg`usobhs jrn ohgbrrngt br ohvj`oe, kut sugc suppbsotobhs
must kn qunstobhne jhe sgrutohozne ky jsaohl, ‐Cbw eoe tcn jutcbrotons
gbmn ky tcnor gbhg`usobhs2 Cbw wnrn tcny luoene2” (Wcnrmnr :??<, ;:).
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\rolct-:>
Mntjgblhotobh (tcn prbgnss bd tcohaohl jkbut tcohaohl) bd Kok`ogj` ntcogs
os ensorjk`n oh tcn twnhty-dorst gnhtury (Vju` jhe N`enr ;66;1 Vntnrsbh nt j`.
:??3). \co`n wbraohl wotc tcn Kok`n, qunstobhs must kn jsane bd njgc
pjssjln9 Os tcos jpp`ogjk`n wotc br pnrtohnht tb prnsnht-ejy `ovohl2 Od tcn
pjssjln ebns hbt dot, tcnrn must kn j mntcbeb`bly tb rngblhozn jh
uhenr`yohl mbrj` mnssjln (Kjlloho ;667) tcjt btcnrs wo`` bktjoh js wn``
(Wgcnrmjh ;666). \co`n tcn Kok`n os rnje oheovoeuj``y, ot os j`sb j tnxt rnje
gbmmuhj``y. Od j `omotne rnjenrscop rngblhozns tcn Kok`ogj` ohiuhgtobh vos-æ-
vos cbmbsnxuj`oty js bh`y j scn`vne costbrogj` pbsotobh, tcny cjvn tcn
pbtnhtoj` tb g`jsc wotc pnrsbhs wcb gbhsoenr sugc j gbmmjhe tb kn kbtc
costbrogj` jhe pnrtohnht tb prnsnht ejy mbrj`oty (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs
;6641 Cjrros ;664). Jggbreohl tb gnrtjoh sburgns, bstrjgosm bd tcn
cbmbsnxuj` (N``nhs :??<) bggurs kngjusn bd eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry ([jcomo
;66?).
Nv b ` u t o b h b d K n ` o n d s j h e Y n o t l n o s t s
Nvb`utobhjry kob`blosts jrn jk`n tb stuey mjttnrs bd ntcogs js j sbgoj``y
ohcnrotne mnmn (Ejwaohs ;664). Drbm j lnhntog pnrspngtovn, tcn ‐lnhn pbb`
gbhtjohs j`tnrhjtovn vjrojhts bd jhy lovnh lnhn―–j``n`ns‟―wcogc mjy
tcnrndbrn kn snnh js gbmpntohl wotc njgc btcnr” (Ejwaohs ;664, :?;). Dbr
mnmns, tcn gbmpntotobh ebns hbt trjhsporn bh j mb`ngu`jr `nvn`, kut rjtcnr
ky sn`ngtovn butsoen prbxy9 cjor gb`br, smo`n sozn, br strbhlnr kn`ond systnms
jrn gcbsnh bvnr wnjanr br `nss-ensorjk`n bhns. Ucn djtn bd j lnhn os
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entnrmohne ky cbw nddngtovn ot os oh rnp`ogjtohl otsn`d (Ejwaohs ;664). Mnmns
duhgtobh gbrrnspbheohl`y tb lnhns jhe gnrtjoh mnmns ‐cjvn j –drnqunhgy‟
wcogc gjh gcjhln js j gbhsnqunhgn bd gbmpntotovn ohtnrjgtobhs wotc
j`tnrhjtovn mnmns” (Ejwaohs ;664, :?;).
Ucn mohutojn bd ntcogj` kn`onds, dbr ohstjhgn, ‐wjhenr oeobsyhgrjtogj``y”9
sbmn gu`turns db``bw vjrojhts bd tcn Lb`enh [u`n, kut tcn ‐nssnhgn Qbd tcn
kn`ond] pjssns . . . uhmutjtne” (Ejwaohs ;664, :?7). \njanr mnmns enpnhe
bh j ‐mnmnp`nx” tb nhsurn survovj`. J wnjanr mnmn dbuhe oh tcn Kok`n
stjtns tcjt tcbsn wcb jrn cnrntogs, k`jspcnmnrs, br jpbstjtns scbu`e kn
ao``ne, br btcnrwosn puhoscne, ky bstrjgosm drbm tcnor djmo`ons (Kjlloho
;6671 Ejwaohs ;664, :??1 Cjrros ;665). Ebukt`nss, ot wbu`e kn ohbreohjtn`y
eoddogu`t dbr bhn pnrsbh gjrryohl tcos ntcogj` mnmn tb bstrjgozn―br nvnh ao``―
j dronhe br djmo`y mnmknr, kut oh tcn prnsnhgn bd btcnrs (tcn ‐mnmnp`nx”),
`nlotomjgy tb tcos uhsgrupu`bus gbhstrugt os enrovne drbm tcbsn wcb
gbrrnspbheohl`y kn`onvn somo`jr tcohls jkbut jpbstjtns (Ejwaohs ;6641
N``nhs :??<). Cumjh jhe jhomj` sjgrodogns jrn jeeotobhj` ntcogj` mnmns
gcrbhog`ne oh tcn Kok`n tcjt cjvn sohgn knnh erbppne―nvnh oh tcn prnsnhgn
bd j mnmnp`nx (Cjrros ;665).
Mjhy Kok`ogj` gbmmjhemnhts jrn hb `bhlnr pjrt bd tcn pbst-oheustroj`
znotlnost (Kjlloho ;6671 Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??31
[jcomo ;66?). Dbr nxjmp`n, mjhy bd tcn Unh Gbmmjhemnhts lovnh oh
Nxbeus jrn ntcogj` mnmns tcjt cjvn sohgn knnh erbppne. Bh`y twb
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gbmmjhemnhts jrn prnsnht`y `jws oh tcn ^hotne Wtjtns bd Jmnrogj9 eb hbt
ao`` jhe eb hbt stnj` (Cjrros ;664). Ucjt os hbt tb sjy tcjt tcn btcnr
gbmmjhemnhts jljohst `yohl br jeu`tnry jrn uhwosn, quotn tcn gbhtrjry.
Ucbulc, ‐ot os qunstobhjk`n cbw mjhy cumjh knohls nvnr cbhbrne tcnor
pjrnhts br jkstjohne drbm gbmmottohl murenr, jeu`tnry, tcndt, br pnriury
kngjusn bd Qtcn Unh Gbmmjhemnhts]” (Cjrros ;664, ?). Wjm Cjrros nxp`johs
tcjt j sohl`n snhtnhgn drbm Mjcjvorj, tcn Ijoh pjtrojrgc, wbu`e prbvoen
knttnr mbrj` eorngtobh dbr tbejy‟s sbgonty tcjh tcn Unh Gbmmjhemnhts9 ‐Eb
hbt ohiurn, jkusn, bpprnss, nhs`jvn, ohsu`t, tbrmnht, tbrturn, br ao`` jhy
grnjturn br `ovohl knohl” (Cjrros ;664, ?).
Gbmmuhogjtobh jhe eoj`blun cjvn jevjhgne bvnr tomn j`bhl wotc tcn
znotlnost. Wburgns oheogjtn tcjt Kok`ogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs ky sbmn cjvn scodtne
drbm j purn`y nxg`usovost uhenrstjheohl tb tcjt bd p`urj`osm9 jh jssnrtobh
tcjt humnrbus nxp`jhjtobhs bd tcn Kok`n jrn eossomo`jr pjtcs tb tcn sjmn
ntcogj` dbuhejtobh (Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Vco`bsbpcnr Ibch Coga gbmpjrne
tcn hbtobh bd p`urj`osm tb j lrbup bd k`ohe mnh wcb eosgbvnr jh n`npcjht.
Bhn mjh dnn`s tcn truha jhe sjys ot os j lrnjt shjan1 bhn mjh dnn`s tcn `nl
jhe sjys ot os j lrnjt `ovohl po``jr, jhe sb bh. J`` bksnrvjtobhs jrn gbrrngt, dbr
tcny jrn bh`y rndnrrohl tb bhn jspngt bd tcn wcb`n bd rnj`oty jhe hb vjhtjln
pboht bddnrs tcn gbmp`ntn pogturn (Coga :?<<1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3). Wugc jh
jpprbjgc nmkrjgns eoj`blog jhe krbjemohene gbmmuhobh (Anjtnh jhe
Wbuaup ;66?). Ucn hjturn bd p`urj`osm os hbt tcnb`blogj` br rn`olobus
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ebgtrohn, kut j qunst bd pnrsbhj` trjhsdbrmjtobh (Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3).
Jggbreohl tb Coga, jhy ohtnrprntjtobh bd Kok`ogj` ntcogs os trun ‐ohsbdjr js tcny
suggnne oh gcjhlohl bur jttotuens jhe `odn-pjttnrhs” jhe os bvnrwcn`mohl`y
gbhstrugtovn (Coga :?<<1 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3, ;44). Ucos jpprbjgc os
solhodogjht tb tcn jevjhgnmnht bd eoj`blun kngjusn jhy uhenrstjheohl bd
ntcogj` pjrjeolms cjs j euty tb trjhsdbrm cumjh nxostnhgn drbm sn`d-
gnhtnrnehnss tb btcnr-gnhtnrnehnss (Anjtnh jhe Wbuaup ;66?1 Vntnrsbh nt
j`. :??3).
Kok`ogj` mbenrjtns cjvn jh bk`oljtobh tb nhtnr p`urj`ostog eoj`blun js
tcnor jksnhgn gjh prbvoen gbvnr dbr Kok`ogj` nxtrnmosm (Ejwaohs ;6641
Cjrros ;665). Hnurbkob`blost Wjm Cjrros stjtns, ‐mbenrjtns jrn, oh `jrln
pjrt, rnspbhsok`n dbr tcn . . . gbhd`ogt oh bur wbr`e, kngjusn tcnor kn`onds
prbvoen tcn gbhtnxt oh wcogc sgropturj` `otnrj`osm Qjhe] vob`nhgn gjh hnvnr kn
jenqujtn`y bppbsne” (Cjrros ;665, 5>). Ucos os wcy ossuns bd Kok`ogj`
mbrj`oty must kn eosgussne, nxjmohne, jhe bpnhne dbr ohquory. Oh djgt9
QKok`ogj`] mbenrjtns mjy olhbrn br bvnr`bba tcn mbrn kjrkjrog
pjssjlns oh tcnor . . . kbbas, kut ky vnhnrjtohl tcn kbbas oh lnhnrj`,
tcny `njvn us pbwnr`nss tb bppbsn tcn kn`ond systnms bd
duhejmnhtj`osts. Jhe kngjusn mbenrjtns tnhe tb olhbrn tcn mbst
`uhjtog pjrts bd sgropturn, tcny `bsn tbugc wotc cbw ejhlnrbus tcnsn
kbbas jrn wcnh tjanh `otnrj``y. Oh djgt, tcny cjvn trbuk`n kn`onvohl tcjt
jhybhn ebns sto`` tjan tcnsn kbbas `otnrj``y, jhe sb tcny tnhe hbt tb
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rngblhozn tcn rb`n tcjt djotc p`jys oh ohsporohl cumjh vob`nhgn. (Cjrros
;66?, ;)
J`` pnbp`n, ohg`ueohl Kok`ogj` mbenrjtns, cjvn tcn euty tb rngblhozn tcjt
jggnptohl tcn Kok`n kngjusn ot os tcn Kok`n, kngbmns mbrn prbk`nmjtog bhgn
pnrsbhs ohsporne ky tcn djrgogj`oty bd eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry jhe
jhtneo`uvojh Kok`ogj` ntcogs k`bw up jkbrtobh g`ohogs br cjrjss cbmbsnxuj`
tnnhjlnrs (Ejwaohs ;6641 N``nhs :??<1 Cjrros ;665).
Mb r j ` O h t u o t o b h s t b J u t c n h t o gj t n K ok ` o g j ` \ o se bm
Mjhy sburgns cjvn scbwh tcjt nxnrgosns oh grotogj` tcohaohl uhgbvnr jh
ohgbhlruoty bd Kok`ogj` ntcogj` gbhstrugts jhe gbhtnmpbrjry ntcogj` kn`onds
(Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6641 Aonranljjre :?341 Vntnrsbh nt j`. :??3).
@nvotogus ;6 entjo`s mjhy bddnhsns tcjt mnrot tcn enjtc pnhj`ty―gursohl
pjrnhts1 gbmmottohl jeu`tnry1 cbmbsnxuj`oty1 knstoj`oty1 jhe btcnr gromns―
tcjt hb rnjsbhjk`n gburt bd `jw wbu`e mntn but tb tcn luo`ty (Ejwaohs ;6641
Cjrros ;665). Jhbtcnr ntcogj` prbvosobh oh tcn Kok`n os tcn ohiuhgtobh dbuhe oh
Enutnrbhbmy ;;9:7-;: tcjt od j mjh eosgbvnrs bh cos wneeohl holct tcjt cos
kroen os hbt j vorloh, cn os bk`oljtne tb stbhn cnr tb enjtc bh cnr djtcnr‟s
ebbrstnp (Wgcnrmjh ;666). Mjhy sburgns uhnquovbgj``y stjtn tcjt wn
scbu`e hbt jhe eb hbt lnt bur mbrj`s drbm sgropturn (Ejvos ;66>1 Cjrros
;6641 MjgVcnn ;66;1 Wcnrmnr :??4). Od wn eoe, sbgonty wbu`e sto`` justnrn`y
nhdbrgn tcn enjtc pnhj`ty dbr pnrsbhs wcb eb hbt bksnrvn tcn Wjkkjtc
(Ejwaohs ;664).
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Engosobhs mjen wotc butejtne ntcogj` systnms jrn enstrugtovn tb pbst-
oheustroj` sbgontons. Humnrbus vnrsns oh tcn Kok`n gjh kn rnje notcnr eorngt`y
br gbhtnxtuj``y js nhebrsohl br jggnptohl bd pb`yljmy, s`jvnry, kolbtry,
mosblyhy, vob`nhgn, lnhbgoen, cumjh jhe jhomj` sjgrodogn, kurhohl wotgcns,
cbmbpcbkoj, jhe rjpn (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641 Wjhenrs
;66<). Wbgoj` gcjhlns nhjgtne tcrbulcbut costbry ruh gbhtrj-d`bw tb tcn
neogts prnsgrokne oh tcn Kok`n9 wbmnh‟s suddrjln, govo` rolcts, `nlj`ozjtobh bd
ljy mjrrojln, jmbhl btcnrs (Cjrros ;6651 Wjhenrs ;66<). [nlohj`e Ejvos
gbhvnyne ot mbrn `jgbhogj``y wcnh ot gbmns tb Kok`ogj``y sjhgtobhne s`jvnry,
‐Womp`y put, tcn Kok`n wjs j tbb` tb mjohtjoh bpprnssobh. Ot cn`pne tb
`nlotomjtn 566 ynjrs bd s`jvnry, :66 ynjrs bd snlrnljtobh, jhe tbejy‟s
trjhslnhnrjtobhj` bpprnssobh bd Jdrogjh Jmnrogjhs” (Ejvos ;66>, ?7).
