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  • Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory
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Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory 5O 2 + C 3 H 8 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O Bob reports making 4.0 g H 2 O from 2.2 g C 3 H 8 . Is Bob an idiot or okay ? Bob Reports 4.0 g H 2 O Maximum g H 2 O=18 g/mol*0.2 mol=3.6 g Bob’s an idiot

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Page 1: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Examples of chemical % yield (continued)

MW 32 44 44 18

Given excess 2.2 g Mol C3H8 =2.2 =0.050

44= 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1

Product H2O moles theory

5O2 + C3H8 3CO2 + 4H2O

Bob reports making 4.0 g H2O from 2.2 g C3H8. Is Bob an idiot or okay ?

Bob Reports 4.0 g H2O

Maximum g H2O=18 g/mol*0.2 mol=3.6 g

Bob’s an idiot

Help Desk
Page 2: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Moles level 1Mol-mass-count

Moles level 2•Body parts: mole ratios within a compound•Balancing•% composition/combustion

Moles level 3•Reaction stoichiometry•Limiting and %yields

More practice with ?????

Page 3: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

We is done with moles !!!Where we are on the mole road trip….

Page 4: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

And now, after many weeks of &^%!! Moles

….for something completely different….CLASSICAL REACTIONs

Page 5: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

SLO #6Students will be able to:write, balance, identify and predict common reaction classes (metatheses, acid-base, redox).

Today’s Student Learning Objective (SLO):

Translation:

What happens when I add this to that ?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=mad+chemist&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=gDsMm4EzpZSpBM&tbnid=08XqgqU0rOsxmM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.123rf.com/photo_15434252_mad-scientist-shows-two-flasks-with-colored-liquid-in-his-laboratory.html&ei=btMBUrj8Acjk4AOPyoGwBA&bvm=bv.50310824,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNF1wLdPScZduLYS1cWaukLQhDL3OQ&ust=1375937740560925
Page 6: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory
Page 7: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

What to read… chapter 4 ( + a bit of Ch. 14)

Metatheses 153-162

Acid-base 163-170; 653-656

Oxidation-reduction 171-177

CLASSICAL REACTIONs (continued)

Page 8: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Classical Reactions

1) Metathesis (double replacement)

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Complete Molecular reaction

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s)

Net Ionic Reaction

Pb2+ +2NO3- +2K+ +2I- PbI2(s) + 2K+ +2NO3

-

Complete Ionic Reaction

METATHESIS REACTIONS THIS WEEK IN LAB

Page 9: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

1) Metathesis (double replacement) –continued

General characteristics

Ionic, aqueous salts are reactants

Product formed from cation swap is a solid

Low energy…no appreciable heat in/out

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s) Net ionic

CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)

Page 10: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Let,’s practice a few on the board, kids !

Page 11: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

2) Acid-base

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + HOH + heat

acid base salt water

Complete Molecular reaction

H+ + OH- H2O

Net ionic reaction

`neutralization

H+ + Cl- + Na+ +OH- Na+ + Cl- +H2O

Complete Ionic reaction

CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)

Page 12: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Demo reaction: ID the acid, base and salt below

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2OAcid Base

Sulfuric acid(car battery acid)

sodium hydroxide(essence of Lye)

sodium sulfate(`Glauber’s Salt =laxative)

salt

2H+ + SO42- +2Na+ + 2OH- 2Na+ + SO4

2- +2H2O

Complete ionic reaction?

Net ionic reaction ?

2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O

Let’s run this one

Page 13: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

General characteristicsReactants are specially defined `acid’ and `base’ ionic solutions

Products are soluble salt and water

Significant heat is generated

Indicators signal endpts

H+ + OH- H2O

Net ionic reaction

2) Acid-base…- continued

CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)

Page 14: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Acid-Base Theories (pp 163-170, 652-655)0) Pre-science: acids and bases are eternal opposites

ACID + BASE = `BALANCE’

Positive + negative = null

Hot + cold = just right

Taoist version

CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)

Page 15: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Acid-Base Theories (pp 653-656)Modern Theory: Try #1

Svante Arrhenius: Father of the first modern acid/base theory

Young Arrhenius(not considered promising)

Old Arrhenius(wins Nobel prize in 1903 for same acid base theory)

Thesis on Acids & Bases derided by his research committee…

Graduates with Ph.D ordinare(no distinction) see p. 144

CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)

Page 16: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

A measure of this Ph.D `ordinaire’’s brilliance…In 1896 Arrhenius predicted green house gas (CO2) from profligate burning of the the newly popular fuel source …

petroleum oil…would cause (gasp !) measurable and catastrophic global warming…

…starting in 1990-2000 AD

…the entire scientific establishment (and Standard Oil) laughed at him (again)

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued)

Page 17: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

FYI….Until 2013 not a single current Republican member of the US Congress admitted that global warming is caused by burning of fossil fuels.

Page 18: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Oil burning starts here

Page 19: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

1) Arrhenius Model

HF HCl HBrHNO3 HClO4 H2SO4

H2CO3

H3PO4

BASE

NaOH KOH NH4OH Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2

Al(OH)3

Fe(OH)3

ACID =H+ donor

=OH- donor

CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview(continued)

Page 20: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O

ACID + BASE = SALT + WATER

Acid-Base reactions ala’ Arrhenius: A+B= neutral

H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O

General rule for Arrhenius acid-base

CLASSICAL REACTIONs (continued)

Page 21: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

The `Inconvenient Truth’ about the Arrhenius model: basic salts

EXAMPLE: Na2CO3

(sodium carbonate)

No H+ or OH-….=> salt only

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW continued)

Page 22: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

The `Inconvenient Truth’ about the Arrhenius model: basic salts (continued)

•Turns pink in presence of phenolphthalein

• gas-forming reaction with HCl, pink disappears

experimental results of adding to water:

EXAMPLE: Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate)

=> A base !!!!????? Where’s OH ???

