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Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A

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Evolution

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. The primitive Earth atmosphere is hypothesized to have consisted mostly of _____.a. oxygen, nitrogen, and water vaporb. hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vaporc. amino acids, ATP, carbohydrates, and oxygend. none of these

____ 2. Since the 1950s, experiments have been conducted that lead scientists to conclude that life may have originated _____.a. spontaneously as originally thoughtb. in small pools of water where amino acids could be concentratedc. in other parts of the universed. when prokaryotes joined together to make the first eukaryotic cell

____ 3. Scientists agree that two developments must have occurred for life to come into being: the formation of simple organic molecules important to life and _____.a. development of prokaryotic cells in early oceansb. organization of molecules into complex organic moleculesc. appearance of amino acids, monosaccharides, and lipidsd. an atmosphere rich in water vapor, oxygen, and ATP

____ 4. Before biogenesis became an accepted cornerstone of biology, it was widely accepted that _____.a. living things could arise spontaneously from other living thingsb. Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur would be unable to test the current beliefsc. flies could be produced only from other fliesd. maggots were the immature offspring of flies

____ 5. Humans are thought to have evolved during the _____ Era.a. Cenozoic c. Mesozoicb. Paleozoic d. Precambrian

____ 6. The Geologic Time Scale begins at the formation of Earth approximately _____ years ago.a. 4.6 thousand c. 46 millionb. 4.6 million d. 4.6 billion

____ 7. Which of the following statements are true about fossils?a. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rock layers.b. There are many different ways that fossils can be formed.c. Fossil insects that were trapped in ice or hardened into amber.d. all of these

____ 8. Which of the following fossils are not found in sedimentary rock?a. imprints c. amberb. frozen mammoths d. petrified wood

____ 9. While looking for fossils on an eroded hillside, you discover fossil coral and fish in one layer. In a layer just above, you find the fossil imprint of a fern frond and some fossil moss. Assuming the rock has not been disturbed, which of the following is the most probable conclusion?a. The area had been a sea until recent times.b. A forest had once grown there but had become submerged by water.c. A sea had been replaced by land in ancient times.d. A saltwater sea had changed to a freshwater lake in ancient times.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 10. According to one theory, the first prokaryotes probably obtained their food _____.a. through the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic moleculesb. through a combination of photosynthesis and aerobic respirationc. by eating carbohydrates formed by autotrophsd. by consuming organic molecules available in their environment

____ 11. Which group of organisms is believed to have been the earliest to evolve?a. land plants c. aquatic dinosaursb. cyanobacteria d. mammals

____ 12. Which fact is the basis for using the fossil record as evidence that evolution has taken place?a. In undisturbed layers of rock strata, the older fossils are found in the deeper layers.b. There are fossils of all life-forms to be found in rock layers.c. All fossils were formed at the same time.d. Fossils have been shown to provide a complete record of human evolution.

____ 13. A clear fish imprint in a rock indicates that the rock is probably _____.a. volcanic c. metamorphicb. sedimentary d. igneous

____ 14. Urey and Miller subjected water, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen to heating and cooling cycles and jolts of electricity in an attempt to _____.a. determine how the dinosaurs became extinctb. form complex organic compoundsc. determine the age of microfossilsd. find out how ozone forms in the atmosphere

____ 15. Which event contributed most directly to the evidence of aerobic organisms?a. an increase in the concentration of methane in the ancient atmosphereb. a decrease in the sun's light intensityc. the presence of organisms able to carry on photosynthesisd. an increase in the number of organisms carrying on fermentation

Figure 14-4

____ 16. According to Figure 14-4, what was the earliest form of multicellular life on Earth?a. fish c. land plantsb. invertebrates d. reptiles

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 17. According to Figure 14-4, the correct chronological order of organisms as they develop are _____.a. birds, dinosaurs, jawed fish, prokaryotesb. dinosaurs, jawed fish, birds, prokaryotesc. jawed fish, dinosaurs, prokaryotes, birdsd. prokaryotes, jawed fish, dinosaurs, birds