V[BINGU MNUCBEB@BL_
Ucn `otnrjturn rnvonw survnyne j gbhgosn summjry bd tcn `otnrjturn
rn`jtohl tb tcn tbpogs bd Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos jhe sbgoj` ntcogs. Ub durtcnr tcos
sgcb`jrscop, ohtnrvonws wnrn gbheugtne wotc tcnb`blojhs, costbrojhs,
ntcogosts, nvb`utobhjry kob`blosts, psygcb`blosts, js wn`` js rnputjk`n jutcbrs
wcb wrotn bh ossuns bd rnjsbh, kn`ond, jhe Kok`ogj` prjgtogns. Ucn ohdbrmjtobh
ljrhnrne drbm hohn ohtnrvonw sburgns wo`` cn`p dbrmu`jtn ahbw`nelnjk`n jhe
gbmprncnhsovn suppbsotobhs jkbut tcn sukingt bd Kok`ogj` ntcogs.
J`` ohtnrvonw sukingts wnrn jsane j vjronty bd qunstobhs tb cn`p nxp`brn
tcn prnmosn bd tcos tcnsos. Ucn qunstobhs prbkne dbur prohgopj` jrnjs9 mbrj`
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systnm
oheustr
kn`bw,
gbhtjoh
Dolurn
gjtnlb
s, ntcogs
oj` ossuns
o``ustrjtn
ne. Durtc
;. Von gcj
y gbhtjoh
d Kok`ogj`
jhe kok`o
tcn quj
nr, Ujk`n
rt o``ustrj
ne
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Hjtu
nxnlnsns
hbrmj`oz
toty bd qu
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rn bd Oh
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tobh. J po
nstobhs k
`osts tcn
ujhtoty bd
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nrvonw
d Kok`ogj`
on gcjrt,
prbpbrto
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qunstobh
Zunstob
nxnlnsns
cbwh oh
bh njgc g
jsane.
s ky prbp
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Kojsns bd K
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\rolc
jhe pbs
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jtnlbry
rtobh nj
nms
k`ogj` Nxnlnsn
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roj` Ossuns jh
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t-;:
-
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s
s
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Ujk`n :. Zunstobh Gcjrt
Zunstobh Zunstobh Gjtnlbry Zunstobh
: Mbrj` Wystnms \cjt os ybur endohotobh bd j mbrj` systnm2
; Mbrj` Wystnms Kjsne bh tcn endohotobh lovnh oh rnspbhsn tb qunstobh bhKok`n tb kn j lbbe mbrj` systnm2
7 Mbrj` Wystnms Gjh br scbu`e j knttnr mbrj` systnm kn envosne br os gbhngnssjry2
5 Ntcogs bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns Od sbmnbhn db``bwne tcn Kok`n `otnrj``y oh j`` jrnjs, wbu`lbbe2
> Ntcogs bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns \bu`e tcn mbrj` vosobh bd tcn Kok`n kn omprbvne ky rnmvnrsns br os tcnrn mbrj` knhndot ky `njvohl tcnm oh p`jgn
4 Ntcogs bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns Eb ybu snn V`jtb‟s Nutcypyrb jrlumnht djgtbrohl ohtb Kgbmmjhe tcnbry2
< Kojsns bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns Cbw ebns bhn ahbw tcjt tcny cjvn tcn gbrrngt trjhs`jtopjrtogu`jr vnrsn2
3 Kojsns bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns Ucn Kok`n os j sjgrne jhe stjtog ebgumnht tcjt ebns hbtmjaohl bur bwh so`nht rnvosobhs kncohe tcn sgnhns2
? Kojsns bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns Cbw ebns bhn ahbw wcnh tb ohtnrprnt j sn`ngtne vnrsn trnjtne js j``nlbry2
:6 Kojsns bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns \cy jrn sbmn vnrsns sn`ngtovn`y gcbsnh jhe nxtb``ne jsjkcbrrnht vnrsns dj`` tb tcn wjysoen2
:: Kojsns bd Kok`ogj` Nxnlnsns Jrn pnbp`n‟s ntcogj` stjhejres u`tomjtn`y rbbtne oh tcnorKok`n2
:; Vbst Oheustroj` Ossuns jheKok`obhbrmj`ozjtobh
Ucn Kok`n ebns hbt gbvnr pbst-mbenrh ossuns sugc js g`bjkbrtobh, jhe hug`njr wjr. Cbw scbu`e ntcogj` engosobhsmjen wotcbut tcn Kok`n js j luoen bh tcnsn ossuns2
:7 Vbst Oheustroj` Ossuns jheKok`obhbrmj`ozjtobh
Jevogn, gbhsb`jtobh, jhe wosebm gjh kn dbuhe wotcoh tcWcjanspnjrn jhe btcnrs. \cy cjvn pnbp`n gcbsnh tb rnbtcnr2
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\rolct-;7
JHJ@_WOW BD [ NW^@UW
O h t n r v o n w s w o t c Wu k i n g t M j t t n r Nx p n r t s
Hohn ohtnrvonws wnrn gbheugtne wotc nxpnrts jgrbss dovn eovnrsn don`es9
ntcogs, tcnb`bly, pco`bsbpcy, nvb`utobhjry kob`bly, jhe psygcb`bly. J gbhgosn
mjtrox bd tcn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts os `ostne oh Ujk`n ;, kn`bw.
Ujk`n ;. Wukingt Mjttnr Nxpnrt Mjtrox
WMN Hjmn Grnenhtoj`s Don`e bd Nxpnrtosn
Ejvoe Kjsohlnr Vc.E. Ntcogs
Ljry [. Krbwnr M.Eov, Vc.E. Ucnb`bly
Molun` J. En @j Ubrrn M.Eov, Vc.E. Ntcogs
Ijgbk Aohhjre Vc.E. Vco`bsbpcy
J. I. Ijgbks K. J. Ucnb`bly
Inddrny C. Mjcjh M.Eov, Vc.E. Ucnb`bly
V. Y. Mynrs Vc.E. Nvb`utobhjry Kob`bly
Krugn [nogcnhkjgc Vc.E. Vco`bsbpcy
Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr Vc.E. Vsygcb`bly
Ucos eovnrsn lrbup bd spngoj`osts wjs sn`ngtne dbr hbt bh`y tcnor rjhln
bd nxpnronhgns, kut j`sb kngjusn tcn mnmknrs bd njgc eosgop`ohn krohl j
eostohgtovn pnrspngtovn tb tcn mbenrh eoj`blun jkbut Kok`ogj` ntcogs. Ot os bd
pjrjmbuht ompbrtjhgn tb uhenrstjhe rjtobhj``y wcy sbmn gbhsoenr tcn Kok`n
tb kn jh uhpjrj``n`ne ntcogj` tbmn bvnrroeohl―br jt `njst tjhtjmbuht tb―
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\rolct-;5
pbst-oheustroj` ntcogj` gbhstrugts jhe mbenrh `jws. Js tcn `otnrjturn rnvonw
enmbhstrjtne, tcn krjhe bd mbrj`oty engrnne oh tcn Kok`n os jpprbprojtn dbr
jhtneo`uvojh oh-lrbups1 cbwnvnr, tcn kbba ebns hbt engrnn uhovnrsj` mbrj`
`jw (Cjrros ;664). Dbr tcjt rnjsbh, ot os nssnhtoj` tb uhenrstjhe tcn
prnvjo`ohl znotlnosts cn`e jkbut tcn Kok`n js j endohotovn sburgn bd ntcogs,
pjrtogu`jr`y oh `olct bd jevjhgnmnhts mjen pb`otogj``y, sgonhtodogj``y, jhe
sporotuj``y knybhe wcjt os gbhtjohne jhe en`ohnjtne oh tcn Kok`n.
D or s t V r o h g o p j ` J r n j 9 M b r j ` Wy s t nm s
Ucn dorst prohgopj` jrnj bd qunstobhohl nxp`brne tcn gbhstrugts bd mbrj`
systnms. Nxpnrt bpohobhs jkbut tcos sukingt wnrn uhenrstjhejk`y vjrone1
hbhntcn`nss, tcnrn wjs j gbhsnhsus tcjt uhjhombus`y pbohtne tb j
rnquornmnht tb mjxomozn cumjh wn``-knohl (Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ub nstjk`osc j
‐hbrmjtovn kut hbt hnutrj`” endohotobh bd j mbrj` systnm (Kjsohlnr ;6:6),
psygcb`blost Ibhjtcjh Cjoet‟s endohotobh wjs usne. Cjoet jrtogu`jtne tcjt,
‐Mbrj` systnms jrn ohtnr`bgaohl snts bd vj`uns, prjgtogns, ohstotutobhs, jhe
nvb`vne psygcb`blogj` mngcjhosms tcjt wbra tblntcnr tb supprnss br
rnlu`jtn sn`doschnss jhe mjan sbgoj` `odn pbssok`n” (Wcnrmnr ;66<). Wnvnrj`
nxpnrts jlrnne wotc tcos endohotobh (Aohhjre ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6), wco`n
btcnrs vonwne sugc j endohotobh ohtnhsn`y prbk`nmjtog.
Er. Molun` En @j Ubrrn, jh ntcogost, hbtne tcjt Cjoet‟s endohotobh p`jgne
mnjhohl bh vj`un jhe sn`doschnss. Dbr mjrlohj`ozne gbmmuhotons, sugc j
endohotobh wbu`e hbt kn oenj` (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). En @j Ubrrn gbhtohune tcjt
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‐Od O wjs j mj`n drbm tcn ebmohjht gu`turn, ot wbu`e kn jh nxgn``nht
stjtnmnht br mbrj` gben. Cbwnvnr, od O wnrn j wbmjh br j pnrsbh bd gb`br, O
wbu`e snn mjibr prbk`nms wotc ot,” En @j Ubrrn hbtne eurohl jh ohtnrvonw.
Wohgn cumjhs jrn hbt hjturj``y gblhozjht bd cbw mbrj` gbens tcny envosn
wotc lbbe ohtnhtobhs gbu`e kn eosjstrbus`y bpprnssovn tb btcnrs, sbgonty
wbu`e kn wn`` jevosne tb cjvn j cnj`tcy suspogobh bd tcn gbens tcny put
dbrtc. En @j Ubrrn nstjk`oscns tcjt ‐mbrj` gbens jrn wcjtnvnr tcn bpprnssne
gbmmuhoty sjys mbrj` gbens jrn” (;6:6).
Gbhvnrsn`y, Er. Ljry [. Krbwnr eoddnrne wotc En @j Ubrrn‟s grotoqun bd
Cjoet jhe vbogne tcjt tcn bpprnssne gjh kn js sn`d-snrvohl js jhybhn n`sn
gjh (Krbwnr ;6:6). Krbwnr gbhtohune tcjt ‐Iust kngjusn Qtcn bpprnssne]
cjvn endohne j mbrj` systnm ebnsh‟t hngnssjro`y mnjh ot wo`` kn iust1 oh djgt,
ot gbu`e kn kjsne bh rnvnhln. Ohstnje, O wbu`e jsa, –Ebns ot krohl jkbut trun
nquoty2‟” Krbwnr wjs pjrtoj` tb tcn rnlu`jtobh bd sn`doschnss gj``ne dbr oh
Cjoet‟s endohotobh. Ucn gbhtrb` bd sugc ompu`sns ‐engnhtnrs tcn sn`d”
gbrrnspbheohl tb tcn Kok`ogj` ntcog tb ‐`bvn ybur hnolckbr js ybursn`d” tcjt
otsn`d ‐gbhtrjeogts sn`doschnss jhe enmjhes tcjt wn tjan jhbtcnr ohtb
jggbuht” (Krbwnr ;6:6).
J`tcbulc hb strbhl gbhsnhsus br stjhejre endohotobh bd j mbrj` systnm
wjs rnjgcne ky jhy bd tcn hohn ohtnrvonwnns, ot os nssnhtoj` tb hbtn tcjt
tcnrn wjs j gbhsnhsus jkbut iustogn, djorhnss, tcn btcnr, jhe mjxomozohl
cumjh wn``-knohl. Ucn bkingtovn bd p`urj`ostog eoj`blun wjs jggbmp`oscne
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scbwohl j prn`omohjry mben` bd j mbrj` systnm gbhstrugt (Anjtnh jhe
Wbuaup ;66?). Ucnrn os g`njr`y j hnne dbr jeeotobhj` rnsnjrgc tb kn ebhn oh
tcos jrnj (Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ucn lbj` bd tcos pjpnr wjs hbt tb nstjk`osc j
uhjeu`tnrjtne endohotobh dbr j mbrj` systnm1 rjtcnr ot gjh kn jlrnne tcjt
‐nhcjhgohl cumjh wn``-knohl bd j`` gbhsgobus grnjturns jhe j``nvojtohl
suddnrohl” (Wcnrmnr ;6:6) os tcn prjgtogj` ohtnhtobh bd jhy snhsok`n mbrj`
systnm. Jemottne`y, sugc j sukingt os ‐hbt j qunstobh tcjt mbst pnbp`n jsa
tcnmsn`vns1 tcos os j ebmjoh oh wcogc wn jgt jhe kncjvn―hbt tcoha jkbut”
(Krbwnr ;6:6).
\otc j rnspngtjk`n wbraohl gbhgnpt dbr j mbrj` systnm cjvohl knnh
nstjk`oscne, tcn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts wnrn jsane tb nvj`ujtn tcn mnrots bd
tcn Kok`n js j kbba nspbusohl j mbrj` systnm. Jljoh, rnspbhsns vjrone
krbje`y. Nvb`utobhjry kob`blost Er. V. Y. Mynrs rnp`one, ‐Ucn mbrj` gben oh
tcn Kok`n os bhn bd tnrrotbroj` nxpneonhgy jhe kjrkjrog s`julctnr bd jhybhn
wcb bppbsns ot1 ot os somp`y jwdu`” (Mynrs ;6:6). Btcnr sburgns rnljrene tcn
Kok`ogj` mbrj` systnm js j pjrt bd j `jrlnr wcb`n. Er. Inddrny Mjcjh
gbhvnyne tcn hbtobh bd tcn Kok`n js bh`y pjrt bd jh ntcogj` systnm tcjt must
j`sb rn`y cnjvo`y bh jh ohvb`vne gbmmuhoty jhe trjeotobh (Mjcjh ;6:6).
Mjcjh strnssne tcjt btcnr ohtnrprntjtovn prbgnssns must kn usne tb nhljln
tcn Kok`n. Wugc ‐hujhgne rnd`ngtobh wbu`e ohg`uen tcohaohl jkbut trjeotobh,
rnjsbh, jhe nxpnronhgn” (;6:6). Mjcjh stjtne tcjt tcn jpprbprojtn usn bd
tcn Kok`n scbu`e kn vonwne js j sburgn bd hjrrjtovn jhe jkstrjgtobhs usne tb
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cn`p rnjenrs mjan mbrj` gcbogns jhe ot wbu`e kn ‐prbk`nmjtog tb rneugn tcos
kbba tb j snt bd ru`ns” (;6:6).
