example of cs304 -is 330 research paper

8/6/2019 Example of CS304 -Is 330 Research Paper

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Research Paper

small Ethernet Network

-- June 2010

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Contents

pages

DEFINITION. 3 -4

Ethernet and its Types.

5 - 11

Three Simple networks.

12 - 14

Network Interface Card (NIC)

15 - 21

Types of Servers. 22

- 37

Operation Systems. 35

-37

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Sources. 37

Definition

Small Ethernet PC

Network

Ethernet is a common solution for connecting

computers to the Internet and for sharing data between

computers. You can use Ethernet to connect dozens of

computers in an office, or simply to connect the cable

modem in your home to your computer

Connection between computers requires a network

interface card (NIC) established in each PC which are

connected with wire or optical fiber. The most current local

area networks boards are Ethernet type. This chapter

gathers all types of Ethernet connection and wiring

(manufacture, precaution...).The Ethernet network appeared at the end of the

Seventies in the United States. This network, most

widespread from the local area networks, was born from the

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complementary experiments of DEC, INTEL and Xerox, well

before standardization. This implies that the main part of the

road bases of OSI model is not specified

All PC can communicate on the cable network at the

same time. It is necessary thus a rule if two stations would

start to communicate at the same time. The method used is

the contention. The principal method of application in local

area networks is the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple

Access), with collision detection (CD). It is that of theEthernet networks. It consists for a station, at the moment

when it emits, to listen if another station is not also emitting.

If it is the case, the station ceases emitting and re-emits its

message at the end of a fixed time. This method is random,

in the sense that one cannot envisage time necessary to a

message to be emitted, transmitted and received.

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Ethernet and its Types.

4.2. Ethernet, IEEE 803.3 10 Base 5

10 Base 5 version (10Mbps on coaxial cable with a

maximum length by segment of 500 meters) is the version of

origin of Ethernet, it is represented below:

Each station is equipped with an network "Ethernet"

adapter (NIC, Network Interface Card). This equipment

ensures the physical adaptation and manages algorithm

CSMA/CD. As in all connections coaxial, the 2 ends of the

cable are connected to a stopper (it is also called resistance

of termination), a specific resistance which attenuates the

reverberation of the signal on the cable.

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The drop cable consists of twisted pairs and can have a

maximum length of 50 meters. The coaxial cable is a thick

cable of yellow color an half-inch in diameter of the type

BELDEN 9580. The overall length of the network can reach

2,5 kilometers with 100 points of connection.

The 10 base 5 is used practically more only in the

disturbed environments (electromagnetic radiation) or when

one wants to guarantee the confidentiality of the exchanges

(not radiation of the coaxial cable).4.3. Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 10 Base 2

A cut-rate version of wiring IEEE 802.3 10 base 5 was

carried out with fine coaxial cable (Thin Ethernet). This type

is represented below:

This physical architecture of network is recommended

for the realization of small networks 2 or 3 PC. Each network

adapter is connected to the cable via a connector in T of the

type BNC. The 2 ends of the network are closed by a

resistance of termination of 50 ohms. This termination is not

obligatory, but the speed transmission is definitely reduced

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since this resistance eliminates the "reverberations on the

cable": the transmitted signal returns on the cable and the

stations believing in a true signal wait until the line is free.

The connection is easy to start, nevertheless, as soon

as one installs 3 PC or more, the speed transmission

strongly decreases. This solution is thus to used only in

specific cases.

The maximum length of the network is 185 meters, with

a maximum of 30 equipments connected. The minimaldistance between 2 connections is 50 centimeters. This

wiring is often used to connect "the small station in bottom of

factory". This solution does not function badly but it is

absolutely necessary to separate this part of the others with

for example a HUB. The reason is not data-processing but

related to the electromagnetic disturbances, storms.If the

cable takes these disturbances, all the network disturbed or

is broken down.