____ 18. According to Figure 14-4, in how many eras have mammals existed?a. 2 c. 5b. 4 d. 7

____ 19. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size. However, they vary greatly in color and beak shape. Each species occupies its own niche and is adapted to the foods available in its niche. The evolution from a common ancestor to a variety of species is an example of _____.a. divergent evolution c. vegetative propagationb. cross-pollination d. convergent evolution

____ 20. The flying squirrel of North America closely resembles the flying phalanger of Australia. They are similar in size and have long, bushy tails and skin folds that allow them to glide through the air. The squirrel is a placental mammal, while the phalanger is a marsupial. These close resemblances, even though genetically and geographically separated by great distances, can best be explained by _____.a. convergent evolution c. spontaneous generationb. divergent evolution d. vestigial structures

____ 21. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target pests were immune to the usual-sized dose. The most likely explanation for this immunity to the insecticide is that _____.a. eating the insecticide caused the bugs to become resistant to itb. eating the insecticide caused the bugs to become less resistant to itc. it destroyed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus allowing them to live longerd. the pests developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide

____ 22. Natural processes such as speciation and gradualism provide the genetic basis for _____.a. evolution c. biogenesisb. spontaneous generation d. sexual reproduction

____ 23. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called _____.a. embryological structures c. homologous structuresb. analogous structures d. homozygous structures

____ 24. Natural selection can best be defined as the _____.a. survival of the biggest and strongest organisms in a populationb. elimination of the smallest organisms by the biggest organismsc. survival and reproduction of the organisms that occupy the largest aread. survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best adapted to the

environment____ 25. A pattern of evolution that results when two unrelated species begin to appear similar because of

environmental conditions is _____.a. disruptive selection c. directional selectionb. convergent evolution d. divergent evolution

____ 26. The average individuals of a population are favored in _____ selection.a. directional c. disruptiveb. stabilizing d. natural

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 27. In _____ selection, individuals with both extreme forms of a trait are at a selective advantage.a. directional c. disruptiveb. stabilizing d. natural

____ 28. _____ selection favors one extreme form of a trait in a population.a. Directional c. Disruptiveb. Stabilizing d. Natural

____ 29. What is the movement of genes into and out of a gene pool called?a. random mating c. gene flowb. nonrandom mating d. direct evolution

____ 30. Which of the following lines of evidence for evolution is indirect?a. pesticide resistance c. fossilsb. observed allele frequency changes d. all of these

____ 31. Which answer BEST shows an animal's adaptation to the tropical rain forest?a. camouflage in a tree frog c. an elephant's long trunkb. the long neck of a giraffe d. migration of birds in winter

____ 32. A mechanism of Darwin's proposed theory is _____.a. artificial selection c. variationb. evolution d. all of these

____ 33. The founder of modern evolution theory is considered to be _____.a. Charles Darwin c. Stephen Jay Gouldb. Alexander Oparin d. Lynn Margulis

____ 34. Upon close examination of the skeleton of an adult python, a pelvic girdle and leg bones can be observed. These features are an example of _____.a. artificial selection c. vestigial structuresb. homologous structures d. comparative embryology

____ 35. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for evolutionary change?a. small population, few mutations c. large population, few mutationsb. small population, many mutations d. large population, many mutations

____ 36. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart after once being a single landmass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar, show numerous genetic differences. Which factor is probably the most important in maintaining these differences?a. comparative anatomy c. geographic isolationb. comparative embryology d. fossil records

____ 37. Which of the following is not a factor that causes changes in the allelic frequencies of individuals in a population?a. stabilizing selection c. random selectionb. directional selection d. disruptive selection

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 38. When checking shell color for a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans, scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is shown in the graph in Figure 15-1. Based on the information shown in the graph, the snail population is undergoing _____.

Figure 15-1

a. stabilizing selection c. artificial selectionb. disruptive selection d. directional selection

____ 39. What type of adaptation is shown in Figure 15-4?

Figure 15-4

a. mimicry c. artificial selectionb. camouflage d. homologous structure

____ 40. The structures shown in Figure 15-5 are _____.

Figure 15-5

a. homologous c. analogousb. heterologous d. vestigial

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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Figure 15-6

____ 41. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-6 favors average individuals?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 42. Which type of natural selection shown in Figure 15-6 would favor giraffes that need to reach the tallest branches to eat?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 43. Why might the beak of the Akialoa, pictured in Figure 15-7, developed this way?