Jutcbr jhe iburhj`ost J. I. Ijgbks stjtns tcjt gnrtjoh pjrts oh tcn Kok`n
jrn pjrt bd j prjosnwbrtcy mbrj` systnm. Ijgbks gbhtnhes, ‐@bvohl ybur
hnolckbr js ybursn`d os wosn jevogn1 kut stbhohl j gco`e tb enjtc os hbt tcn
knst wjy tb lb tcnsn ejys.” Cn mbrnbvnr jssnrts tcjt tcn Kok`n cjs j djo`-
sjdn gbvnrohl j`` nvnhtuj`otons9 tcn Lb`enh [u`n. Jemottne`y, tcn nddogjgy bd
tcos ru`n os prbvnh oh pbst-oheustroj` tomns9 ‐Ebh‟t kbmk jhbtcnr gbuhtry
uh`nss ybu wjht tcnm tb kbmk ybu” (Ijgbks ;6:6). Ijgbks pbohts tb j hnne
tb ‐wrnst`n gbhstjht`y wotc tcn tnxt” (;6:6) jhe tcn kbba otsn`d gbhtjohs
ohtnrhj` prbbd bd j strull`n wotc ntcogs. Cn gotns tcn bpnh jrlumnht cje ky
Lbe jhe Jkrjcjm gbhgnrhohl tcn djtn bd tcn twb gotons, Wbebm jhe
Lbmbrrjc. Ijgbks gotns tcos js prbbd tcjt Kok`ogj` gcjrjgtnrs eoe hbt, jt j``
tomns, k`ohe`y db``bw brenrs (;6:6).
Wbgoj` psygcb`blost Er. Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr bddnrs tcjt cumjh hjturn
prndnrs k`jga jhe wcotn ntcogj` engosobhs tcjt gjh njso`y kn gjtnlbrozne ohtb
‐lbbe jhe nvo`,” purn`y kngjusn ot os jh njsonr prbgnss. Hbhntcn`nss, ‐`odn os
iust hbt tcjt somp`n kngjusn tcnrn jrn gbmp`ogjtne dbrgns jt wbra” (Wcnrmnr
;6:6). Wcnrmnr j`sb hbtne tcjt js sbgoj` ohstotutobhs nvb`vne, dbrgns bd
gu`turn, costbry, jhe ngbhbmogs j`sb dbrmne. ‐Cumjhs dbrm tcnor kn`ond
systnms dorst jhe tcnh mjan tcohls dot tcnm. \n twnja jhe dohn tuhn kbtc
tcrbulcbut costbry1 tcjt‟s wcjt ybu jrn snnohl jt wbra oh tcn Kok`n” (;6:6).
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Vco`bsbpcnr Er. Ejvoe Kjsohlnr jhe btcnrs (Ijgbks ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc
;6:6) nxprnssne tcjt wco`n tcn Kok`n os hbt j mbrj` systnm, ot os pbssok`n tb
eosgbvnr wotcoh tcn Kok`n twb typns bd mbrj` pjrjeolms. Ucn dorst gbhstrugt os
j tn`nb`blogj`, br nhe-kjsne, mbrj` systnm wcnrn od gbhsnqunhgns jrn hbk`n,
tcn jgtobhs tcnmsn`vns jrn j`sb hbk`n. Ucn sngbhe gbhstrugt, rndnrrne tb js
enbhtb`blogj` ntcogs, nxp`ogot`y rnquorns bhn tb db``bw tcn ru`ns jhe
eosrnljreohl jhy gbhsnqunhgns (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Gbmmbh`y, sjys Kjsohlnr,
tcn Kok`ogj` ntcog os prbk`nmjtog kngjusn ot nmpcjsozns enbhtb`bly br ru`n-
kjsne jgtobhs. Oh sbgonty, jpp`ogjtobh bd enbhtb`blogj` ntcogs os gbmp`ogjtne―
bhn Kok`ogj` gbmmjhe prbcokots `yohl, wco`n jhbtcnr rnquorns sjvohl tcn `odn
bd jh ohhbgnht pnrsbh.
Vco`bsbpcnr Ommjhun` Ajht comsn`d tj`ane jkbut tcn Gjsn bd tcn
Ohquorohl Murenrnr , oh wcogc j cbmnbwhnr gbhdrbhtne ky j murenrnr ebns
cjvn jh bk`oljtobh tb eosg`bsn tcn wcnrnjkbuts bd j dronhe (Kjsohlnr ;6:6).
Kjsohlnr stjtns tcjt Kok`ogj` prohgop`ns gjh gbhd`ogt oh tcn rnj` wbr`e wcnrn ot
os hbt pbssok`n somp`y tb bkny ru`ns, kut tb probrotozn sugc ru`ns oh jh jgtuj`
sotujtobh js wn``. Ot snnms ompbssok`n tb rngbhgo`n twb gbhd`ogtohl Kok`ogj`
mjhejtns jhe, ohenne, tcos cjppnhne oh Hjzo Lnrmjhy wcnrn sbmn
cbusncb`es prbtngtne nsgjpnns, wco`n btcnrs rnpbrtne tcnor prnsnhgn tb tcn
jutcbrotons (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Kjsohlnr stjtns tcjt tcn Kok`n os j prbk`nmjtog
luoen bd wcogc ntcogj` gbhstrugts tb db``bw. Nxjmp`ns gbhtjohne wotcoh, sugc
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js tcn stbry bd [jcjk prbtngtohl tcn wcnrnjkbuts bd tcn spons, eb hbt g`njr`y
oheogjtn `yohl os gjtnlbrogj``y wrbhl (Kjsohlnr ;6:6).
Js j dohj` pboht, Kjsohlnr nmpcjsozns tcjt ot os ompbrtjht tb vonw tcn
Kok`n js j kbba wotcoh jh ‐ohsporjtobh-ohtnrprntjtobh gbhtnxt” (;6:6).
Gbmmbh`y gbhd`jtne, Kjsohlnr jrtogu`jtns tcjt ohsporjtobh os wcb sjoe
sbmntcohl1 wcnrnjs ohtnrprntjtobh os wcjt nxjgt`y os knohl sjoe jhe wcjt ot
mnjhs (;6:6). Ucnrndbrn, wotcoh tcn ohsporjtobh-ohtnrprntjtobh gbhtnxt, ot os
pbssok`n tb kn`onvn tcn Kok`n os jh jutcbroty bh ntcogs jhe sto`` qunstobh wcjt
ot mnjhs jt njgc pboht (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). En @j Ubrrn‟s pbsotobh os oh uhosbh
wotc Kjsohlnr js cn bddnrs, ‐O mjy kn`onvn oh tcn Kok`n1 kut mjy hbt kn`onvn
oh cbw ybu ohtnrprnt tcn Kok`n” (;6:6). Oh snvnrj` jspngts, En @j Ubrrn
jlrnne wotc Mynrs tcjt ‐pjrts bd tcn Kok`ogj` tnxt jrn prbk`nmjtog, pnrobe.
Ucnrn os g`njr lnhbgoen oh tcn Kbba bd Ibscuj jhe s`jvns prbkjk`y eoeh‟t `oan
Vju` tcjt mugc notcnr” (;6:6).
Mjhy btcnrs (Krbwnr ;6:61 Aohhjre ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6)
nmpcjsozn tcjt tcn rnjenr bd tcn Kok`ogj` tnxt must jpprngojtn tcjt ot os jh
jssnmk`jln bd bhlbohl gbhvnrsjtobhs tcrbulc costbry gbhgnrhohl ntcogj`
eosgussobhs jhe tcn cumjh gbheotobh. Ohenne, ‐k`ohe j``nlojhgn tb tcn Kok`n
scbu`eh‟t kn j lbj`―bhn scbu`e strull`n wotc tcn tnxt” (Mjcjh ;6:6).
[jtcnr tcjh rnp`jgn tcn Kok`n js j kbba bd butejtne ntcogs, mjhy sburgns
(Kjsohlnr ;6:61 Aohhjre ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6) snnm tb gj`` dbr jh ohhbvjtovn
rnjeohl bd tcn tnxt wotc ‐hnw nyns tcjt kjsn mbrj` tnjgcohls bh snrvohl
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btcnrs” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Wbgonty jhe rnjenrs bd tcn Kok`ogj` tnxt scbu`e
kn jpprncnhsovn bd ohg`ohjtobhs tb nrjsn br rnvosn vnrsns kjsne bh bur
mbmnht oh costbry, js sugc j prjgtogn ruhs gbhtrjd`bw tb cbw nstjk`oscne
trjeotobhs bd rnjeohl tnxts wbras (Mjcjh ;6:6). Ucn Kok`n scbu`e kn vonwne
js j gb``ngtobh bd wrotohls bvnr j vnry `bhl pnrobe oh tomn rnspbheohl tb
eoddnrnht costbrons (Krbwnr ;6:61 En @j Ubrrn ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6). \cjt os
mbrn ohsolctdu`, sjys Mjcjh, os tb jgtovn`y gbhdrbht j prbk`nmjtog kbba br
sngtobh bd tcn Kok`n jhe jttnmpt tb jhswnr ‐cbw tcjt pnrobe os `oan jhe
eoddnrnht drbm bur bwh jhe cbw tcjt stbry molct sto`` ohdbrm us” (Mjcjh
;6:6).
Ohenne, tcn tbhns bd Kok`n stbrons eoddnr gbhtohlnht`y drbm tcnor brolohj`
mo`onu9 tcn hjrrjtovn oh tcn Kok`n turhne ejranr wcnh tcn wrotnrs wnrn
tbrmnhtne ky tcnor nhnmons jhe cjpponr, mbrn stjk`n tomns rnd`ngt oh tcn
wrotohls js wn`` (Mjcjh ;6:6). Kbtc Mjcjh jhe Krbwnr vonw tcn Kok`n js j
‐gbmp`nx `okrjry bd j pnbp`n strull`ohl tb uhenrstjhe tcn wbr`e jhe
tcnrndbrn rnquorns gbmp`nx nhljlnmnht ky tcn rnjenr” (Mjcjh ;6:6).
Jpp`ogjtobh bd Kok`ogj` mbrj`s oh tbejy‟s sbgonty os p`jstog9 hjtobhs lb tb wjr
jljohst tcn Kok`ogj` ohiuhgtobh jljohst murenr. Ucnrndbrn, tcn prbk`nm
kngbmns, jggbreohl tb Mjcjh (;6:6), ‐Cbw eb wn jgahbw`neln tcos
gbmp`nxoty jhe hnlbtojtn kntwnnh vjrobus gcbogns prnsnhtne ky tcn tnxt2”
Gbhtnxt os grugoj`. Vnbp`n `ovohl oh pbst-oheustroj` sbgontons must
jpprngojtn tcn costbrogj` gbhtnxt bd tcn Kok`n, js ntcogs jrn gbhtnxtuj`,
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jggbreohl tb [nogcnhkjgc (;6:6). Oh djgt, ‐tcn wrotnrs bd tcn Kok`n wnrn
ohtnrprntohl tcn wbr`e oh tcnor bwh twostne wjy. \n scbu`e hbt gbhenmh tcn
jutcbrs dbr mjaohl lcjst`y mostjans1 tcny wnrn tryohl tb uhenrstjhe tcn
wbr`e, jhe tcny lbt ot wrbhl,” Mynrs (;6:6) sjoe. Cn gbhtohune ky oheogjtohl
cn dnn`s tcnrn jrn hb prbeolobus ohsolcts wotcoh tcn Kok`n tcjt ots wrotnrs
wbu`e hbt cjvn cje btcnrwosn9
\cjt gbu`e cjvn cjppnhne oh tcn dorst gcjptnr bd tcn Kok`n, ohstnje bd
rn`jtohl tcn stbry bd grnjtobh, os tb tn`` nvnrybhn tb wjsc tcnor cjhes.
Ucjt wbu`e cjvn knnh jh ohsolct tcjt sjvne sb mjhy `ovns. Ucos wjs
hbt sbmntcohl knybhe tcn gbmprncnhsobh bd promotovn pnbp`n jhe ot
wbu`e cjvn knnh j mnssjln tb tcn pnbp`n jt tcn tomn tcny wbu`e cjvn
uhenrstbbe. Wugc j mnssjln wbu`e hbt prng`uen gbmmbh snhsn
mneogj` jevogn tcny gbu`e cjvn uhenrstbbe jhe jpprngojtne. (Mynrs
;6:6)
Wn g b h e V r o h g o p j ` J r n j 9 Nt c o g s b d K o k ` o g j ` Nx n l n s n s
Ucn sngbhe prohgopj` jrnj bd tcos rnsnjrgc nxp`brne tcn ntcogs bd
Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos, hjmn`y `otnrj` ohtnrprntjtobhs bd ntcogj` gbmmjhes jhe
eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry. Wukingt mjttnr nxpnrt bpohobhs gbhg`uene
bvnrwcn`mohl`y tcjt mbrj` ohtuotobhs gbhtjohne wotcoh tcn oheovoeuj` must kn
nmp`byne tb nddngtovn`y ljuln tcn mbrj`oty bd wcjt os Kok`ogj``y prnsgrokne.
En @j Ubrrn stjtne tcjt tcn qunstobhjk`n vnrsns jhe stbrons gbhtjohne wotcoh
tcn Kok`n scbw tcn ‐rnj`oty bd `odn” (;6:6). Durtcnr, pnbp`n must wrnst`n jhe
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kn vnry volo`jht bd cbw Kok`ogj` luoen`ohns jrn rnje jhe ohtnrprntne (Mjcjh
;6:6). En @j Ubrrn eoe hbt nsgcnw rjtobhj`osm wcnh cn stjtne tcjt,
‐Wbmnbhn wcb db``bwne nvnry vnrsn oh tcn Kok`n `otnrj``y wbu`e jksb`utn`y
hbt kn j lbbe pnrsbh. Ub db``bw jhy tnxt `otnrj``y os colc`y ejhlnrbus” (En @j
Ubrrn ;6:6). Kok`ogj` stbrons wnrn wrottnh gnhturons jlb oh j gbhsoenrjk`y
eoddnrnht wbr`e tcjh tcn pbst-oheustroj` `jhesgjpn jhe, gbhsnqunht`y, must
kn rnohtnrprntne dbr tbejy‟s gorgumstjhgns (Aohhjre ;6:6). Ucnrn somp`y os
hb mbenrh br gbhsgobhjk`n wjy tb iustody tcn Kok`ogj` neogt jevbgjtohl tcn
‐`nlotomjgy” bd ao``ohl rnkn``obus gco`ernh jhe bhn os ‐en`usobhj` od tcny kn`onvn
tcos os pnrmossok`n,” jggbreohl tb En @j Ubrrn.