4.4. Network Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 10 Base T

With the problems of wiring, AT&T imagined to re-use

preexistent telephone wiring in the office buildings for the

realization of the network. That imposed two constraints: one

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of flow, the other of distance. The network thus carried out

functioned with 1Mbps, the stations were connected on star

concentrators via repeaters (hub) and outdistance it between

the hub and a station was limited to 250 meters. This

architecture (802.3 1 base 5 or Starlan) completely obsolete

evolved to a version 10MBps (802.3 10 base T). The

following figure presents network 10 bases T.

Ethernet 10 bases T uses a wiring per telephone pair (8

pairs is 4 wire). Its maximum speed is 10 Mbps (mega bit asecond). Wiring is of star type. The nodes consist of

concentrators. This solution is currently most widespread,

but if the standard evolved/moved of speed.

Wiring under RJ45 in 10BaseT requires 4 wires (for 8

accessible in the connector). The wires are sold done

everything in the trade, but one can easily manufacture

cables RJ45. Generally, 8 wires are inserted but it is not

obligatory, in particular if you wish to use a cable for 2

stations (attention with the disturbances).

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Connector and taken board

network

Right cable RJ45 of them 10

Base T and 100 base T (not in

full duplex)If one does not use a concentrator (connection of 2 stations)

or to connect 2 concentrators between-them, the wire must

be of type cables cross like below. You must respect the

polarities and the pairs must be paired.

4.5. 100 Bases TX and 100 Base T4, Fast EthernetSince 1992, one uses the 100 base T. The theoretical

flow is 100 Mbps. The fast Ethernet also obliges to use

concentrators of the hub type or switch.

One finds 2 category of 100 Base T: 100 Base T4 and

100 Base TX. The 100 Base TX (most widespread) uses

same the 2 pairs that the 10 Base T On the other hand, the

100 T4 Base uses the 4 pairs. Nevertheless, the 100 T4

base (almost more used) simultaneously uses 3 pairs for the

emission and the reception. This mode cannot thus use Full

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Duplex (simultaneous bidirectional communication). It can be

used on cable of category 3, 4 or 5.

In 100 base TX, wiring is the same one as in Ethernet

bases 10, only the cable must be of better quality (category

5) and the 4 others wire must be connected according to the

colors below. Attention which each "cabler" often uses his

own code of colors. The cross cables use the two same

crossings that into 10 base T.

4.6. Ethernet gigabit.

If at the beginning, the gigabit used an optical fibre

connection, it is replaced by a connection of the type RJ45 of

class 5e (with a limitation of distance limited to 100 meters).

The gigabit uses the same format of screens of data that the

10 Base - T and the 100 Base TX and the same anti-collision

protocol, namely the CSMA-CD (Carrier Sense Multiple

Access with Collision Avoidance). This standard makes it

possible each computer to announce that it will transmit a

message before transmitting the data on the network (what

avoids the collisions).1000 Base SX

(1 Gbit/s on multimode optical fibre (MMF): 500 m)

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1000 Base LX

(1 Gbit/s on monomode optical fibre (SMF): 3000 m)

1000 Base C

(1 Gbit/s out of 4 pairs UTP5: 25 m)

1000 Base T - 1000 Base TX IEEE 802.3 ab ratified on

June 26, 1999

Outdistance Media100m Copper

100m Copper

412 m

2 km

half Duplex Multimode Optical

fibre

Multimode Full Dumlex Optical

fibre

5Km

550m

Individual-mode Optical fibre

Multimode Optical fibre

550m

275m

Multimode Optical fibre (50u)

Multimode Optical fibre (62.5 U)

25m Copper

100m Copper

70 km Optical fibre

After going through about different types of Ethernet cables

and their details. We Should discuss about different Kinds of

network.

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Three Simple networks.

1.HubNetwork

In a simple hub network, just connect each device to a hub

with an Ethernet cable as shown above. This network may

be used for file sharing or printing, for example. The depicted

network is not connected to the Internet.

Working with Ethernet Hubs

To network a group of computers using an Ethernet

hub, first connect an Ethernet cable into the unit, then

connect the other end of the cable to each computer's NIC.