Figure 15-7

a. to reach nectar in flowers c. to scoop up fishb. to dig through tree bark for insects d. to crack open seeds

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 44. The major anatomical difference between hominids and the apes is that the foramen magnum is _____ in hominids.a. less developed c. thickerb. located at the bottom of the skull d. all of these

____ 45. Which of the following groups are representative of the first primates?a. lemurs c. New World monkeysb. Old World monkeys d. apes

____ 46. Tailless primates that are most like humans are the _____.a. apes c. New World monkeysb. Old World monkeys d. lemurs

____ 47. New World monkeys are said to have an extra hand, the _____.a. opposable thumb c. nails on toesb. prehensile tail d. flexible fingers and toes

____ 48. Lemurs and lorises are members of the primate group called _____.a. Haplorhines c. Strepsirrhinesb. Anthropoids d. Huminoids

____ 49. Primates are adapted to live in trees because their eyes _____.a. are in the front of their heads c. see in stereovisionb. detect color d. all of these

____ 50. The anthropologists who discovered the skull of Homo habilis were _____.a. the Leakeys c. the Johansonsb. the Darts d. the Priestleys

____ 51. Purgatorius is thought to be the earliest of primate fossils. It lived about _____.a. 200 000 years ago c. 8 million years agob. 2 million years ago d. 66 million years ago

____ 52. It has been determined that the earliest primates probably lived in the _____.a. grasslands c. forestsb. mountains d. deserts

____ 53. The hominid that had the most advanced toolmaking abilities and spoken language was _____.a. Cro-Magnon c. Purgatoriusb. Neanderthal d. Homo habilis

____ 54. As primates evolved, they developed _____.a. a good sense of smell and large lower vertebraeb. good vision and large teethc. more complex brains and upright postured. large teeth and a well-developed collar bone

____ 55. The first hominids to make and use simple stone tools were _____.a. Homo sapiens c. Australopithecus afarensisb. Homo habilis d. Australopithecus africanus

____ 56. The earliest primate identifiable from the fossil record is _____.a. Purgatorius c. Neanderthalusb. Australopithecus d. Afarensis

____ 57. Most early hominid fossils have been found in _____.a. Egypt c. Africab. France d. North America

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 58. The skeleton of the hominid nicknamed "Lucy" gave anthropologists evidence that _____.a. cavemen coexisted with dinosaursb. Neanderthals coexisted with Homo habilisc. upright walking evolved after large brainsd. upright walking evolved before large brains

____ 59. Which is the oldest hominid species to be unearthed?a. Homo habilis c. Australopithecus afarensisb. Homo erectus d. Australopithecus africanus

____ 60. Evidence for the determination of bipedal locomotion in an animal could be found by an examination of the _____.a. pelvis c. finger (carpal)b. upper arm (humerus) d. jaw

____ 61. The skulls and pelvic bones of australopithecines have structures that appear _____ those of apes and modern humans.a. vestigial to c. intermediate betweenb. nothing like d. identical to

____ 62. Some primate skeletons were located in a cave in association with these things: a variety of tools, the charred bones of some animals they had cooked and eaten, and numerous paintings on the walls. Carbon-14 dating techniques determined that the bones and other artifacts were about 35 000 years old. The skeletal remains probably belonged to _____.a. afarensis c. Cro-Magnonsb. Homo habilis d. Homo erectus

____ 63. Evidence that Homo erectus was more intelligent than its predecessors would include _____.a. a small cranial capacity as indicated by their skeletal remainsb. involved messages they wrote on cave wallsc. signs of agriculture and tilled fieldsd. tools such as hand axes that have been found near their fire pits

____ 64. Which factor may have played a large role in human evolution?a. a geologic event that released much radiation into the environment, which in time

resulted in an increased mutation rateb. climatic changes that caused existing primates to search for new food sourcesc. flooding due to melting glaciers causing primates to seek refuge in the treesd. massive grassland fires that caused existing primates to flee to the mountains