Kjsohlnr pbsotne tcjt ntcogs jrn sbdt worne (hbrmj` jhe hjturj`) ohtb
bur hjturn jhe jrn sukingt tb rnvosobh bvnr `nhltcy pnrobes bd tomn (;6:6).
Ucn mjss rjpn jhe lnhbgoen rngbuhtne oh tcn kbba bd Humknrs scbws
‐rjtobhj` pnbp`n eoe dnn` lbbe jt bhn pboht oh costbry jkbut tcos stbry”
(Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Ot jppnjrs tcjt j sbgonty‟s mbrj` snhsotovotons cjvn sohgn
gcjhlne jhe tcnrndbrn bur gurrnht uhenrstjheohl bd Kok`ogj` ntcogs gjh
gcjhln jggbreohl`y. Dbr nxjmp`n, pbst-oheustroj` sbgontons cjvn prblrnssne
pjst tcn Kok`ogj` g`jh ntcog wcnrn ot bhgn wjs djor dbr djmo`ons tb kn gjstoljtne
dbr tcn enkjugcnrons bd bhn pnrsbh1 hbw bh`y tcn oheovoeuj` os puhoscne
(Kjsohlnr ;6:6).
Er. Krugn [nogcnhkjgc stjtns tcjt tcn jpp`ogjtobh bd mbrj` prohgop`ns oh
j lovnh gbhtnxt os grugoj` (;6:6). Ucn Kok`ogj` ohiuhgtobh tb stbhn j kroen tb
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enjtc bh cnr wneeohl holct od scn os hbt dbuhe tb kn j vorloh ebns hbt scbw
‐tomn`nss” ntcogs1 rjtcnr tcn rnjenr scbu`e eovnrt dbgus drbm tcn spngodog
gbmmjhe jhe ohstnje dbgus bh tcn prohgop`n kncohe ot jhe jsa, ‐–Cbw gjh
tcjt kn jpp`one tbejy2‟ Enspotn tcn djgt sbgoj` jhe tnmpbrj` gbhtnxts cjvn
gcjhlne, tcn uhenr`yohl mnssjln sto`` os pnrtohnht dbr tcos stbry9 tcjt bd
mbrj` puroty” ([nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).
Mynrs stjtns tcjt tcn qunstobhjk`n gbhstrugt bd eovohn gbmmjhe
tcnbry, js wn`` js humnrbus prbk`nmjtog Kok`n prbmbtohl jtrbgotons, cjvn hbt
gjulct bh sbgoj``y kngjusn ‐pnbp`n jrn ohcnrnht`y engnht, lbbe, jhe
gcjrotjk`n tb bhn jhbtcnr” (Mynrs ;6:6). Mynrs‟ bptomostog vonw bd cumjhoty
pbohts tbwjre jh ohtrohsog j`truosm, gbbpnrjtobh, jhe wo``ohlhnss tb lnt j`bhl
wotc bur hnolckbrs (Mynrs ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6).
Krbwnr strnssne tcjt bhn wcb db``bwne njgc vnrsn oh tcn Kok`n `otnrj``y
wbu`e kn wn`` ohtnhtobhne, kut ebns g`njr`y hbt uhenrstjhe tcn gcjhlne
gbhtnxt drbm wcogc tcn Kok`n wjs wrottnh. Cn stjtne tcjt tb gnhsurn pnbp`n
oh tcn pjst dbr `ovohl oh tcnor gu`turn jhe tomn os jh uhsgrupu`bus hbtobh, ynt
tcjt ebns hbt prng`uen j gbmpu`sbry iustodogjtobh oh `njrhohl drbm tcnm
(Krbwnr ;6:6). Krbwnr hbtne tcjt sbmn bd tcn mbrn eukobus Kok`n pjssjlns
duhgtobh tb grnjtn j gbcnsovn sbgoj` strugturn oh wcogc lbbehnss os endohne.
Ub usn jh nxostohl gjsn oh pboht Krbwnr sjoe, ‐tcn Mjdoj wbu`e kn iuelne js
kje jhe mosluoene drbm tcn butsoen1 kut tcny jrn lbbe jhe wn``-ohtnhtobhne
pnbp`n drbm wotcoh tcnor sbgoj` strugturn” (;6:6). Ucn sjmn tcnmn bd oh-
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lrbup vnrsus but-lrbup sbgoj` strugturns rnljreohl qunstobhjk`n vnrsns wjs
gjrrone ky Mynrs wcb stjtne, ‐\n ebh‟t survovn js oheovoeuj`s. \n eb knttnr
wcnh wn wbra tblntcnr js tcn pjrts jrn lrnjtnr tcjh tcn wcb`n. Jhytcohl
tcjt prbmbtns sb`oejroty jhe gbbpnrjtobh os nvb`utobhjro`y jevjhtjlnbus”
(Mynrs ;6:6).
Mjhy pnrgnovne j gbhstrugtovn ntcogj` prblrnssobh bggurrohl
tcrbulcbut tcn kbba bd tcn Kok`n tcnrnky kb`stnrohl tcn prnmosn tcjt tcn
Kok`n os j stbry bd cumjhoty jttnmptohl tb uhenrstjhe tcn wbr`e (Krbwnr
;6:61 En @j Ubrrn ;6:61 Ijgbks ;6:61 Aohhjre ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).
Ucn Gben bd Cjmmurjko tcjt prn-ejtns tcn Kok`n gj``ne dbr nxtrnmn
rntrokutobhs, dbr ohstjhgn tcn `bss bd sbmnbhn‟s nyn gbu`e mnjh enjtc. Ucn
B`e Unstjmnht scbws mbrj` prblrnss wotc ‐jh nyn dbr jh nyn.” Ucn Hnw
Unstjmnht scbws nvnh durtcnr prblrnss wotc ‐turh tcn btcnr gcnna.” Ucn
tomn spjh gbvnrohl sugc prblrnss os cuhernes, od hbt tcbusjhes, bd ynjrs
(Ijgbks ;6:6). Wugc prblrnss gjtj`blne oh tcn Kok`n ‐sbuhes kjrkjrog, kut
costbrogj``y, ot‟s jgtuj``y j kol stnp dbrwjre” (Ijgbks ;6:6). Vco`bsbpcnrs hbtn
j eostohgtovn trjhsdnrnhgn drbm jgt ntcog tb vortun ntcog js tcn any eostohgtobh
kntwnnh tcn B`e jhe Hnw Unstjmnhts. Ohstnje bd stbhohl jeu`tnrnrs, tcn
qunstobh kngjmn, ‐\cjt typn bd gcjrjgtnr ebns jeu`tnry stnm drbm2”
([nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).
Bvnrwcn`mohl gbhsnhsus jmbhl nxpnrts oheogjtns tcjt tcn Kok`n ebns
hbt rnd`ngt gbhtnmpbrjry pbst-oheustroj` sbgonty, kut rjtcnr rnd`ngts tcn tomns
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oh wcogc tcn kbba wjs wrottnh, jggbreohl tb Mynrs. Ucn Hnw Unstjmnht
scbws ots rnjenrs tcn ntcogs bd tcn `jtn [bmjh Nmporn jhe wjs wrottnh dbr
s`jvn-cb`eohl pnbp`n oh tcn tcore gnhtury. Mynrs stjtns, ‐Ucn ntcogs
gbhtjohne wotcoh jrn u`tomjtn`y cjrmohl sbgonty ky knstbwohl jutcbroty tcjt
cjs rnj` `ott`n rn`nvjhgn bh mbenrh ejy sbgonty jhe ot os cb`eohl us kjga”
(;6:6).
Ucn sbgoj` mbrns jt tcn tomn bd tcn wrotohl bd tcn vjrobus kbbas oh tcn
Kok`n kngjmn tcn mbrj` gben dbr tcjt pjrtogu`jr znotlnost (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6).
Ucnsn sbgoj` kncjvobrs ohg`uen ‐sbgoj` gbhtrjgts sugc js eb hbt ao`` jhe eb
hbt stnj`” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Ucn any tb j mbrn jggurjtn rnjeohl os tb rn-
rnje tcn tnxt hbw wotc tcn nyns bd tcn mjrlohj`ozne jhe tb mjan ot rn`nvjht
tb tbejy‟s sbgonty. Js gbmmbh prjgtogn, rnjenrs scbu`e ‐eosmoss pjrts bd tcn
Kok`n tcjt eb hbt krohl jkuhejht `odn js gj``ne dbr oh Ibch :69:6” (En @j
Ubrrn ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6).
Uc o r e V r o h g o p j ` J r n j 9 K o j s n s b d K ok ` o g j ` Nx n l n s n s
Ucn tcore prohgop`n jrnj bd ohquory nxjmohne tcn kojsns bd Kok`ogj`
nxnlnsos9 tcn hjturn bd ohtnrprntjtobh, rnvosobh bd tcn tnxt, jhe tcn
entnrmohjtobh bd j mbrj` gbmpjss wotcoh tcn Kok`ogj` tnxt otsn`d. Humnrbus
sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts g`jomne tcjt tcnrn os hb tngchoqun tb vnrody tcn nxjgt
ohtnrprntjtobh br trjhs`jtobh bd tcn Kok`n. En @j Ubrrn stjtns tcjt, ‐Kojsns lb
ohtb ohtnrprntjtobh jhe tcn wbres gcbsnh scbw kojsns. Ucnrn os hb bkingtovn
trjhs`jtobh1 hbhn” (;6:6). Ohenne, nvnh pnbp`n djmo`ojr wotc tcn brolohj`
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`jhlujlns bd tcn Kok`n hnne kn gjutobus bd tcnor bwh ohtnrprntjtobhs. Oh djgt,
‐wcnhnvnr ybu tj`a tb sbmnkbey wcb dolurne but Qtcn Kok`n] cb`e bh tb ybur
wj``nt br ybur sbu`―ybu‟`` `bsn bhn br kbtc,” En @j Ubrrn ibane. Ucn brolohj`
`jhlujln, costbrogj` gbhtnxt, jhe tcnh vjrobus wjys bd ohtnrprntohl vjrobus
vnrsns j`` gbmn ohtb p`jy wco`n nxjmohohl kojsns bd Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos (En @j
Ubrrn ;6:6, Aohhjre ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6). J sj`onht
gcjrjgtnrostog bd oheovoeuj`ozjtobh os tb sjy, ‐O, mysn`d, cjvn dbuhe tcn
jhswnr” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Hnvnrtcn`nss, ot wo`` j`wjys kn jh ohtnrprntjtobh
od sbmntcohl os hbt oh tcn brolohj` `jhlujln (Aohhjre ;6:6).
Mjcjh stjtns tcjt ot wbu`e kn ompbssok`n tb tjan nvnry Kok`n pjssjln
`otnrj``y. ‐Ucn Vsj`most eng`jrns jt bhn pboht, –Cn os `oan j trnn p`jhtne ky j
rovnr.‟ G`njr`y somo`ns jhe mntjpcbrs jrn usne jhe cnrmnhnutogs jrn hnnene
sb js tb dohe gbhsostnhgy” (Mjcjh ;6:6).
Mynrs stjtns tcn djgt tcjt tcn Kok`n gjh kn do`tnrne tb mnnt pnbp`n‟s
hjturj` prngbhgnptobhs jhe tcos strbhl`y pbohts tbwjres tcn gbhdormjtobh
kojs nxjmohne oh tcn `otnrjturn rnvonw (Mynrs ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ucn
tnxt gjh kn rnje oh vnry uhgcjrotjk`n wjys9 cbmbsnxuj`s scbu`e kn
bstrjgozne jhe mjrrojln must kn kntwnnh j mjh jhe wbmjh. Ot os pbssok`n
tb rnje ot jhy wjy ybu wjht jhe twost ot tb gbhdbrm tb ybur oenjs jhe oenj`s
(Mynrs ;6:6). Wcnrmnr stjtns tcjt tcnsn vnrsns gbhenmhohl cbmbsnxuj`oty
gjh kn rnje js mnjsurns tb nhsurn tcjt j sbgoj` lrbup wo`` gbhtohun ohtb tcn
duturn9 ‐Od ybu cjvn j smj`` pbpu`jtobh jhe wjht mbrn kjkons,
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cbmbsnxuj`oty osh‟t lbohl tb cn`p. Wb tcnrn molct cjvn knnh lbbe rnjsbhs
dbr sbmn bd tcnsn prbcokotobhs sugc js tcn dnguheoty bd tcn lrbup” (Wcnrmnr
;6:6). Tnrsns jevbgjtohl pb`yljmy jrn jh nvb`utobhjry gbhstrugt bd colc-
rjhaohl j`pcj mj`ns (Mynrs ;6:61 Wcnrmnr ;6:6).
Mbst rnje tcn tnxt wotc, ohstnje bd jljohst, tcn lrjoh jhe gbhd`ogtohl
uhenrstjheohls bd pjrtogu`jr vnrsns jrn eosrnljrene (Aohhjre ;6:6).
Durtcnrmbrn, stjtne Aohhjre, pnbp`n cjvn tcn prbg`ovoty tb olhbrn tcohls tcjt
gbhd`ogt wotc wcjt tcny kn`onvn. ‐Insus, Qbhn bd tcn Kok`n‟s mjoh gcjrjgtnrs,]
wbrn tndo``oh sox ejys j wnna. Ucjt‟s hbt oh tcn tnxt, kut gu`turj``y, tcjt wjs
tcn gustbm tcjt cjs sohgn knnh `bst tb rnohtnrprntjtobhs” (Aohhjre ;6:6).
Krbwnr rnmjras tcjt rnljre`nss bd prngbhgnptobhs, tcnrn hnnes tb kn j
gbhsostnhgy bd tcn ‐cj``mjras bd sgropturj` trjeotobh” oh wcogc ‐cbspotj`oty,
iustogn, gjrn dbr hnolckbrs, gbmpjssobh, `bvn bd tcn pbbr, jhe engnhtnrohl bd
tcn sn`d jrn prnvj`nht” (Krbwnr ;6:6). Durtcnr, vnrsns wo`` kn gcnrry-pogane
js pnbp`n wo`` gcbbsn tcbsn vnrsns tcjt suot tcnor pnrsbhj`otons, mugc `oan j
Kok`ogj` gjdntnroj (Krbwnr ;6:61 Ijgbks ;6:6). Dohj``y, Krbwnr stjtns tcjt tcn
Kok`ogj` kojsns ohtnrhj` tb tcn ebgumnht wo`` scodt js pjr wotc cumjh hjturn,
`oan tcn eojry bd j mjh oh cos njr`y jeu`tcbbe molct momog tcn gj`mnr vnrsns
bd tcn Kok`n. Cbwnvnr, tcjt sjmn mjh‟s eojry jdtnr gjhgnr jttjgas cos
pjrnhts molct snnm tb ohvj`oejtn cos wrotohls drbm prnvobus ynjrs (Krbwnr
;6:6).