All Ethernet hubs accept the RJ-45 connectors of standard

Ethernet,cables.

Characteristics of Ethernet Hubs

Ethernet hubs vary in the speed (network data rate or

bandwidth) they support. Some years ago, Ethernet hubs

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In this most simple network, you connect two devices'

Ethernet ports with one crossover cable as shown here. This

type of network may be used for sharing files, playing

network video games, or printing to a printer that has

Ethernet, for example.

Tip: If you buy a crossover cable, it's a good idea to label it

clearly so you don't confuse it with a standard cable.

Depending on which computers you're using, a crossover

cable may prevent connection to a network. Some later

Macintosh computers can automatically detect and

reconfigure pinouts so that a crossover cable is not required

and/or may be used interchangeably with a standard cable.

3. Router with shared Internet connection

In this network, your Internet service provider allows

you one Internet connection that is shared among computers

by a router. In the example shown here, the router is an

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AirPort base station. An Ethernet cable connects a DSL or

cable modem to the base station's WAN port. Another

Ethernet cable connects the base station's LAN port to a

wired computer. Where the illustration shows one wired

computer, you could connect a hub to the LAN port to

accommodate many wired computers.

Network Interface Card

What is a network card?

A network card (also called a Network Adapter or

Network Interface Card, or NIC for short) acts as the

interface between a computer and a network cable. The

purpose of the network card is to prepare, send, and control

data on the network.

A network card usually has two indicator lights (LEDs):

The green LED shows that the card is receiving

electricity;

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The orange (10 Mb/s) or red (100 Mb/s) LED indicates

network activity (sending or receiving data).

To prepare data to be sent the network card uses a

transceiver, which transforms parallel data into serial data.

Each cart has a unique address, called a MAC address,

assigned by the card's manufacturer, which lets it be

uniquely identified among all the network cards in the world.

Network cards have settings which can be configured.

Among them are hardware interrupts (IRQ), the I/O addressand the memory address (DMA).

To ensure that the computer and network are

compatible, the card must be suitable for the computer's

data bus architecture, and have the appropriate type of

socket for the cable. Each card is designed to work with a

certain kind of cable. Some cards include multiple interface

connectors (which can be configured using jumpers, DIP

switches, or software). The most commonly used are RJ-45

connectors.

Note: Certain proprietary network topologies which use

twisted pair cables employ RJ-11 connectors. Thesetopologies are sometimes called "pre-10BaseT".

Finally, to ensure that the computer and network are

compatible, the card must by compatible with the computer's

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internal structure (data bus architecture) and have a

connector suitable for the kind of cabling used.

What is the role of a network card?

A network card is the physical interface between the

computer and cable. It converts the data sent by the

computer into a form which can be used by the network

cable, transfers that data to another computer and controls

the dataflow between the computer and cable. It alsotranslates the data coming from the cable into bytes so that

the computer's CPU can read it. This is why a network card

is an expansion card inserted into an expansion slot.

Preparing data

The paths taken by data moving with a computer are

called "buses". Multiple side-by-side paths force data to

move in parallel, and not in series (one after another).

The first buses transported 8 bits at a time.

IBM's PC/AT computer introduced the first 16-bit buses.

Today, most buses are 32-bit.However, data travels on cables in series (only one

channel), moving in only one direction. The computer can

send OR receive data, but cannot do both at once. For this

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reason, the network card restructures a group of data

arriving in parallel into a serial (1-bit) data stream.

To do so, the digital signals are transformed into electrical or

optical signals which can travel over network cables. The

device that translates them is called the transceiver.

The role of the identifier

The card converts data and notifies the rest of the

network of its address, so that it can be told apart from

the other network cards.

MAC addresses: Defined by the IEEE (Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineer), which assigns

ranges of addresses to each manufacturer of network

cards.

They are inscribed on the cards' chips, and as a result,

each card has a unique MAC address on the network.

Other network card functions

The computer and the card must communicate so that

data can travel between them. For this reason, the computer

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assigns part of its memory to cards that include DMA (Direct

Access Memory).

