examining public perception of artificial …...alphago computer program created by google...
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Examining Public Perception of Artificial Intelligence in Cyberspace:
Before, During, and After the AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol Competition
Hyoungbo Shim, [email protected]
Yoo Jung (Jasmine) Hong, [email protected]
Jang Hyun Kim*, [email protected]
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)
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Presentation Overview
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Research Question
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
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Introduction
Artificial intelligence
“the study of systems that act in a way that to any observer would appear to be intelligent” (Coppin,
2004, p. 4) and “involves using methods based on the intelligent behavior of humans and other
animals to solve complex problems” (Coppin, 2004, p. 4)
In March 2016, there was a drastic increase of awareness and interest in artificial intelligence among
the public
AlphaGo
Computer program created by Google DeepMind to play the game Go; consists of an algorithm that
combines Monte Carlo tree search and neural networks (Silver et al., 2016)
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Trend_‘Artificial intelligence’
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Timeline
Google DeepMind Challenge Match
AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol competition (March 9~15, 2016)
Final score: AlphaGo 4 - Lee Sedol 1
March 9
AlphaGo wins
186th move1 p.m. (KST)
1 p.m. (KST)
March 10 March 12 March 13 March 15
1 p.m. (KST)
AlphaGo wins
211th move
1 p.m. (KST)
AlphaGo wins
176th move Lee Sedol wins
180th move
1 p.m. (KST)
AlphaGo wins
280th move
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Literature Review
Jacques-Ellul’s (1964) The Technological Society
• Ellulian concept of technique: “the totality of methods rationally arrived at and having
absolute efficiency (for a given stage of development) in every field of human activity”
(Ellul, 1964, p. xxv)
• 7 characteristics of modern technology: rationality, artificiality, automatism, self-
augmentation, monism, universalism, and autonomy (Ellul, 1964)
• Technology is a unified entity with a powerful force that humans do not have control
over; it is also changing humans (Ellul, 1964)
- Although artificial intelligence was initially created for humans to rely on and have
control over, AI has a significant influence on humans (mutual interaction)
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Literature Review
Social constructivism
• “a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical constructivism into social settings,
wherein groups construct knowledge for one another, collaboratively creating a small culture of shared artifacts
with shared meanings. When one is immersed within a culture of this sort, one is learning all the time about
how to be a part of that culture on many levels” (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 56-57)
• In other words, knowledge is created through social interactions
• As of 2016, online media (including social media) is widely used as a communication medium for people to
exchange ideas about a particular topic (i.e. artificial intelligence)
• The present study seeks to examine how artificial intelligence is socially constructed by people online
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Literature Review
Diffusion of innovation theory
Innovation-Decision Process
• “The process through which an individual passes from first knowledge of an innovation, to
forming an attitude toward the innovation, to a decision to adopt or reject, to implementation
of the new idea, and to confirmation of this decision. ”
Communication Channels
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Research Question
How has the public’s perception and social construction of artificial intelligence changed
in cyberspace before, during, and after the AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol competition?
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Semantic network analysis: studies the relationship among words, such as co-
occurrence, frequency and distance (Lee, Kim, & Rosen, 2009)
Data collection & analysis: Python
Data visualization: UCINET (NetDraw) (Borgatti et al., 2002)
Method
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Channel: Naver news
Key word: ‘인공지능’ (‘Artificial Intelligence’)
Data collection period:
1) Before: March 1~31, 2015
2) During: March 9~15, 2016
3) After: March 16~April 17, 2016
Method
Movies and pop culture
Bolumn, Alan, Character
Future, technological advancement of AI
Bigdata, Machine Learning, Autonomous Car
Various AI development and major companies
Google. Apple, Manless
Results: Before (March 9~15, 2016)
Replacing human jobs
Medical Treatment, Robot, Job, Change, SubstituteAI as a threat
Awe, Dangerous, Astounding
Victory and loss: AI as a Go game opponent
Lee-Saedol, Alphago, Loss in a row
Results: During (March 9~15, 2016)
Technological revolution of AI and
investment
Investment, Finance, Stocks, Company
Victory and loss: AI as a Go game
opponent
Lee-Saedol, Alphago, Competiton
Corporate, fundamental technology,
and future prediction
Cloude, Autonomic Driving, Bigdata
Results: After (March 16~April 17, 2016)
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Theoretical implications
Jacques-Ellul’s (1964) concept of technique applies to artificial intelligence, specifically in the case of
AlphaGo
Over time, the significant words that appeared in the networks refer to viewing AI as a potential threat
to humans and a powerful force (i.e. replacing human jobs, ‘domination’, ‘concern’, etc.)
Social constructivism: there was a significant change in social construction of AI over time in cyberspace
1) Before: Less serious content, talking about the future using movie examples � 2) During: AI is
considered a threat (i.e. replacing human jobs), increased interest in the technology regarding AI � 3)
After: Increased interest in AI-related issues (i.e. driverless cars), future technologies, and investment
Discussion
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Theoretical implications
The AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol match raised one step of the stage of innovation decision.
Through the match, public was in the stage of ‘Knowledge’ which public knows and recognizes about AI.(Words of
subject matter of movie and novel are replaced by AI technology words.)
Then with watching the matches, public fell in the stage of ‘Persuasion’ which public forms positive or negative
thoughts in their mind.(Words of replace human job and future technology appear) Now public is getting closer to
the step of ‘Decision’ which public recognize real scenes of future with AI technology. (Words of AI technology and
companies and investment appear)
Discussion
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Practical implications
The online space is useful in gauging public perception of a particular topic during a
specific time frame
With time, only negative perception about artificial intelligence has increased
� Therefore, experts on AI should be more outspoken in cyberspace (as well as other
communication medium) in order to create a more positive sentiment regarding AI for
its future development
Discussion
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Thank you.
Any questions?
Q&A
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Unique Words
Before
Words: ‘채피’(Chappie), ‘게임’(Game), ‘영화’(Movie)
Public considers AI as subject matter of movies or games
During
Words: ‘프로그램’(Program), ‘딥마인드’(Deepmind), ‘생각’(Thought)
Public’s focus changed to AlphaGo and related technologies
After
Words: ‘최근’(Recent), ‘기술’(Technology), ‘발전’(Development)
Public focuses about not only AlphaGo but also AI technologies and
companies
Frequency Table
Movies and pop culture
Chappie, Movie, Jarvis
Future, technological advancement of AI
Future, Deep Mind, Machine Learning
Results: Before (March 9~15, 2016)
Victory and loss: AI as a Go game opponent
Lee-Saedol, Alphago, Competition
Future, technological advancement of AI
Machine learning, ,Future, Deep mind
Replacing human jobs
Job, Enemy, Threat, Substitution
Results: During (March 9~15, 2016)
Victory and loss: AI as a Go game opponent
Lee-Saedol, Alphago, Competition
Lee-Saedol, Alphago, Loss in a row
Technological revolution of AI and
investment
Stock, Value, Money, Support
Corporate, fundamental technology, and
future prediction
Evolution, Autonomic Car, Future, Robot
Results: Before (March 16~April 17, 2016)