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Ub tcos pboht, En @j Ubrrn nmpcjsozns tcjt ‐prbbd-tnxtohl” os
ejhlnrbus kngjusn ot os gcnrry pogaohl1 gbhtnxt jhe tcn sporot bd tcn tnxt jhe
tomn scbu`e kn tcn entnrmohohl djgtbr dbr ohgbhsostnhgons. Jeeotobhj``y, tcn
Kok`n os hbt j mbhb`otcog kbba. Wbmn pjrts jrn ntcogj``y kjsne, wco`n btcnrs
somp`y eb hbt rn`jtn tb ntcogs (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). ^`tomjtn`y, od j Kok`ogj`
vnrsn os ‐ohtnrprntne `otnrj``y jhe krohls enjtc br gjusns pnbp`n tb lb
cuhlry, ot gnrtjoh`y stjhes oh bppbsotobh tb tcn mbenrh mnssjln bd tcn
Kok`ogj` tnxt. Vnbp`n wcb rnje vnrsns `otnrj``y eb cbrrok`n cjrm tb tcnmsn`vns
jhe btcnrs” (En @j Ubrrn ;6:6).
Ijgbks vonws tcn Kok`n js j snt bd nxpnromnhts gbhgnrhohl wcjt
cumjhs bhgn tcbulct jkbut rolct jhe wrbhl jgrbss gu`turns. Cn jevbgjtns j
‐gjdntnroj” rnjeohl bd tcn Kok`n, bhn oh wcogc tcn rnjenr gcbbsns tcn pbohts
tcjt rnsbhjtn wotcoh tcn mohe jhe cnjrt bd tcn rnjenr. Ijgbks endnhes
pbtnhtoj` grotogosm ky btcnrs bd cos gjdntnroj jpprbjgc ky jssnrtohl9 ‐\cjt‟s
wrbhl wotc gjdntnrojs2 O cjvn cje sbmn prntty lrnjt mnj`s jt gjdntnrojs. Ot‟s
j`` jkbut gcbbsohl wcogc eoscns jrn lbbe jhe hutrotobus―tcn sjmn tcohl
lbns dbr tcn Kok`n. \n‟vn ebhn j prntty lbbe ibk bvnrj`` bd sbdtnhohl tcn
Kok`n jhe gcbbsohl tcn pjrts jkbut `bvohl ybur hnolckbr wco`n olhbrohl btcnr
pjrts” (Ijgbks ;6:6).
[nljreohl tcn prbg`ovoty tb gcbbsn vnrsns sn`ngtovn`y, Mjcjh stjtns
tcjt kbtc oheovoeuj`s jhe gbmmuhotons gbhstrugt mbrj` drjmnwbras jhe wotc
eoddnrnht ohtnrprntjtobhs, eoddnrnht gbmmjhes mbvn tb tcn dbrndrbht wcnrn
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tcny jrn tcnh nmpcjsozne. Ucn lbj` os tb mjan kbuhejrons pbrbus jhe
sbgonty scbu`e kn erjwh tb tnxts tcjt gbhdorm bur uhenrstjheohl (Mjcjh
;6:6). Mjcjh sullnsts tcjt rnjenrs bd tcn Kok`n tj`a jkbut trbuk`ohl tnxts
jhe rnje ot wotc hnw nyns. Ucn rnjenr scbu`e ‐jsa tcn cjre qunstobhs jhe
jsa od tcn vnrsn snrvns us wn`` jhe cbw sb” (;6:6). Bh`y tcnh wo`` hnw
rnjeohls nmnrln tcjt cjvn `oknrjtovn pbwnr. Tj`ujk`n mbrj` eosgbursn gbmns
tcrbulc tcn strull`n bd uhenrstjheohl cbw ot bhgn ohdbrmne tcn jhgonht
wbr`e jhe cbw ot ohdbrms tcos wbr`e, tbb (Mjcjh ;6:6).
Ohenne, tbulc qunstobhs bulct tb kn jsane, sjys Kjsohlnr. Ucn Kok`n os
hbt j sburgn bd nheurohl kncjvobrj` nxpngtjtobhs. Ot os j sburgn bd tomn`nss
prohgop`ns jpp`one oh gbhtnxt. \cjt ebns iustogn jhe djorhnss mnjh oh tcn
Kok`ogj` wbr`e2 Ucnrn must kn j ‐Kok`ogj` jpp`ogjtobh rn`jtovozne tb prnsnht
gbhtnxts” (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Kjsohlnr gotns tcn gurrnht enkjtn jkbut snx
butsoen bd mjrrojln. Cn stjtns tcjt oh Kok`ogj` gbhtnxt, tcnrn wjs hb ejtohl
js ot os hbw ahbwh tbejy. Bhgn j pnrsbh kngjmn snxuj``y jgtovn, mjrrojln
sbbh db``bwne jt j vnry ybuhl jln. Oh pbst-oheustroj` sbgontons, tcnrn os tnh
tb dodtnnh ynjrs bd jeeotobhj` snxuj` mjturoty butsoen bd mjrrojln jhe ‐tcn
Kok`n tj`as j `bt jkbut snx jhe prohgop`ns, kut hbt wcjt j gbup`n gjh eb br
cbw djr tb lb bh j ejtn. Wcbu`e nvnrybhn db``bw `jws prbsgrokne oh tcn Kok`n
tbejy2 Hb. Ucnrn jrn sbmn lnhnrj` mbrj` prohgop`ns, kut tcn jpp`ogjtobh tb
gu`turn hnnes tb kn mjen” (Kjsohlnr ;6:6).
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Db u r t c V r o h g op j ` J r n j 9 Vb s t - O h e u s t r o j ` O s su n s j h e K o k ` ob h b r m j ` oz j t o b h
Ucn dohj` qunstobhs dbgusne bh tcn `jst prohgop`n jrnj, pbst-oheustroj`
ossuns jhe kok`obhbrmj`ozjtobh. Ucn ompbrtjhgn bd tcos `ohn bd qunstobhohl os
twb-db`e. Dorst, mjhy pbst-oheustroj` ossuns jrn hbt jeernssne oh tcn Kok`n, sb
cbw scbu`e rnjenrs mjan ohdbrmne engosobhs jkbut tcnsn mjttnrs2 Wngbhe,
wcy cjs sbgonty gcbsnh tb vnhnrjtn tcn Kok`n bvnr btcnr wbras sugc js
Wcjanspnjrn, Torlo`, Cbmnr, br Culb2 En @j Ubrrn stjtns tcjt mbenrh
ohtnrprntjtobhs bd tcn Kok`n nmpcjsozn `odn―jkuhejht `odn―jhe jhytcohl
gbhtrjry tb tcos gbhgnpt, sugc js hug`njr cb`bgjust, scbu`e kn scuhhne
(;6:6). Hnvnrtcn`nss, cn pbohts but tcjt `odn cjs jh ohcnrnht mnssohnss
wcnrn tcn knst mbrj` gbens gjh kn envosne sb `bhl js tcn gben lovnr os hbt
jddngtne ky tcn engosobh. Cbwnvnr, p`ojko`oty bd tcbsn mbrj` gbens hnnes tb
bggur wcnh bhn os djgne wotc uhprngnenhtne gorgumstjhgns. Ohgoenhtj``y,
tcos gbhgnpt tons kjga oh wotc tcn bpprnssne9 mbrj` gbens gjh kn envosne js
`bhl js bhn os hbt ljy br pbbr, kut tcohls gjh gcjhln bhgn nxpbsurn tb
tcbsn bpprnssobhs gcjhlns bhns vonw. Durtcnr, vonws bh nutcjhjsoj br stnm
gn`` rnsnjrgc gjh kngbmn p`jstog wcnh sn`d br `bvne bhns‟ `ovns jrn jt stjan
(En @j Ubrrn ;6:6).
Kjsohlnr jlrnns wotc En @j Ubrrn oh tcjt pbst-oheustroj` gbhstrugts
sugc js rnprbeugtovn tngchb`blons jhe mbenrh ngbhbmogs jrn hbt eorngt`y
eosgussne oh tcn Kok`n. Ucjt ebns hbt mnjh, cbwnvnr, tcjt tcnrn jrn hbt
rn`nvjht jhe scjrne prohgop`ns ohg`uene oh tcn Kok`n. Kjsohlnr jsane, ‐\cjt
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ohhjtn prohgop`n ohstrugts sbmnbhn jkbut g`bhohl2” (;6:6). [nogcnhkjgc
db``bws suot jhe sjys tcjt wn must dohe uhovnrsj` prohgop`ns oh tcn Kok`n jhe
tcnh rn`jtn tcnm tb mbenrh ejy sotujtobhs. Kngjusn tcnrn jrn hb gbhgrntn
jpp`ogjtobhs mnhtobhne, wn must mbvn ohstnje tb prohgop`ns. Bd gbursn,
snvnrj` eoddnrnht prohgop`ns gjh kn jpp`ogjk`n oh j lovnh sotujtobh. Js snnh
njr`onr, tcnrn os j probrotozjtobh jhe jpp`ogjtobh bd prohgop`ns tcjt gjh eoddnr ky
jpp`ogjtobh drbm vjrobus pnbp`n rnljreohl pbst-oheustroj` ossuns jhe mbrj`
prbk`nms (Kjsohlnr ;6:61 En @j Ubrrn ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:61 Wcnrmnr
;6:6).
En @j Ubrrn uhenrsgbrns jh ohtnrnstohl pboht9 ‐Ucn Kok`ogj` tnxt cjs
spbanh tb lnhnrjtobhs kbtc gbhstrugtovn`y jhe enstrugtovn`y. J sohl`n vnrsn
gjh kn ohtnrprntne ky `njenrs dbr kje wjys jhe ky tcn bpprnssne oh cnj`tcy
wjys. Hnvnrtcn`nss, wn gjhhbt eosmoss tcn lbbe usjlns bd tcn Kok`ogj` tnxt”
(En @j Ubrrn ;6:6). Durtcnr, wn gjhhbt olhbrn tcn jlnhejs tcn wrotnrs bd
tcn Kok`n krbulct tb tcn tnxt. Ucnrn uhebuktne`y hnnes tb kn ‐mbrn hujhgne
rnjeohl jhe tcnh ebohl,” cn oheogjtne.
Ijgbks stjtns tcjt tcn Kok`n wjs jh ohd`unhtoj` kbba oh jhe dbr wnstnrh
gu`turn. Ohenne, ‐tcbusjhes bd gbmmuhotons jhe ko``obhs bd pnbp`n cjvn
gcbsnh tb `ovn `ovns kjsne bh tcn Kok`n. Ot os tcn dbuhejtobh dbr gu`turns―
btcnr kbbas jrn lrnjt, kut tcny `jga tcn ohd`unhgn bd tcn Kok`n, Ijgbks
kn`onvne. \co`n ot cjs knnh nstjk`oscne tcjt bhn pnrsbh eoe hbt jutcbr tcn
Kok`n, Ijgbks sjys ot os ompbrtjht tb vonw tcn tnxt js j sbrt bd ‐Krbhzn-Jln
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\rolct-5;
\oaopneoj” tcjt wjs gbhstjht`y knohl jutcbrne, neotne, jhe upejtne ky
mjhy eoddnrnht pnbp`n.
Wcnrmnr sjys ‐O tcoha QVrnsoenht Ko``] G`ohtbh lbt ot rolct wcnh cn sjoe,
–Ot‟s tcn ngbhbmy, stupoe.‟ Ucn Kok`n os j vnry smj`` wroha`n gbmpjrne tb tcn
pbwnr bd ngbhbmog systnms, stbga mjrants, jhe btcnr dbrgns” (Wcnrmnr
;6:6). Wcnrmnr stjtne tcjt pnbp`n jrn lrnjt`y ohd`unhgne ky ohtnrnst rjtns
bh cbmn `bjhs9 ‐\cjt gjh kn djrtcnr rnmbvne drbm tcn Kok`n2” (;6:6).
Wcnrmnr bptomostogj``y `bbas tbwjre j knttnr jhe krolctnr pbst-oheustroj`
duturn wcnrn tcn Kok`n ebns hbt ohd`unhgn sbgoj` pb`ogy js mugc js ot bhgn
eoe. Oh djgt, ‐Mbrn sbgontons jrn mbrn tb`nrjht mbrn p`jgns dbr mbrn pnbp`n
dbr eovnrsoty bd kn`ond. Ucjt trnhe wo`` gbhtohun ohtb tcn djr duturn. Ucnrndbrn,
wn scbu`e kn bptomostog oh tcjt snhsn. QUcn Kok`n] wo`` kn `nss jhe `nss
pbwnrdu` js j dbrgn js ngbhbmogs jhe pb`otogs kngbmn wcjt erovn tcn wbr`e”
(Wcnrmnr ;6:6).
Mynrs sjys tcjt tcn Kok`n os n`nvjtne mbrn sb tcjh btcnr kbbas
kngjusn bd ohtnrhj``y g`jomne eovohn jutcbrscop. ‐Ucos mnjhs tcjt ot must kn
j knttnr kbba tcjh Wcjanspnjrojh `otnrjturn,” cn quoppne. ‐Vnbp`n ebh‟t `oan
tb `njrh1 tcny `oan scbrtguts tb `njrhohl jhe ot os njsy tb rn`y bh tcn Kok`n
kngjusn jutcbrotons tn`` us ot os lbbe.” Vnbp`n j`sb `oan tcn Kok`n kngjusn ot
gbhtjohs nmpcjsozne `nlnhe tcjt g`njr`y os djhgodu` ernjmohl. ‐Hbjc eone jt
jln ?>6. Drbm j kob`blogj` pboht bd vonw, tcnrn os hb jevjhtjln tb cjvohl j
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\rolct-57
lnhbmn tcjt wbu`e j``bw ybu tb `ovn tcjt `bhl. Ucnsn stbrons jrn omprbkjk`n
jhe jrn iust p`joh `yohl. J kbba os j kbba” (Mynrs ;6:6).
Wy h t c n s o s b d O h t n r v o n w s
J`` hohn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts krbulct jh ohtnrnstohl eyhjmog tb tcn
nxp`brjtobh bd Kok`ogj` nxnlnsos jhe ots rb`n oh pbst-oheustroj`ozne sbgontons. Ot
jppnjrs tcjt j`` dovn lrbups bd oheovoeuj`s9 ntcogosts, tcnb`blojhs,
pco`bsbpcnrs, nvb`utobhjry kob`blosts, jhe psygcb`blosts jrn jgtovn`y
nhljlohl tcn Kok`n js j pbwnrdu` kbba tcjt, oh tcn cjhes bd ots rnjenrs, gjh
kn j eovosovn ohstrumnht tb eb kbtc cjrm jhe lbbe. Ucn trnhes nvj`ujtne oh
tcn `otnrjturn rnvonw coht jt j scodtohl bd tcn gu`turj` znotlnost tcjt knspnjas
rnjenrs nhljlohl tcn kbba js `otnrjturn tcjt os sukingt tb tcn gbhdormjtobh
kojs.