The interface card indicates that another computer is

requesting data from that computer.

The computer's bus transfers the data from the computer

memory to the network card.

If the data is moving too fast for the adapter to process,

they are placed in the card's buffer memory (RAM), where

they are temporarily stored while the data is being sent andreceived.

Sending and controlling data

Before the sending network card transmits its data, it

interacts electronically with the receiving card to resolve the

following issues:

Maximum size of data blocks that will be sent

Amount of data to send before confirmation

Intervals of time between partial data transmissions

Waiting period before sending confirmation

Volume of data that each card may build up beforereleasing it to its CPU

Data transmission speed

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device. It should, however, be noted that some network

cards have no configurable memory address because

they don't use the machine's RAM addresses.

The transceiver

Note: The card can be configured using software. Thesettings have to match the placement of the jumpers or the

DIP (Dual Inline Package) switches found on the network

card. These settings are provided with the card's

documentation. Many recent cards use PnP (Plug and Play).

This means that the card does not need to be manually

configured, but sometimes can cause hardware conflicts;

when this happens, it is helpful to disable the PnP option and

configure the card "by hand."

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Types of Servers

Definition

A Server is a computer or device on a network that

manages network resources. For example, a file server is a

computer and storage device dedicated to storing files Any

user on the network can store files on the server. A print

server is a computer that manages one or more printers anda network server is a computer that manages network traffic.

Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no

other tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing

operating systems however, a single computer can execute

several programs at once. A server in this case could refer to

the program that is managing resources rather than the

entire computer.

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What is Server Platform?

A term often used synonymously with operating system.

A platform is the underlying hardware or software for a

system and is thus the engine that drives the server.

Server types

Application Servers

Sometimes referred to as a type of middleware,

application servers occupy a large chunk of computing

territory between database servers and the end user, and

they often connect the two.

Middleware is a software that connects two otherwise

separate applications For example, there are a number of

middleware products that link a database system to a Web

server This allows users to request data from the database

using forms displayed on a Web browser and it enables the

Web server to return dynamic Web pages based on the

user's requests and profile.

The term middleware is used to describe separate

products that serve as the glue between two applications. It

is, therefore, distinct from import and export features that

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may be built into one of the applications. Middleware is

sometimes called plumbing because it connects two sides of

an application and passes data between them. Common

middleware categories include:

*TP monitors

*DCE environments

*RPC systems

*Object Request Brokers (ORBs)

*Database access systems* Message Passing

An application server is a server program in a computer in a

distributed network that provides the business logic for an

application program. The application server is frequently

viewed as part of a three-tier application, consisting of a

graphical user interface (GUI) server, an application

(business logic) server, and a database and transaction

server. More descriptively, it can be viewed as dividing an

application into:

1. A first-tier, front-end, Web browser-based graphical

user interface, usually at a personal computer orworkstation

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2. A middle-tier business logic application or set of

applications, possibly on a local area network or

intranet server

3. A third-tier, back-end, database and transaction server,

sometimes on a mainframe or large server

Older, legacy application databases and transaction

management applications are part of the back end or third

tier. The application server is the middleman betweenbrowser-based front-ends and back-end databases and

legacy systems.

In many usages, the application server combines or works

with a Web (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) server and is

called a Web application server. The Web browser supports

an easy-to-create HTML-based front-end for the user. The

Web server provides several different ways to forward a

request to an application server and to forward back a

modified or new Web page to the user. These approaches

include the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), FastCGI,

Microsoft's Active Server Page, and the Java Server Page.In some cases, the Web application servers also support

request "brokering" interfaces such as CORBA Internet Inter-

ORB Protocol (IIOP).

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Audio/Video Servers

Audio/Video servers bring multimedia capabilities to

Web sites by enabling them to broadcast streaming

multimedia content. Streaming is a technique for transferring

data such that it can be processed as a steady and

continuous stream. Streaming technologies are becoming

increasingly important with the growth of the Internet

because most users do not have fast enough access todownload large multimedia files quickly. With streaming, the

client browser or plug-in can starts displaying the data before

the entire file has been transmitted.