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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Figure 16-2

____ 65. Which adaptation shown in Figure 16-2 is not used for climbing?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 66. Which adaptation shown in Figure 16-2 was lost as monkeys evolved into homonoids?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

Figure 16-3

____ 67. According to Figure 16-3, which species shares the closest ancestor with humans?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

____ 68. According to Figure 16-3, which was the first primate to evolve?a. A c. Cb. B d. D

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 69. Where would orangatans fall in Figure 16-3?a. between gorillas and chimpanzees c. above chimpanzeesb. between gorillas and lemurs d. between lemurs and gibbons

____ 70. Predict where homo habilus would fall in Figure 16-3.a. between gorillas and chimpanzees c. above chimpanzeesb. between gorillas and lemurs d. between lemurs and gibbons

Figure 16-4

____ 71. Which characteristic of the skulls in figure 16-4 shows an increase in intelligence?a. increased brain cavity size c. smaller eye socketsb. decreased teeth size d. rounder jaw

____ 72. Which characteristic of the skulls in Figure 16-4 most impacts diet?a. increased brain cavity size c. smaller eye socketsb. decreased teeth size d. rounder jaw

____ 73. Predict what will happen to the characteristics shown in Figure 16-4 as evolution continues.a. skulls will get smaller c. brain cavity size will increaseb. teeth will get smaller d. heads will get flatter

CompletionComplete each statement.

74. Structures called ____________________, capable of growth and metabolism, have been produced in the laboratory. Structures like these may have eventually evolved into heterotrophic prokaryotes.

75. Organisms known as ____________________ are chemosynthetic autotrophs that survive in harsh conditions where there is little sunlight or oxygen.

76. The ancient belief that nonliving materials could be transformed into living organisms was referred to as _________________________.

77. The idea that life arises only from life is referred to as ____________________.

78. The evolution of an ancestral species into an array of species that occupy diverse habitats is called ____________________.

79. Any structure that is reduced in function in a living organism but may have been used in an ancestor is known as a(n) ____________________.

80. The concept that evolution occurs over long periods of stability that are interrupted by geologically brief periods of change is known as _________________________.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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81. ____________________ is a mechanism for change in a population in which organisms with favorable variations live, reproduce, and pass on their favorable traits.

82. Any species with a multiple set of chromosomes is known as a(n) ____________________.

83. ____________________ is the type of selection that favors average individuals in a population.

84. The alteration of allelic frequencies by chance processes is known as ____________________.

85. The ____________________ is the percentage of a particular allele in a population.

86. The total number of genes present in a population is the ____________________.

87. A variety of structural adaptations called ____________________ provides protection for an organism by copying the appearance of another species.

88. A structural adaptation enabling an organism to blend in with its environment is ____________________.

89. ____________________ is a technique in which the breeder selects particular traits.

90. African skulls that show both humanlike and apelike characteristics are thought to be derived from early African primates and are collectively referred to as ____________________.

91. Homo sapiens may have first evolved by 400 000 years ago, and evidence from burial sites around 100 000 years ago indicates the use of communication by one group of people called the ____________________.

92. A group of people called the ____________________ lived from 40 000 to 35 000 years ago, when they disappeared from the fossil record.

93. The ability to touch the thumb to the forefinger, permitting objects to be tightly grasped, is called ____________________.

94. Modern humans and humanlike fossils are classified as ____________________.

95. A distinctive characteristic of humans is ____________________ locomotion, the ability to walk on two legs in an upright position.

96. Anthropologists propose that modern primates have evolved from two groups, the strepsirrhines and the ____________________.

Short Answer

97. Explain how the evolution of photosynthetic organisms helped protect life from the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

98. Explain the relationship between early photosynthetic autotrophs and the eventual rise of aerobic life-forms.

99. How did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experiments affect modern ideas about the origin of life on Earth?

100. How did Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur support the concept of biogenesis with their experiments?