Drbm tcn stjhepboht bd ntcogs, kbtc Molun` En @j Ubrrn jhe Ejvoe
Kjsohlnr snnm tb kn jevbgjtohl j hnw rnjeohl bd tcn tnxt tcjt nvj`ujtns tcn
costbrogj` gbhtnxt bd Kok`ogj` mbrns. Wugc j hnw rnjeohl must kn mjen
snnmohl`y drbm kncohe j vno` bd olhbrjhgn wcnrn tcn bpprnssne jrn lovnh j
vbogn tb cn`p grnjtn j vojk`n mbrj` gbhstrugt (Kjsohlnr ;6:61 En @j Ubrrn
;6:6).
Wpnjaohl drbm j tcnb`bly stjhepboht, Ljry Krbwnr, J. I. Ijgbks, jhe
Inddrny Mjcjh j`` strnss tcjt wn``-ohtnhtobhne rnjenrs must tjan gjrn jhe
gbhsu`t tcn lrnjtnr gbmmuhoty js wn`` js rnd`ngt bh tcn pbst-oheustroj`
znotlnosts kndbrn jpp`yohl jhgonht ntcogj` drjmnwbras tb mbenrh ejy sbgonty.
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\rolct-55
‐Gjdntnroj” rnjeohls jhe ohtnrprntjtobhs jrn hbt tjkbb kut rjtcnr
rngbmmnhene js cumjhoty cjs prblrnssne pjst mugc bd tcn kjrkjrosm
gbhtjohne wotcoh tcn Kok`n (Krbwnr ;6:61 Ijgbks ;6:61 Mjcjh ;6:6).
Krugn [nogcnhkjgc jhe Ijgbk Aohhjre rnprnsnhtne tcn pco`bsbpcogj`
stjhepboht, nmpcjsozohl tcjt tcn Kok`ogj` rnjenr must jpprngojtn tcn tnxt js
jh jssnmk`jln bd bhlbohl gbhvnrsjtobhs tcrbulcbut tcn costbry bd ntcogs jhe
tcn cumjh gbheotobh. Durtcnr, j trjhsdnrrohl drbm jgt ntcog tb vortun ntcog
mjras tcn mbrj` prblrnss bd cumjhoty. Hbhntcn`nss, tcn uhenr`yohl
mnssjlns bd stbrons rnmjoh uhgcjhlne (Aohhjre ;6:61 [nogcnhkjgc ;6:6).
V. Y. Mynrs rnprnsnhtne jh nvb`utobhjry kob`blost‟s pnrspngtovn bd tcn
Kok`n oh wcogc tcn ntcogs gbhtjohne wotcoh tcn Kok`n jrn cjrmohl sbgonty, kut
tcn ejmjln gbu`e kn mugc wbrsn. Ucjhadu``y, pnbp`n jrn ohcnrnht`y engnht
jhe gcjrotjk`n. J tru`y lbbe kbba, jggbreohl tb Mynrs, wbu`e cjvn gbmmbh
snhsn jevogn oh jeeotobh tb ntcogs tcjt nhgbmpjss kbtc oh jhe but lrbups
(Mynrs ;6:6).
Drbm j sbgoj` psygcb`bly stjhepboht, Mogcjn` Wcnrmnr stjtne tcjt tcn
Kok`n wo`` mbvn mbrn jhe mbrn ohtb tcn kjgalrbuhe js pb`otogj` jhe
ngbhbmog gbhstrugts ljoh mbmnhtum. Wcnrmnr stjtne tcjt sbgoj` ntcogs
hnne tb dbgus bh tcn wn``-knohl bd gbhsgobus grnjturns jhe tcjt sbgontons wo``
kngbmn ohgrnjsohl`y mbrn tb`nrjht js sbgoj` prblrnss os mjen (Wcnrmnr
;6:6).
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\rolct-5>
Wp n g u ` j t ob h b d K o k ` o g j ` Nx t r n m o s t T o nw s U b w j r e t c o s U c n s os
J`` bd tcn ohtnrvonws rn`y bh tcn jssumptobh tcjt `oknrj` jhe mbenrjtn
rnjenrs uhenrstjhe tcn Kok`n wjs wrottnh bvnr gnhturons ky vjrobus pnbp`ns.
\co`n tcos sngtobh gbu`e kn vonwne js uhdbuhene spngu`jtobh jhe gbhingturn
ky tcos rnsnjrgcnr, ot gbu`e kn jrlune tcjt mbrn nxtrnmost vonws prnsnht j
eoddnrnht jhe pnrcjps mbrn jggurjtn `jhesgjpn bd tcn Kok`n jhe gu`turj`
znotlnost.
Vrnsumjk`y, tcn Kok`ogj` nxtrnmost wbu`e strbhl`y bkingt tb qunstobhohl
tcn Kok`ogj` tnxt wcjtsbnvnr. Durtcnr, tcn Kok`ogj` duhejmnhtj`ost wbu`e dnn`
tcjt od bhn dbuhe jh nrrbr oh tcn Kok`n, bhn cjs hbt du``y nxp`brne tcn tnxt
nhbulc. Ucn snnmohl`y nxjllnrjtne jlns bd mjhy bd tcn Kok`ogj` gcjrjgtnrs
scbws tcn rnjenr j colc enlrnn bd rolctnbushnss tb cjvn knnh k`nssne wotc
sugc j `bhl `odn. Ucn kjr gcjrts, rnprnsnhtohl tcn humknr bd enjtcs ky Lbe
jhe Wjtjh njr`onr oh tcn `otnrjturn rnvonw, rnvnj`s tcjt pnrcjps tcn mjoh
gcjrjgtnr bd tcn Kok`n, Lbe, cje tcn jko`oty tb wopn tcnm drbm tcn njrtc js
tcny wnrn nvo` jhe tcjt ot os snhsn`nss tb qunstobh tcn mbtovns bd j eovohn
gcjrjgtnr oh j kbba. Ucny eb hbt snn jhytcohl wrbhl wotc kn`onvohl tcjt tcn
hjtovoty stbry js rn`jtne oh tcn Hnw Unstjmnht os `otnrj``y trun―vorloh kortc
jhe j``.
Ub kn`onvn oh tcnsn stbrons js stbrons ebns hb ejmjln tb jhybhn,
ohg`ueohl tcn rnjenr. Js cjs knnh scbwh, mugc os wosn, gbhsb`ohl, jhe
knjutodu` oh bur rn`olobus kbbas. Hnvnrtcn`nss, wbres bd wosebm jhe
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\rolct-54
gbhsb`jtobh jhe knjuty jkbuhe oh tcn pjlns bd Wcjanspnjrn, Torlo`, Cbmnr,
jhe Culb js wn``, jhe prnsumjk`y, hb bhn nvnr mjssjgrne btcnrs kngjusn
bd tcn ohsporjtobh erjwh drbm tcnsn g`jssogs (Cjrros ;665). Ot bh`y kngbmns
prbk`nmjtog wcnh tcos gb``ngtobh bd kbbas dnnes j dorn bd suppbsne mbrj`
rolctnbushnss. Js scbwh oh Jppnheox G, ot os pbssok`n tb bktjoh `bdty jhe
ntcogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs bd jhy kbba, ohg`ueohl j Cjwjoojh gbbakbba. Vnbp`n
jrn ao``ne, bstrjgozne, br snrobus`y cjrmne kngjusn bd vjryohl ohtnrprntjtobhs
bd jhgonht `otnrjturn.
GBHG@^WOBH
Gb h g ` u s ob h b d @ o t n r j t u r n [ n v on w
J enkjtn jkbut ntcogj` gbhsoenrjtobhs jhe Kok`ogj` rn`nvjhgons os
rn`nvjht tbejy kngjusn mugc bd sbgoj` prblrnss snnms tb kn jt bees wotc
sbmn bd wcjt cjs knnh wrottnh oh tcn Kok`n js tcn j``nlne dbuhejtobh bd
sbgontj` ntcogs. Ucos strull`n jljohst twb ntcogj` systnms j`sb gjrrons
kjlljln bd sn`ngtovn ohtnrprntjtobh wcnh jpp`one tb mbenrh ossuns. Ucn
nvoenhgn sullnsts tcjt mbst cumjhs cjvn j strbhl snhsn bd rolct jhe wrbhl
wotcbut gbhsu`tohl tcn Kok`n (Kjlloho ;667). Wbmn dnn` tcjt gjpotj`
puhoscmnht os iustodone, kut jkbrtobh os mbrj``y rnprncnhsok`n. Ot os
ohtnrnstohl tb hbtn tcn eoddnrnhgns bd bpohobh wotc wcogc nvnh sbgonty
ohtnrprnts tcn soxtc gbmmjhemnht. Ucnsn omp`ogjtobhs jddngt puk`og pb`ogy,
eoj`blun, jhe jrn sbmn bd tcn mbst prnssohl ossuns bd bur tomn.
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\rolct-5<
Jhgonht Lrnna pco`bsbpcy stjtns tcjt gbhgnpts bd rolct jhe wrbhl must
bpnrjtn ohenpnhenht`y bd j kn`ond oh Lbe (Kjlloho ;667). Ucos rnsnjrgc cjs
j`sb scbwh cbw ntcogj` mnmns momog tcn nvb`utobhjry prbgnssns js tcny jrn
gjrrone tcrbulcbut costbry (Ejwaohs ;664). [nvonw bd `otnrjturn pbohts
tbwjre jhgonht prjgtogns oh tcn Kok`n tcjt jrn hb `bhlnr prjgtogne br jrn
but`jwne ky mbst `nlj` systnms oh tcn wbr`e tbejy (MjgVcnn ;66;). Btcnr
sburgns cjvn scbwh tcjt kjsohl ntcogj` engosobh-mjaohl prjgtogns oh pbst-
oheustroj` sbgontons, usohl jh jhtneo`uvojh ntcogj` drjmnwbra, gjh kn
pbtnhtoj``y enstrugtovn tb sbgonty (Ejwaohs ;6641 Cjrros ;6651 Cjrros ;6641
MjgVcnn ;66;). Dohj``y, btcnr sburgns o``ustrjtn tcjt j`` kn`onds scbu`e kn
rolbrbus`y qunstobhne jhe prbvnh bkingtovn`y ky nxtnrhj``y vj`oejtohl
sburgns. Mjhy pnbp`n mjan entnrmohjtobhs bd trutc kjsne upbh jutcbroty br
trjeotobh jhe hbt ky j gjrndu` rnvonw bd bkingtovn nvoenhgn (Wcnrmnr :??41
Wcnrmnr :??<). Ucn gnhtrj` oenj bd mjhy bd tcnsn sburgns rnvb`vns jrbuhe
tcn hnne dbr sbgonty tb nhljln oh mntjgblhotobh jkbut tcn brolohs bd mbenrh
ejy ntcogs.
Wngu`jrosts wcb kn`onvn ntcogj` entnrmohjtobhs jrn mjen drbm wotcoh
tcn oheovoeuj` jrn jt bees wotc sbmn Kok`ogj` mbenrjtns wcb kn`onvn ntcogs
gbmn drbm tcn Kok`n. Kngjusn ntcogj` engosobh mjaohl oh tcn twnhty-dorst
gnhtury hnne hbt rn`y nxg`usovn`y bh jhgonht Kok`ogj` kn`onds jhe prjgtogns, ot
os ompbrtjht tb nhljln oh eoj`blun jkbut tcnsn ompbrtjht ossuns.
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\rolct-53
Gb h g ` u s ob h b d O h t n r v o n w n n s
Ucn sukingt mjttnr nxpnrts ohtnrvonwne dbr tcos rnsnjrgc prbingt cn`pne
tb strntgc j saoh bvnr tcn drjmnwbra bd `otnrjturn eosgbvnrne. Jt tomns, tcn
ohdbrmjtobh prbddnrne ky tcn ohtnrvonwnns nxgnnene tcn sgbpn bd tcn
`otnrjturn rnvonw1 jt btcnr tomns, tcn ohdbrmjtobh tcny prbvoene ngcbne tcjt
bd tcn pnnr-rnvonwne sburgns. Ucn ohtnrvonwnns j`sb cn`pne drjmn tcn
ohdbrmjtobh wotcoh j cumjh gbhtnxt. Ot wbu`e jppnjr tcjt cumjhoty cjs j
‐mbrj` lrjmmjr” jhe j gjpjgoty dbr mbrj`oty (Wcnrmnr ;6:6). Ucn
ohtrogjgons bd tcn Kok`n must kn gjrndu``y nhljlne js jh jhgonht ebgumnht
ebgumnhtohl tcn strull`ns mjen ky tcbsn jttnmptohl tb uhenrstjhe tcnor
wbr`e jhe cbw tcny bulct tb rn`jtn tb bhn jhbtcnr. Ucn Kok`n prbvoens j
lrnjt vonw bd tcn prblrnss mjen, ynt j gursbry l`jhgn jt tbejy‟s sbgonty
oheogjtns tcjt tcnrn os mugc wbra tb kn ebhn. Gbhstjht omprbvnmnht, hnw
rnjeohls tcjt nhgburjln jkuhejht `odn, jhe nmkrjgohl cumjh wn``-knohl
knhndottohl j`` lrbups, ohg`ueohl tcn bpprnssne, os oh brenr, jggbreohl tb En
@j Ubrrn, Mjcjh, jhe Wcnrmnr.
D oh j ` Gb h g `u s o b h j h e U c b u l c t s
Ucn Kok`n uhebuktne`y cjs mb`ene costbry dbr knttnr br wbrsn. Ucjt
sjoe, tcn nvoenhgn prbddnrne oh tcos pjpnr sukmots tcjt j`tcbulc sugc j kbba
os uhqunstobhjk`y rnspbhsok`n dbr jh omprnssovn dorst nhenjvbr jt
uhenrstjheohl tcn wbr`e, tcn gbhg`usobh cjs ynt tb kn wrottnh. ^henhojk`y,
sugc j kbba wjs ohsporne ky probr ntcogj` wrotohls jhe ynt ot, tbb, cjs
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\rolct-5?
ohsporne btcnr lrnjt wbras bd `otnrjturn. Ucn Kok`n os hbt j`bhn oh ots g`joms,
ntcogs, jhe stbrons. Ucn Kok`n cjs j ebhany gjpjk`n bd spnngc, wco`n Jnsbp
cjs j tj`aohl tbrtbosn jhe j cjrn. Wjtjh p`jys j suppbrtohl rb`n oh tcn Kok`n,
kut cn j`sb p`jys j prbmohnht rb`n oh vbh Lbntcn‟s Djust . Ucn vorloh kortc oh
Mjttcnw os hbt tcn sohl`n ohstjhgn bd pjrtcnhblnhnsos bggurrohl―djhgodu` jhe
lrnjt stbrons scjrn tcos n`nmnht tbb9 Aroschj, Motcrjs, J`nxjhenr tcn Lrnjt,
jhe nvnh Jhjaoh Waywj`anr wnrn j`` kbrh bd j vorloh. Ucn grnjtobh bd tcn
wbr`e js tb`e oh Lnhnsos os j mbrn pbntog vnrsobh tcjh tcn cjre sgonhgn dbuhe
oh j kbba ky Wtnpcnh Cjwaohl. J`` kbbas, j`` `otnrjturn, rnprnsnht jttnmpts,
sbmn hbk`n jhe omprnssovn, btcnrs cbrrodogj``y bktusn―j`` ebgumnhtohl
cumjhaohe‟s jttnmpts jt uhenrstjheohl bur vjst uhovnrsn.