For streaming to work, the client side receiving the data

must be able to collect the data and send it as a steady

stream to the application that is processing the data and

converting it to sound or pictures. This means that if the

streaming client receives the data more quickly than

required, it needs to save the excess data in a buffer If the

data doesn't come quickly enough, however, the

presentation of the data will not be smooth.There are a number of competing streaming

technologies emerging. For audio data on the Internet, the

de facto standard is Progressive Network's RealAudio.

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Chat Servers

Chat servers enable a large number of users to

exchange information in an environment similar to Internet

newsgroups that offer real-time discussion capabilities. Real

time means occurring immediately. The term is used to

describe a number of different computer features. For

example, real-time operating systems are systems that

respond to input > immediately. They are used for suchtasks as navigation, in which the computer must react to a

steady flow of new information without interruption. Most

general-purpose operating systems are not real-time

because they can take a few seconds, or even minutes, to

react.

Real time can also refer to events simulated by a

computer at the same speed that they would occur in real

life. In graphics animation, for example, a real-time program

would display objects moving across the screen at the same

speed that they would actually move.

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Fax Servers

A fax server is an ideal solution for organizations

looking to reduce incoming and outgoing telephone

resources but that need to fax actual documents.

FTP Servers

One of the oldest of the Internet services, File Transfer

Protocol makes it possible to move one or more filessecurely between computers while providing file security and

organization as well as transfer control.

Groupware Servers

A GroupWare server is software designed to enable

users to collaborate, regardless of location, via the Internet

or a corporate Intranet and to work together in a virtual

atmosphere.

IRC Servers

An option for those seeking real-time capabilities,

Internet Relay Chat consists of various separate networks

(or "nets") of servers that allow users to connect to eachother via an IRC network.

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List Servers

List servers offer a way to better manage mailing lists,

whether they are interactive discussions open to the public

or one-way lists that deliver announcements, newsletters, or

advertising.

Mail Servers

Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail

servers move and store mail over corporate networks via

LANs and WANs and across the Internet.

News Servers

News servers act as a distribution and delivery source

for the thousands of public news groups currently accessible

over the USENET news network. USENET is a worldwide

bulletin board system that can be accessed through the

Internet or through many online services The USENET

contains more than 14,000 forums called newsgroups that

cover every imaginable interest group. It is used daily by

millions of people around the world.

Proxy Servers

Proxy servers sit between a client program typically a

Web browser and an external server (typically another

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server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance,

and share connections.

Telnet Servers

A Telnet server enables users to log on to a host

computer and perform tasks as if they're working on the

remote computer itself.

Web Servers

At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web

browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across

the network to a user's Web browser. The browser and

server talking to each other using HTTP mediate this entire

exchange.

IIS (Internet Information Services) is one type of Web

Server.IIS, or Internet Information Server, is the web server

component of Microsoft Windows Server. It was introduced

via the Windows NT Option Pack 1 for Windows NT 4.0. It

has been included with all versions of Windows Server sincethe release of Windows 2000 Server, including Windows

2003 Server. IIS is the default web server for and included

with all versions of Windows Server.

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The non-server versions of Windows do not include

IIS, except for the professional versions of Windows.

Windows 2000 Professional, and Windows XP Professional

include a limited development version of IIS that can be used

for testing and development. This version of IIS has all the

same features as the full server version of IIS, but is

performance limited to prevent use on a production web site

but still functions perfectly fine for development and testing

on a workstation.Apache Web server.

The first part looks at what a Web server is and how

Web communication takes place.

Basically for communication where there is a client-server

flavor, the server process creates a socket and the client

socket accesses the server through client socket techniques.

Socket

A socket is fundamentally nothing but an end point of

communication. It can be of two types: Physical socket and

Logical socket. In Logical socket operating system has itssystem calls, which creates them. Now for client-server

access the socket needs three things to provide service or

ask for service.