101. How do scientists learn about organisms of the past when studying fossils?

102. Discuss four types of fossils and how they are formed.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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Figure 14-3

103. What major evolutionary event occurred at the point on the graph indicated by Z in Figure 14-3?

104. How did the evolution of photoautotrophs affect the level of oxygen in the atmosphere?

105. Describe what major event occurred in the evolution of life on Earth at point X, which is directly related to the change in the graph in Figure 14-3.

Figure 14-2

106. Based on the fossil record shown in Figure 14-2, explain what has happened to the type of habitat found in the area as time passed.

107. Assuming that the oldest of the strata in Figure 14-2 is layer IV and that the youngest is layer I, name and describe two techniques that could be used to determine the age of fossil A.

108. How do changes in genetic equilibrium lead to speciation?

109. List and describe the indirect evidence available to support the theory of evolution.

110. What direct evidence is available to support the theory of evolution?

111. How is Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection related to the origin of structural and physiological adaptations?

112. Summarize Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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Figure 15-2

113. A study of the squirrel population in a large northern city revealed that many of the squirrels inhabited large park areas that were also populated by numerous squirrel predators. The graph in Figure 15-2 reflects the data collected in regard to color and number of squirrels. Explain how this type of disruptive selection can lead to the separation of this population into two distinct species.

114. A study of the squirrel population in a large northern city revealed that many of the squirrels inhabited large park areas that were also populated by numerous squirrel predators. The graph in Figure 15-2 reflects the data collected in regard to color and number of squirrels. Explain why the light- and dark-colored squirrels might be selected for and the medium-colored squirrels selected against.

A biologist studying a variety of fly in the rain forest noticed that the types of foods the fly preferred were located either high in the trees or in the foliage on the ground. There didn't seem to be any of the preferred foods anywhere in between. An experiment was designed that would select for a genetically determined behavior known as geotaxis. If a fly shows positive geotaxis, it flies downward. If a fly shows negative geotaxis, it flies upward. To conduct the experiment, the flies being studied were marked and placed in a maze (illustrated in Figure 15-3). Each fly was placed in the "start" chamber. To exit from this area, the fly had to make a decision about which of the three exits to enter. One exit faced upward, indicating negative geotaxis, and another exit aimed downward, indicating positive geotaxis. A third exit permitted the fly to remain on middle ground. Each fly was placed in the maze 15 times and its choice of direction recorded. Some flies consistently went upward and entered the food vial at the end of the exit tube. Others consistently went downward and entered the food vial at the lower end. Some flies chose the upward and downward exits equal numbers of times; others went for the middle exit.

Figure 15-3

115. What might eventually happen if, in the wild, the flies developed into two populations with one showing positive geotaxis and the other showing negative geotaxis? Refer to Figure 15-3.

116. What might be acting in the flies' environment to select for flies that do not exhibit a distinct preference for flying upward at every trial or downward at every trial? Refer to Figure 15-3.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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117. Referring to Figure 15-3, describe what would be happening to the frequency of the allele for negative geotaxis in the above question.

118. If the selection of direction is a genetic trait, what should happen when flies consistently selecting the upward exit are mated and those selecting the downward exit are mated, and the "no preference" and middle choice flies are discarded? Refer to Figure 15-3.

119. What type of selection pressure is operating in this experiment? Use Figure 15-3 to explain your answer.

120. In terms of evolution and natural selection, why would the researcher suspect that the flies being studied would show geotaxis? Refer to Figure 15-3.

121. Summarize the major anatomical changes in hominids during human evolution.

122. Describe the apes.

123. Compare and contrast Old World and New World monkeys.

124. Describe some of the adaptations primates have for dwelling in trees.

125. Explain why we are still piecing together a picture of how human evolution occurred, and how is it possible that our understanding of it might be flawed?

126. Why is bipedal locomotion probably the most important of all hominid traits?

127. Early primates spent most, if not all, of their time in the trees. How did their successful adaptations there eventually lead to important hominid adaptations?