Ucn Kok`n os j spngoj` kbba, kut hb mbrn nxgnptobhj` tcjh jhy btcnr
kbba jkbut cumjh vj`uns jhe mbrj`oty. Nmporns prnejtohl tcn Kok`ogj` nrj
grnjtne ebgumnhts jhe gbeodone mbrj` prohgop`ns, tbb. Ucos stjhes js durtcnr
prbbd tcjt tcn l`bkj` vo``jln cjs knnh tryohl tb jpprncnhe tcn wbr`e sohgn
tcn vnry knlohhohl.
Hnurbkob`blost Wjm Cjrros rjosne jh ohtnrnstohl pboht oh bhn bd cos
kbbas. Cn hbtne tcjt od j wn``-neugjtne mjh drbm tcn dburtnnhtc gnhtury
wnrn rnvovne, wn wbu`e kn jstbuhene bd cos butmbene ahbw`neln bd
jstrbhbmy, mneogohn, jhe lnblrjpcy, ynt cn wbu`e ahbw mbrn br `nss
nvnrytcohl tcnrn os tb ahbw jkbut tcn Kok`n jhe Kok`ogj` ntcogs. Ucos strjw
mjh wbu`e tcoha tcjt tcn d`jt njrtc os tcn gnhtnr bd tcn gbsmbs, ynt cos
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\rolct->6
Kok`ogj` ahbw`neln wbu`e kn knybhe gnhsurn. Notcnr cumjhoty jgconvne
uhjeu`tnrjtne uhenrstjheohl jkbut tcn Kok`n jhe ntcogs j mo``nhhoum jlb―
wco`n bur ahbw`neln bh j`` btcnr drbhts bd `odn wjs mosnrjk`y ohgcbjtn―br
gjheoe jhe bpnh eosgussobhs jkbut tcn Kok`n os bhn jrnj bd eoj`blun jhe
cumjh eosgbursn tcjt ebns hbt gbhgnen prblrnss (Cjrros ;665).
Ucn Kok`n, `oan j`` g`jssogj` `otnrjturn, ebns hbt rnspbhe tb rnvosobh―
hbkbey cjs sullnstne tjaohl j sgj`pn` tb tcn uhmostjajk`y eoscnjrtnhohl
pbrtobhs bd Togtbr Culb‟s @ns Mosïrjk`ns kngjusn tcn nhtorn kbba os
jgahbw`nelne stjtog. Ucos ebns hbt mnjh prng`ueohl tcbulctdu`
gbhvnrsjtobhs jkbut tcn eosturkohl trjgts gjhhbt kn cje, quotn tcn gbhtrjry.
Hbtne nxpnrt bh eoj`blun Ejvoe Kbcm (:??4) wrotns, ‐Njgc Qpjrty] cjs tb kn
ohtnrnstne promjro`y oh trutc jhe gbcnrnhgn, sb tcjt cn os rnjey tb erbp cos
b`e oenjs jhe ohtnhtobhs, jhe kn rnjey tb lb bh tb sbmntcohl eoddnrnht, wcnh
tcos os gj``ne dbr” (7). Wbmn molct hbt kn rnjey dbr tcn gcj``nhln bd trutc
jhe gbcnrnhgn. Vnrsbhj` gbhvogtobhs eossbgojtne drbm rnjsbh cjvn hb p`jgn
jt tcos bpnh, cbhnst eosgussobh.
Ucn knjuty bd `otnrjturn―j`` `otnrjturn―os tcjt ot os hbt ohtnrhj``y
gbhsostnht jhe gbcnrnht. Ucn Kok`ogj` hbvn` os hbt ommuhn drbm butrolct
gbhtrjeogtobhs notcnr. ‐Ibch stjtns Insus wjs grugodone tcn ejy kndbrn tcn
Vjssbvnr mnj` wjs njtnh1 Mjra sjys ot cjppnhne tcn ejy jdtnr” (Cjrros
;664, ;6). Ucn Kok`n os j pnrdngt ebgumnht oh tcn trjeotobhj` snhsn, kut ot
jemottne`y gbhtjohs nlrnlobus systnmog gbhtrjeogtobhs jkbut ntcogs js wn``
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js p`bt ohgbhsostnhgons. Ucn mjoh gcjrjgtnr, Lbe, wbu`e kn trone dbr wjr
gromns oh Ucn Cjlun‟s Ohtnrhjtobhj` Urokuhj` dbr tcn butrolct murenr bd
hnjr`y ;.> mo``obh pnbp`n. Ucos djgt os hbt gbhtrovne br nxtrjpb`jtne. Ot os
kjsne bh humknrs lovnh ky tcn Kok`n otsn`d. Cbw os tcos mjoh gcjrjgtnr oh tcn
Kok`n j mbrj` rb`n mben`2
Grneu`oty, wotc tcn jwjrnhnss tcjt j stbry os iust j stbry, gjh kn jhe os
cnj`tcy. \co`n rnjeohl j kbba, tcn cumjh omjlohjtobh scnes ots cnjvy kbey
jhe nhtnrs tcn uhoqun wbr`e lnhnrjtne ky omjlns prbingtne bh tcn gnrnkrj`
gbrtnx. Bhn hnne hbt eoskn`onvn tcn vorloh kortc stbry, iust js bhn hnne hbt
mbga tcn tj`ns bd Cjrry Vbttnr d`yohl bh cos krbbmstoga oh brenr tb jpprngojtn
j stbry. _nt j`jrmohl humknrs bd pnbp`n kn`onvn sugc stbrons `otnrj``y .
Jggbreohl tb j ;665 JKG Hnws pb``, mjhy Jmnrogjhs kn`onvn tcn Hbjc‟s jra
stbry js djgt. Lnhnsos <94 stjtns Hbjc wjs 466 ynjrs b`e jt tcn tomn bd tcn
d`bbe. Cbw os tcos pbssok`n2 \cy os sugc `otnrj`osm hngnssjry jhe cbw ebns ot
durtcnr cumjh d`buroscohl2
Ucn eolotj` jln mjans ot somp`n tb nsgcnw bhnsn`d drbm ohgbhvnhonht
ejtj jhe tb spnhe tomn oh jh oenb`blogj` gbgbbh. Ucn cumjh tnhenhgy tb
`jtgc bhtb nvoenhgn gbhsostnht wotc bhn‟s wbr`evonw jhe olhbrn br ebwhp`jy
gbhtrjry nvoenhgn os j cj``mjra bd tcn cumjh gbheotobh. _nt tcn nvoenhgn
bvnrwcn`mohl`y sukmots tcjt tcn Kok`n os j gb``jln gbhstrugtne bvnr
gnhturons.
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Nvnh wotc tcn gbhgnpt bd kok`obhbrmj`ozjtobh, ot must kn jemottne tcjt
hb kbba luoens cumjh `odn js tcos bhn. _buhl jeu`ts, nvnh tbejy, jrn
gbmmottohl suogoen kngjusn tcbsn wcb rnje tcjt cbmbsnxuj`oty os jh
jkbmohjtobh cjvn tb`e tcnm tcjt tcny jrn j eoslrjgn. Ucos scbu`e kn j rjtcnr
`jrln gjhjry oh tcn gbj` mohn tcjt wn cjvn jh ohtn``ngtuj`, `otnrjry, jhe
mbrj` grosos bh bur cjhes spurhne ky rnjeohl j kbba.
Cbwnvnr, od tcn rnjenrs bd Kok`ogj` tnxt wnrn tru`y gbhgnrhne jkbut
cumjh wn``-knohl jhe gurtjo`ohl suddnrohl, btcnrs wbu`e kn trnjtne oh sugc j
wjy js tb prbmbtn cumjh d`buroscohl. Ucn rnmjrajk`n eurjko`oty bd tcn Kok`n
ebns hbt sukmot tcjt ot os gbhstrugtovn, tomn`nss, br wosn. Ucn Kok`n gjh kn
usne ky mo``obhs tb iustody tcjt tcn ‐mbrj`oty” gbhtjohne wotcoh os
syhbhymbus wotc rjgosm jhe snxosm. Cbw wbu`e tcn mjrlohj`ozne rnspbhe2
Hb mjttnr tcjt wcnh tcn Kok`n mnhtobhne tcn jkbmohjtobh bd cbmbsnxuj`oty
ot wjs prbkjk`y jeernssohl tcn rotuj`ozne [bmjh prjgtogn bd dbrgne snxuj`
jkingtobh jhe hbt tcn mutuj` rn`jtobhscops kntwnnh gbhsnhtohl jeu`ts tcjt
wn cjvn tbejy (Kjsohlnr ;6:6). Vnbp`n jrn pboht`nss`y eyohl kngjusn bd tcn
kn`onds dbuhe oh tcos kbba jhe upcn`e oh gbhtnmpbrjry sbgonty.
\n lnhuohn`y wjht bpnh-mohene jhe uhprniueogne sbgontons, ynt ebns
ku``yohl cbmbsnxuj`s ohtb j g`bsnt tb cjhl tcnmsn`vns wco`n tcnor gn`` pcbhn
do``s up wotc cbmbpcbkog tnxt mnssjlns mjan j hnt pbsotovn ohput tb sbgontj`
wn``-knohl2 Ebns ot rnsu`t oh gbmpjssobhjtn pnnrs br djmo`ons tcjt jrn mbrn
gbhtnhtne2 Ebns ot ruoh tcn cbpn bd pnbp`n tb jpprngojtn tcn p`njsurn jhe
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wn``-knohl tcjt gjh kn dbuhe oh j gjrohl gbmmuhoty2 Wcbu`e tcn jsa-dorst
prohgop`n hbt jpp`y oh sugc j gjsn2 Gbuht`nss btcnr `jws mnhtobhne oh tcn
Kok`n jrn hbt mnhtobhne jhymbrn kngjusn tcnor nddogjgy oh gbhtnmpbrjry
sbgontons os ho`. \cy nmpcjsozn tcn prbsgroptobh bd cbmbsnxuj`oty br tcn
ejhlnrs bd cn``, kut hbt prbcokotobh bd njtohl pbra br wnjrohl g`btcohl mjen
bd twb eoddnrnht typns bd doknrs2 Bur ohhjtn sjljgoty dbr cumjh d`buroscohl
scbu`e tn`` us tcjt mjhy neogts oh tcos Krbhzn-Jln ntcogs kbba endy iustogn
jhe djorhnss.
Wje`y, cumjhaohe dohes iustodogjtobh oh tcn Kok`n dbr tcn tcohls j`rnjey
p`jhhne. Ohenne, tcn uhovnrsn os j trnmnhebus`y gb`e jhe sgjry p`jgn, kut
tcn gbmdbrt gjhhbt kn dbuhe wotcoh tcn pjlns bd jh jhgonht kbba. @bba
jrbuhe9 dronhes, djmo`y, jhe nvnh tcn but-lrbup jrn ohdohotn`y mbrn
trnjsurjk`n tcjh oha bh pjpnr. @odn os sb prngobus, sb tnhubus tcjt tb wjstn ot
jrluohl jkbut j kbba os, otsn`d j wjstn. Orrnspngtovn bd cbw tcn Kok`n gjmn tb
kn, tcos rnsnjrgcnr cjs j colc enlrnn bd gnrtjohty tcjt tcn Kok`ogj` gcjrjgtnrs
wbu`e hnvnr cjvn wjhtne tcos `nvn` bd enstrugtovn`y ohtrjgtjk`n gbhd`ogt dbr
sbgonty. Ucn wrotnrs bd tcn Kok`n jhe tcn gcjrjgtnrs gbhtjohne wotcoh wnrn
tryohl tb djscobh j knttnr `odn, jh nhcjhgne uhenrstjheohl bd tcn wbr`e, jhe
wjys tb knttnr rn`jtn tb bhn jhbtcnr. Ucnsn jhgonht lbj`s jhe ernjms jrn js
rn`nvjht tb tcnor tomns js tb burs tbejy.
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\rolct->5
[ NDN[NHGNW
Kjlloho, I. ;667. Jtcnosm9 J vnry scbrt ohtrbeugtobh. Hnw _bra, H_9 Bxdbre
^hovnrsoty Vrnss Ohg. Jmjzbh Aohe`n neotobh.
Kjsohlnr, E. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;:.
Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.
Kbcm, E. :??4. Bh eoj`blun. Bxbh, ^.A.9 [but`neln.
Krbwnr, L. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;;. Urjhsgrokne
ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, ^hovnrsoty bd Enhvnr, Enhvnr, GB.
Gjr`os`n, G. ;6:6. Aonranljjre's wbr`e, pjrt 79 Ucn stbry bd Jkrjcjm jhe
Osjjg. Mjrgc ;?.
cttp9//www.lujreojh.gb.ua/gbmmnhtosdrnn/kn`ond/;6:6/mjr/;?/aonran
ljjre-pco`bsbpcy-jkrjcjm-osjjg (jggnssne Julust ;3, ;6:6).
Ejvos, [. D. ;66>. Jdrogjh-Jmnrogjh ohtnrprntjtobh bd sgropturn. Iburhj` bd
[n`olobus Ucbulct ></>3 (;/:-;)9 ?7-:6>.
Ejwaohs, [. ;664. Ucn Lbe en`usobh. @bhebh9 Kjhtjm Vrnss.
En @j Ubrrn, M. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr :>.
Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, O`odd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly, Enhvnr, GB.
EoUbmmjsb, @. ;66<. Jpbgj`ypsns jhe jpbgj`yptogosm oh jhtoquoty9 (Vjrt OO).
Gurrnhts oh Kok`ogj` [nsnjrgc > (;)9 74<-57;.
N``nhs, I. C. :??<. Cbmbsnxuj`oty oh kok`ogj` pnrspngtovn. Vjstbrj` Vsygcb`bly
54 (:)9 7>->7.
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\rolct->>
Cjlnh, I. ;6:6. ‐Mjhy Kok`n tnjgcohls jrn ommbrj`.” Jpp`n oVje Jpp`ogjtobh9
Jtcnost Vbgant Enkjtnr.
Cjrros, W. ;665. Ucn nhe bd djotc. Hnw _bra9 \. \. Hbrtbh & Gbmpjhy, @te.
―――. ;664. @nttnr tb j Gcrostojh hjtobh. Hnw _bra, H_9 Ahbpd.
―――. ;66?. Z & j wotc Wjm Cjrros. cttp9//www.sjmcjrros.brl/prnss/Z&J-
wotc-Wjm-Cjrros.ped (jggnssne Jpro` :<, ;6:6).
―――. ;6:6. Ucn mbrj` `jhesgjpn9 Cbw sgonhgn gjh entnrmohn cumjh
vj`uns. Hnw _bra, H_9 Drnn Vrnss. Jmjzbh Aohe`n neotobh.