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1)Service name (example: telnet)

2)Protocol (TCP-stream)

3)Port no (23)

The service uses protocol and protocol uses port

number to provide service at server end and to get service at

client end. Ultimately we find that the port number is mainly

responsible for a client server communication. The protocols

supported by Linux is shown by /etc/protocols and the

services can be seen in /etc/services.

Let's take few more examples then start with Web server.

* telnet service uses TCP/IP protocol and communicate

through port no. 23

* ftp service uses TCP/IP protocol and communicate through

20,21 port numbers

* www service uses http protocol and communicate through

port no 80.

Web communication

Web communication deals with a browser type of client

process and Web server type of server process. What

actually happens when a user writes http://www.yahoo.com?

Well, the browser transfers the URL to current machine's

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operating system with a destination address' operating

system, which is responsible for extracting protocol i.e. "http"

from the client socket (browsers) and then it packets data

using layer software and over the packet it attaches the

header http. This enables the remote machine to hand over

the request to Web server of remote machine. Why so?

Because there can be many a server running on the same

machine so the particular services are distinguished by their

protocol.But how should we explain when telnet and ftp both are

using same protocol but have different server Processes?

The answer is that they are distinguished by their port

numbers. Services may have same protocol but not the

same port number. After this the operating system throws

the data to network interface card through the ram and then

network interface card gives it to nearest gateway, which

sends the data to the server machine at server end.

The network card gives a signal back to operating system

that a data enclosed with http header using TCP/IP header

has arrived. One's operating system checks that data hashttp wrapper and searches for Web server on that machine.

When it finds, it hands over the data and pays attention to

other processes.

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The root directory of Web server is /etc/httpd, which is

divided into three parts:

1) /etc/httpd/conf (where configuration files stays)

2) /etc/httpd/logs (where the logs of Web server and site

accessing stay)

3) /etc/httpd/modules (where the module stays, which

enables the server side programmer to do programming in

the languages supported by Web server)

Operating Systems

Operating system ABCs

An operating system, or OS, is a software program that

enables the computer hardware to communicate and

operate with the computer software. Without a computer

operating system, a computer would be useless.

Operating system types

As computers have progressed and developed so have

the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the

different types of operating systems and a few examples of

operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many

computer operating systems will fall into more than one of

the below categories.

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GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI

Operating System contains graphics and icons and is

commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See our

GUI dictionary definition for a complete definition. Below are

some examples of GUI Operating Systems.

System 7.x,

Windows 98,

Windows CE.

Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for

multiple users to use the same computer at the same time

and/or different times.See our multi-user dictionary definition

for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are

some examples of multi-user operating systems:

Linux,Unix,Windows 2000

Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of

allowing multiple software processes to run at the same

time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating

systems.Unix,Windows 2000

Multithreading - Operating systems that allow differentparts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating

systems that would fall into this category are:Linux

Unix,Windows 2000

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In conclusion, these are the most important

components of a small PC Network, which can be used in

order to set up a network based, on a client PC.

Sources

http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_hub.htmhttp://en.kioskea.net/contents/pc/carte-reseau.php3http://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/engine.php?page_id=fb1f7b2ahttp://www.computerhope.com/os.htmhttp://www.ybet.be/en-hardware-2-04/ethernet-network.htmhttp://support.apple.com/kb/HT1433.
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_hub.htmhttp://en.kioskea.net/contents/pc/carte-reseau.php3http://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/engine.php?page_id=fb1f7b2ahttp://www.computerhope.com/os.htmhttp://www.ybet.be/en-hardware-2-04/ethernet-network.htmhttp://support.apple.com/kb/HT1433http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_hub.htmhttp://en.kioskea.net/contents/pc/carte-reseau.php3http://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/engine.php?page_id=fb1f7b2ahttp://www.computerhope.com/os.htmhttp://www.ybet.be/en-hardware-2-04/ethernet-network.htmhttp://support.apple.com/kb/HT1433

example of cs304 -is 330 research paper

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