128. When African forests declined and were replaced with vast areas of grassland, competition for food among animal species intensified. In an attempt to survive, hominids radiated outward from small forested areas. A vegetarian group, the australopithecines, emerged a few thousand years after the cooling period 2.8 million years ago. These hominids had to rely on seeds and tubers during the harsher seasons and on dense vegetation along riverbanks during the remainder of the year. Exploiting a variety of habitats at about the same time as the australopithecines was the first representative of the genus Homo. Members of this group consumed many kinds of food, including meat. How would a diet of meat select for a different jaw and tooth structure than is seen in earlier primates?

129. When African forests declined and were replaced with vast areas of grassland, competition for food among animal species intensified. In an attempt to survive, hominids radiated outward from small forested areas. A vegetarian group, the australopithecines, emerged a few thousand years after the cooling period 2.8 million years ago. These hominids had to rely on seeds and tubers during the harsher seasons and on dense vegetation along riverbanks during the remainder of the year. Exploiting a variety of habitats at about the same time as the australopithecines was the first representative of the genus Homo. Members of this group consumed many kinds of food, including meat. How would a diet of meat improve the chances of this group's survival, compared to australopithecines?

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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It is speculated that environmental changes in the African habitat from warm, moist forest to cool, dry grassland exerted selection pressures on all native species, including prehumans. Of all the theories attempting to explain hominid evolution, the one presently receiving much attention links the emergence of humankind to widescale climatic change. Two such major events in human evolution occurred, the first 2.8 million years ago, and the second occurred 1 million years ago.

Ocean-bottom core samples (see Figure 16-1) taken from the west coast of Africa, the Arabian Sea, and the Gulf of Aden off the east coast of Africa lend credibility to this theory. A thick layer of dust and silicate particles has been found in the cores at levels determined to have been deposited 2.8 million and 1 million years before the present. Scientists attribute the deposits to the fact that grasses draw large quantities of silicates from the soil and concentrate them in their tissues for structural use. In a grassland environment, as grasses live, die, and decompose over many years, quantities of silicates accumulate in the surface soil.

Deposits of dust and silicates also coincide with ice sheet formation and the onset of two ice ages in the Northern Hemisphere. Computer models show that the cooling and ice sheet formation influenced weather in both hemispheres. The models illustrate how cool, dry winds would have been diverted toward Africa as the ice sheets grew.

Another important piece of information has been obtained from the Gulf of Aden core. It contains volcanic ash, along with dust and silicates blown by monsoon winds from the Rift Valley. This type of ash is also found in association with some hominid fossils discovered in the Rift Valley.

Figure 16-1

130. In what way does the presence of volcanic ash in the Gulf of Aden cores and in the Rift Valley help in tracing human evolution? Refer to Figure 16-1.

131. Describe what the African environment might have been like 2.0 million years ago. You may refer to Figure 16-1.

132. Describe the African environment that existed approximately 2.8 million and 1 million years ago. Use Figure 16-1 to explain your answer.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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Problem

Radioactive isotopes, atoms with unstable nuclei, decay over time, giving off radiation as they break down. The decay rate of every radioactive element is known; moreover, radioactive decay continues at a steady rate. Scientists compare the amount of the original radioactive element to the amount of the new element present, which has formed as a result of the decay. Suppose that you start with 100 g of a certain radioisotope that decays to half its original amount in 50 000 years.

Amount ofParent Material

Amount ofDaughter Material

Years Passed

100 grams 0 grams 0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

3.125 grams 96.875 grams 250 000

Table 14-1

133. On the grid in Figure 14-1, graph the data in Table 14-1 in order to show the relationship between the passage of time and the amount of original radioisotope. Then, place an X on the graph to indicate the point at which modern humans first appeared on Earth. Consider time 0 as that point at which the decay of the full amount of the isotope begins. The 250 000-year point is the present time.

Figure 14-1

134. Complete Table 14-1 so that the amount of parent material (original radioisotope) and the amount of daughter material (nonradioactive end product) are correct for the number of years passed.