Coga, I. :?<<. Lbe jhe tcn uhovnrsn bd djotcs. @bhebh9 Mjgmo``jh.
Ohl`ncjrt, [., jhe V. Hbrros. ;665. Wjgrne jhe Wngu`jr9 [n`olobh jhe Vb`otogs
\br`ewoen. Hnw _bra9 Gjmkroeln ^hovnrsoty Vrnss.
Ijgbks, J. I. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr 76.
Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl1 tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.
Anjtnh, I. J., jhe G. Wbuaup. ;66?. Eoj`blun jhe rn`olobus btcnrhnss9
Ubwjre j mben` bd p`urj`ostog ohtnrdjotc eoj`blun. Iburhj` bd
Ohtnrhjtobhj` jhe Ohtnrgu`turj` Gbmmuhogjtobh ; (;)9 :43-:3<.
Aonranljjre, W. :?34. Dnjr jhe Urnmk`ohl. @bhebh9 Ucn Vnhluoh Lrbup.
Aohhjre, I. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;;. Urjhsgrokne
ohtnrvonw rngbreohl, O`odd Wgcbb` bd Ucnb`bly, Enhvnr, GB.
A`ohlcbddnr, E. ;66>. \cy tcn Inws rningtne Insus9 Ucn turhohl pboht oh
\nstnrh costbry . Hnw _bra9 Ucrnn @njvns Vrnss.
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\rolct-><
Vju`, [. \., jhe @. N`enr. ;66;. Grotogj` tcohaohl9 Ubb`s dbr tjaohl gcjrln bd
ybur prbdnssobhj` jhe pnrsbhj` `odn. ^ppnr Wjee`n [ovnr, HI9 Dohjhgoj`
Uomns Vrnhtogn Cj``.
Vntnrsbh, M., \. Cjsanr, K. [nogcnhkjgc, jhe E. Kjsohlnr. :??3. [njsbh &
rn`olobus kn`ond9 Jh ohtrbeugtobh tb tcn pco`bsbpcy bd rn`olobh. Hnw
_bra, H_9 Bxdbre ^hovnrsoty Vrnss.
[jcomo, W. ;66?. Eovohn gbmmjhe tcnbry oh tcn pjssjln bd costbry. Dbrum
Vco`bsbpcogum9 Ohtnrhjtobhj` Iburhj` dbr Vco`bsbpcy :5 (;)9 76<-7;3.
[nogcnhkjgc, K. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Wnptnmknr ;5.
Urjhsgrokne ohtnrvonw rngbreohl1 tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.
Wjhenrs, I. J. ;66<. Lbe's wbra oh tcn sngu`jr wbr`e. Kok`ogj` Ucnb`bly
Ku``ntoh 7< (5)9 :5>-:>;.
Wgcnrmjh, H. ;666. Ucn Gcumjsc. Krbba`yh, H_9 Mnsbrjc Vuk`ogjtobhs, @te.
Wcnrmnr, M. :??4. Ucn sngu`jr spcohx. Wanptog 5 (;)9 <3.
―――. :??<. \cy pnbp`n kn`onvn wnore tcohls. Hnw _bra, H_9 \. C.
Drnnmjh jhe Gbmpjhy.
―――. ;665. Ucn sgonhgn bd lbbe jhe nvo`9 \cy pnbp`n gcnjt, lbssop, gjrn,
scjrn, jhe db``bw tcn lb`enh ru`n. Hnw _bra, H_9 Cnhry Cb`t jhe
Gbmpjhy.
―――. ;66<. Bh "mbrj` psygcb`bly jhe tcn mosuhenrstjheohl bd rn`olobh" ky
Ibhjtcjh Cjoet. Wnptnmknr :7.
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\rolct->3
cttp9//www.neln.brl/eosgbursn/mbrj`Rrn`olobh.ctm` (jggnssne Iuhn
:>, ;6:6).
―――. ;6:6. Ohtnrvonw ky K. Urjvos \rolct. Bgtbknr ::. Urjhsgrokne
ohtnrvonw rngbreohl1 tn`npcbhog ohtnrvonw, Enhvnr, GB.
Ujrrjht, M., jhe J. Cjenrt. ;6:6. Nmpjtcog nxpnronhgn jhe jttotuens tbwjre
stolmjtozne lrbups9 Nvoenhgn dbr jttotuen lnhnrj`ozjtobh. Iburhj` bd
Jpp`one Wbgoj` Vsygcb`bly 56 (<)9 :47>-:4>4.
\n``s, W. ;6:6. Eruha wotc k`bbe9 Lbe‟s ao``ohls oh tcn Kok`n. Wnjtt`n, \J9
GrnjtnWpjgn.
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\rolct-46
JVVNHEOS J9 ENDOHOUOBH BD UN[MW
Dbr tcn purpbsns bd tcos ebgumnht, tcn db``bwohl endohotobhs jpp`y9
K o k ` o g j ` M b e n r j t n s 9 Ucbsn wcb ‐cjvn tjanh tcn jppjrnht colc rbje bd
p`urj`osm, jssnrtohl tcn nquj` vj`oeoty bd j`` Qohtnrprntjtobhs], kut oh ebohl sb
tcny hnl`ngt tb hbtogn tcn orrnennmjk`y sngtjrojh trutc g`joms bd njgc”
(Cjrros ;665, :>).
K o k ` o b h b r m j ` oz j t o b h 9 J gbhgnpt gbohne spngodogj``y dbr tcos tcnsos tb oheogjtn
j hbrmj`ozjtobh bd kbbas. Ub prbpnr`y nvj`ujtn bhn kbba jljohst jhbtcnr, j``
kbbas must kn vonwne nquj``y.
N s g c j t b ` b l y 9 J pco`bsbpcogj` jhe tcnb`blogj` gbhstrugt rnljreohl nvnhts
dbrngjst tb bggur jt tcn nhe bd tcn wbr`e.
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\rolct-4:
JVVNHEOS K9 [ NGOVNW JW @ODN OHWU[^GUOBH
Js eosgussne oh tcn sngtobh Wpngu`jtobh bd Kok`ogj` Nxtrnmost Tonws tbwjres
tcos Ucnsos, pjln 5>, tcn db``bwohl tcrnn-pjln nxgnrpt gbmns drbm Wjm
Cjrros‟ Nhe bd Djotc9
Hb ebukt, mjhy …wo`` g`jom tcjt my `otnrj` rnjeohl bd tcnor sgropturns kntrjysmy olhbrjhgn bd tcnor sporotuj` ompbrt. Ub kn surn, bggu`t, j`gcnmogj`, jhegbhvnhtobhj``y mystogj` ohtnrprntjtobhs bd vjrobus pjssjlns oh tcn Kok`n jhetcn Abrjh jrn js b`e js tcn tnxts tcnmsn`vns, kut tcn prbk`nm wotc sugccnrmnhnutogj` nddbrts―wcntcnr ot kn tcn colc`y eukobus tcnbry bd lnmjtroj(tcn trjhs`jtobh bd tcn Cnkrnw `nttnrs bd tcn Ubrjc ohtb tcnor humnrogj`nquovj`nhts sb tcjt humnrb`blosts gjh wbra tcnor ohtnrprntovn mjlog upbh tcn
tnxt) br tcn l`ok symkb` snnaohl bd pbpu`jr sgcb`jrs `oan Ibsnpc Gjmpkn``―ostcjt tcny jrn pnrdngt`y uhgbhstrjohne ky tcn gbhtnhts bd tcn tnxtstcnmsn`vns. Bhn gjh ohtnrprnt nvnry tnxt oh sugc j wjy js tb yon`e j`mbstjhy mystogj` br bggu`t ohstrugtobh.
J gjsn oh pboht9 O cjvn sn`ngtne jhbtcnr kbba jt rjhebm, tcos tomn drbm tcngbbakbba jos`n bd j kbbastbrn. Ucn kbba os J Ujstn bd Cjwjoo9 Hnw Gbbaohldrbm tcn Grbssrbjes bd tcn Vjgodog. Ucnrnoh O cjvn eosgbvnrne jh js yntuhgn`nkrjtne mystogj` trnjtosn. \co`n ot jppnjrs tb kn j rngopn dbr wba-snjrne dosc jhe scromp gjans wotc blb-tbmjtb rn`osc, wn hnne bh`y stuey ots`ost bd ohlrneonhts tb ahbw tcjt wn jrn oh tcn prnsnhgn bd jh uhrovj`nesporotuj` ohtn``olnhgn9
shjppnr do`nt, gukne7 tnjspbbhs gcbppne sgj``obhssj`t jhe drnsc`y lrbuhe k`jga pnppnrj ejsc bd gjynhhn pnppnr; tnjspbbhs gcbppne drnsc lohlnr: tnjspbbh mohgne ljr`og3 scromp, pnn`ne, envnohne, jhe gukne½ gup cnjvy grnjm1 ; nlls, `olct`y knjtnh
7 tnjspbbhs rogn wohn1 ; gups krnje grumks7 tjk`nspbbhs vnlntjk`n bo`1 ; ½ gups blb tbmjtb rn`osc
Ucn shjppnr do`nt, bd gbursn, os tcn oheovoeuj` comsn`d―ybu jhe O―jwjsc ohtcn snj bd nxostnhgn. Kut cnrn wn dohe ot gukne, wcogc os tb sjy tcjt bursotujtobh must kn rnmneone oh j`` tcrnn eomnhsobhs bd kbey, mohe, jhe sporot.
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\rolct-4;
Ucrnn tnjspbbhs bd gcbppne sgj``obhs durtcnr pjrtjans bd tcn gukogsymmntry, sullnstohl tcjt tcjt wcogc wn hnne jee tb njgc `nvn` bd burknohl ky wjy bd jhtoebtn gbmns `oanwosn oh nquj` prbpbrtobhs. Ucn ompbrt bdtcn pjssjln os g`njr9 tcn kbey, mohe, jhe sporot hnne tb kn tnhene tb wotctcn sjmn gjrn.
Wj`t jhe drnsc`y lrbuhe k`jga pnppnr9 cnrn wn cjvn tcn pnrnhhoj` ohvbgjtobhbd bppbsotns―tcn wcotn jhe tcn k`jga jspngts bd bur hjturn. Kbtc lbbe jhenvo` must kn uhenrstbbe od wn wbu`e du`do`` tcn rngopn dbr sporotuj` `odn.Hbtcohl, jdtnr j``, gjh kn nxg`uene drbm tcn cumjh nxpnronhgn tcos snnms tbkn j Ujhtrog tnxt). \cjt os mbrn, sj`t jhe pnppnr gbmn tb us oh tcn dbrm bdlrjohs, wcogc os tb sjy tcjt bur lbbe jhe kje quj`otons jrn kbrh bd tcn tohonstjgtobhs. Ucus, wn jrn hbt lbbe br nvo` oh lnhnrj`, kut bh`y ky vortun bdohhumnrjk`n mbmnhts, wcogc gb`br tcn strnjm bd bur knohl ky dbrgn bdrnpntotobh.
J ejsc bd gjynhhn pnppnr9 g`njr`y, knohl bd sugc rbkust gb`br jhe d`jvbr, tcossolhodons tcn sporotuj` ohd`unhgn bd jh nh`olctnhne jenpt. \cjt scj`` wn mjanbd tcn jmkoluoty bd ots mnjsurnmnht2 Cbw `jrln os j ejsc2 Cnrn wn mustrn`y upbh tcn wosebm bd tcn uhovnrsn jt `jrln. Ucn tnjgcnr comsn`d wo`` ahbwprngosn`y wcjt wn hnne ky wjy bd ohstrugtobh. Jhe ot os jt iust tcos pboht ohtcn tnxt tcjt tcn ohlrneonhts tcjt knspnja tcn cnjt bd sporotuj` nhenjvbr jrnjeene tb tcn `ost―dbr jdtnr j ejsc bd gjynhhn pnppnr, wn dohe twb tnjspbbhsbd gcbppne drnsc lohlnr jhe bhn tnjspbbh bd mohgne ljr`og. Ucnsn dbrm jhosbsgn`ns trohoty bd sbrts, solhodyohl tcn twb soens bd bur sporotuj` hjturn(mj`n jhe dnmj`n) uhotne wotc tcn bkingt mneotjtobh.
Hnxt gbmns nolct scromp―pnn`ne, envnohne, jhe gukne. Ucn nolct scromp, bdgbursn, rnprnsnht tcn nolct wbr`e`y gbhgnrhs tcjt nvnry sporotuj` jsporjhtmust engry9 djmn jhe scjmn1 `bss jhe ljoh1 p`njsurn jhe pjoh1 prjosn jhek`jmn. Njgc hnnes tb kn envnohne, pnn`ne, jhe gukne―tcjt os, purlne bd otspbwnr tb nhtrjhgn us jhe ohgbrpbrjtne bh tcn pjtc bd prjgtogn.
Ucjt sugc mntjpcbrogj` jgrbkjtogs gjh kn pnrdbrmne bh j`mbst jhy tnxt―jhe tcjt tcny jrn tcnrndbrn mnjhohl`nss―scbu`e kn bkvobus. Cnrn wn cjvnsgropturn js [brsgcjgc k`bt9 wcnrnoh tcn bggu`tost gjh dohe cos mjlogj`
prohgop`ns pnrdngt`y rnd`ngtne1 tcn gbhvnhtobhj` mystog gjh dohe cos rngopn dbrtrjhsgnhenhgn1 jhe tcn tbtj`otjrojh eblmjtost gjh cnjr Lbe tn``ohl com tbsupprnss tcn ohtn``olnhgn jhe grnjtovoty bd btcnrs. Ucos os hbt tb sjy tcjt hbjutcbr cjs nvnr gbugcne sporotuj` br mystogj` ohdbrmjtobh oh j``nlbry br nvnrprbeugne j tnxt tcjt rnquorns j strnhubus cnrmnhnutogj` nddbrt tb kn mjensnhsn bd. Od ybu poga up j gbpy bd Dohhnljhs \jan, dbr ohstjhgn, jhe omjlohntcjt ybu cjvn dbuhe tcnrnoh j``usobhs tb vjrobus gbsmblbhog mytcs jhej`gcnmogj` sgcnmns, gcjhgns jrn tcjt ybu cjvn, kngjusn Ibygn put tcnm
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/examining-biblical-exegesis-as-ethical-hindrances-to-human-flourishing-in-post-industrial 70/72
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tcnrn. Kut tb erneln sgropturn oh tcos mjhhnr jhe eosgbvnr tcn bggjsobhj`pnjr` os `ott`n mbrn tcjh j `otnrjry ljmn. (Cjrros ;665, ;?4-;?3)
8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/examining-biblical-exegesis-as-ethical-hindrances-to-human-flourishing-in-post-industrial 71/72
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8/17/2019 Examining Biblical Exegesis as Ethical Hindrances to Human Flourishing in Post-Industrial Society by B. Travis Wright
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/examining-biblical-exegesis-as-ethical-hindrances-to-human-flourishing-in-post-industrial 72/72
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