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued)

Page 23: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

The `Inconvenient Truth’ about the Arrhenius model: basic salts (continued)

Other examples of `basic’ salts

Na3PO4 K2SiO3 NaC2H3O2

Basic salts cannot be rationalized using Arrhenius’ acid/base model

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW (continued)

Page 24: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Bronsted to the rescue…

Young Bronsted…Swedish chemist circa 1910…

Young James Dean…American actor circa 1955…(“Rebel Without a Cause,”“East of Eden”, “Giant” )

Winner of the Bronsted look alike contest….

Bronsted a few years after marriage and kids

CLASSICAL REACTIONs (continued)

Page 25: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Bronsted Model of Acids/Bases3 new concepts (see pp 452-453 & 623-6)

Acid=

HF, HCl, HBrHNO3 HClO4 H2SO4 H2CO3

H3PO4

No real change from Arrhenius

proton donor (=H+)

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued)

ARRHENIUS ACIDS = BRONSTED ACIDS

New Concept #1: Follow the protons

Page 26: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

BASE=

OH-

CO3-2 ,PO4

-3, C2H3O2-,SiO3

-2…

proton acceptor

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES: New Concept #1: following the protons (cont.)

The set of Bronsted bases includes Arrhenius bases + ….

…nearly any negative ion (=anion) that even weakly attracts protons

Examples of Bronsted Bases

Page 27: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

How the proton acceptor creates the basic salt effect:

CO32- + H-OH

..Bronsted Base is basic in water because it splits water to make OH- !

Hydrolysis reaction

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES:

New Concept #2

Hydrolysis…Bronsted bases `split’ water !!!

EXAMPLE

HCO3- + OH-

Page 28: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Conjugate idea is like going drag…Men=acid Women=base

BASE ACIDCONJUGATE ACID

CONJUGATEBASE

Identify `acids’ and bases

BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES: New Concept #3a: conjugate

acid/base pairs

Page 29: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

CO32- + H-OH

Acid conjugate baseBase conjugate acid

Base Acid

Conjugate acid

Conjugate base

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES:

New Concept #3a: conjugate acid/base pairs

HCO3- + OH-

Identify `acid’ and baseIdentify conjugate acid and base

Page 30: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

PO43- + HCO3 - HPO4

2- + CO32-

Acid conjugate baseBase conjugate acid

acidbaseconjugate base

conjugateacid

new concept #3a: Conjugates (continued)

When acid and base reacts….

EXAMPLE: IDENTIFY ACID, BASE AND THEIR CONJUGATE BASE AND ACID ABOVE

Page 31: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

ACID + BASE CONJUGATE BASE + CONJUGATE ACID

Bronsted Model

Contrast to Arrhenius Model

ACID + BASE SALT + WATER

CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES:

New Concept #3b:

spontaneous acid + base reactions produce weaker acids + bases

Both products `neutral’

Page 32: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

ARRHENIUS

ACID-BASE THEORIES SUMMARIZED

BRONSTED

ACID = H+ DONOR PROTON DONOR

BASE= OH- DONOR PROTON DONOR

ACID + BASE

SALT + WATER

CONJUGATE ACID + CONJUGATE BASE

Page 33: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

What observation required Bronsted to create a new Acid/Base Theory different than Arrhenius’s model ?

A. Many salts formed conjugate acids.

B. Spontaneous acid+base reactions only occurred if weaker acids and bases formed.

C. H2O spontaneously decomposed to OH- and H+ in presence of various salts.

D. Many salts without OH- somehow created OH- in water.

Many sa

lts fo

rmed co

nju...

Spontaneous a

cid+base

r...

H2O spontaneously

dec...

Many sa

lts w

ithout O

H-...

25% 25%25%25%

Page 34: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

Which part of the Bronsted salt K3PO4 is the proton acceptor ?

A. K+

B. O2-

C. P3-

D. PO43-

E. K3PO4

F. OH-

K+O2-

P3-

PO43-

K3PO4OH-

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

Page 35: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

What new concept of Bronsted’s most directly explains why many salts are bases?

A. The anionic part of salts can hydrolyze water.

B. Spontaneous acid/base reactions lead to weaker conjugate acids/bases.

C. Bronsted bases are proton acceptors.

D. Bronsted acids are proton donors.

The anionic part

of salts

...

Spontaneous a

cid/b

ase r.

..

Bronste

d bases a

re pro

to...

Bronste

d acids a

re pro

to...

25% 25%25%25%

Page 36: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

In-class reaction Jeopardy

Low heat, precipitates, cation swap metathesis

WHAT IS…

Na2CO3 for example A Bronsted baseWhat’s my reaction type:

HCl + KOH KCl + H2O

Acid/base neutralization (Arrhenius)

Pick the Arrhenius acids

H2O HNO3 NaHCO3 HBr NaCl HNO3 HBr

Page 37: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory

In-class reaction JeopardyWHAT IS…

What’s my reaction type:K3PO4 + H2O HK2PO4 + KOH

Acid/base hydrolysis(Bronsted)

Write my products ?

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ?AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Pick the Bronsted base(s)

NaOH HBr NaHCO3 K3PO4

NaOH NaHCO3 K3PO4

Pick the Arrhenius basesNaOH


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