ID: A

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EvolutionAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-4NAT: C3 | C6 | D2 STA: 9.12.7

2. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-3NAT: C1 | C3 | C6 STA: 9.12.7

3. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-3NAT: C1 | C3 | C6 STA: 9.12.7

4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-3NAT: C1 | C3 | C6 STA: 9.12.7

5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-2NAT: C3 | C6 | G1 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.5 | 9.12.2

6. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-2NAT: C3 | C6 | G1 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.5 | 9.12.2

7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-1NAT: C3 | C6 | G1

8. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-1NAT: C3 | C6 | G1

9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-1NAT: C3 | C6 | G1

10. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-5NAT: C1 | C3 | C6 STA: 9.12.7


12. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-1NAT: C3 | C6 | G1

13. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-1NAT: C3 | C6 | G1


15. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-5NAT: C1 | C3 | C6 STA: 9.12.7

16. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-2NAT: C3 | C6 | G1 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.5 | 9.12.2

17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-2NAT: C3 | C6 | G1 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.5 | 9.12.2

18. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-2NAT: C3 | C6 | G1 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.5 | 9.12.2

19. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-6NAT: C6 | F4 | G1 STA: 9.12.2 | 9.12.6 | 9.12.4

20. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-6NAT: C6 | F4 | G1 STA: 9.12.2 | 9.12.6 | 9.12.4

21. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-2NAT: C3 | C6 | F4 STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.6

ID: A

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46. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-2NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4

47. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-1NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

48. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-2NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4

49. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-1NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

50. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-5NAT: C3 | G1 | G3 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.4


52. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-1NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

53. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-5NAT: C3 | G1 | G3 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

54. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-3NAT: C3 | C4 | G2 STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4 | 9.12.1









63. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-5NAT: C3 | G1 | G3 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.4


65. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-1NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

66. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-1NAT: C6 | G2 | G3 STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

67. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-3NAT: C3 | C4 | G2 STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4 | 9.12.1


69. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-3NAT: C3 | C4 | G2 STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4 | 9.12.1

ID: A

4

70. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-3NAT: C3 | C4 | G2 STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4 | 9.12.1

71. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-5NAT: C3 | G1 | G3 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

72. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-5NAT: C3 | G1 | G3 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

73. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-5NAT: C3 | G1 | G3 STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.4

COMPLETION

74. ANS: protocells

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-4 NAT: C3 | C6 | D2STA: 9.12.7

75. ANS: archaebacteria

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-5 NAT: C1 | C3 | C6STA: 9.12.7

76. ANS: spontaneous generation

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-4 NAT: C3 | C6 | D2STA: 9.12.7

77. ANS: biogenesis

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 14-3 NAT: C1 | C3 | C6STA: 9.12.7

78. ANS: adaptive radiation

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-6 NAT: C6 | F4 | G1STA: 9.12.2 | 9.12.6 | 9.12.4

79. ANS: vestigial structure

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-3 NAT: C3 | G1 | G3STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.2 | 9.12.3

80. ANS: punctuated equilibrium

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-5 NAT: C6 | F4 | G1STA: 9.12.4 | 9.12.6

81. ANS: Natural selection

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 15-1 NAT: C3 | C6 | G3STA: 9.12.2 | 9.12.3 | 9.12.6

82. ANS: polyploid


ID: A

6

95. ANS: bipedal


96. ANS: haplorhines

PTS: 1 DIF: B OBJ: 16-2 NAT: C6 | G2 | G3STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4

SHORT ANSWER

97. ANS: Photosynthetic organisms gave off O2. Lightning converted some of the atmospheric oxygen into ozone (O3). The ozone eventually built up a layer, which shields Earth's surface from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-5 NAT: C1 | C3 | C6STA: 9.12.7

98. ANS: The photoautotrophs released oxygen, which was missing from the ancient atmosphere and necessary for aerobic respiration. Thus, the autotrophs produced the O2 needed for the aerobic organisms to evolve.


99. ANS: Miller and Urey's experiments supported the proposed and widely accepted hypothesis by Alexander Oparin that life began in the early oceans. Using a model of the primitive Earth atmosphere, oceans, and climatic conditions, Miller and Urey produced amino acids and other organic compounds. This demonstrated that the formation of life was possible establishing a foundation for the modern theories.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-4 NAT: C3 | C6 | D2STA: 9.12.7

100. ANS: Biogenesis is the idea that living things come only from other living things. Redi proved that large organisms, such as flies, do not spontaneously appear as had been previously thought. Pasteur took Redi's work even further and showed by experiments with broth that even bacteria do not spontaneously arise.


101. ANS: Scientists identify different kinds of fossils found in sedimentary rock layers. From the way the rock is formed, the scientists can determine approximately when the organism lived and what the climate was like. By observing many different layers, conclusions can be drawn about the evolution of certain organisms from their fossils.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-1 NAT: C3 | C6 | G1

ID: A

7

102. ANS: Answers will vary. Insects, plants, and small animals may be preserved in amber, a fossilized tree sap. Casts of organisms produce a replica of the original organism when minerals fill in a mold created by the organism. Trace fossils are the markings or evidence of animal activities, such as footprints and trails. The hard parts of organisms may be fossilized and replaced by minerals, creating a stone copy.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-1 NAT: C3 | C6 | G1 103. ANS:

At this stage in Earth's history, aerobic organisms evolved.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 14-2 NAT: C3 | C6 | G1STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.5 | 9.12.2

104. ANS: Photoautotrophs released O2 into the atmosphere. Prior to that, there was no large source of atmospheric oxygen.


105. ANS: Photoautotrophs evolved and released O2 into the atmosphere.


106. ANS: The leaf fossils in layer IV would indicate that this area was dry land with plants growing. The fish fossils in layers III and II indicate that the area was later under water and supported aquatic life. Layer I has no visible fossils. This could indicate that the area was a desert with little life and no water present to allow large numbers of fossils to form. Or, the conditions in the area did not allow the formation of fossils.


In order to determine the age of fossil A, scientists could use an absolute dating technique called radiometric dating. It relies on the rate at which unstable radioactive nuclei break down and, over time, give off radiation and eventually become different, stable elements. The ratio of the amount of unstable radioisotopes to the amount of the stable end product allows scientists to calculate how much time has passed since the fish was alive. Another method, relative dating, relies on scientists knowing the age of fossils above, below, or within the same layer as the unknown specimen. The age of fossil A can then be estimated.


Answers will vary. Allele frequency is altered by genetic drift, natural selection, migration, mutation, or nonrandom mating. This results in a change in genetic equilibrium in a population that is evolving. Evolution leads eventually to speciation.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 15-5 NAT: C6 | F4 | G1STA: 9.12.4 | 9.12.6

ID: A

8

109. ANS: Fossils can show evolutionary changes over time. Anatomical studies indicate evolutionary relationships. Vestigial structures indicate evolutionary pathways. Embryological development and genetic comparisons show evolution from a common ancestor.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 15-3 NAT: C3 | G1 | G3STA: 9.12.1 | 9.12.2 | 9.12.3

110. ANS: Direct evidence that supports the theory of evolution is drug resistance by bacteria, pesticide resistance by insects, and changes in allele frequencies within certain other populations such as the peppered moth.


111. ANS: Structural and physiological adaptations occur at random within populations because of adaptations. Darwin's theory explains how these are fixed within populations.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 15-2 NAT: C3 | C6 | F4STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.6

112. ANS: Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection can be summarized by the following four statements. First, variations exist within populations. Second, some variations are more advantageous for survival and reproduction than others. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Finally, over time, offspring of survivors will make up a larger proportion of the population.


113. ANS: After a long period of time, squirrels with the once-most-common phenotype, medium fur color, will produce fewer and fewer offspring and will gradually be eradicated. The light- and dark-colored individuals will live and reproduce successfully. After a while, disruptive selection will concentrate the color distribution at the two extremes. Eventually, the two groups may no longer recognize each other for mating purposes. This reproductive isolation could lead to the two types becoming separate species. Another possibility with the same end result is that these squirrels would tend to survive most successfully in areas where either dark or light coat color variation would be most advantageous. This would lead to geographic isolation.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 15-4 NAT: C2 | C4 | G1STA: 9.12.6 | 9.12.2

114. ANS: The light-colored squirrels blend in well with the soil found in the area and with the leaves that fall from the trees and cover the ground in the autumn. The darker-colored squirrels blend in well with the paved walkways of the park area and also with the darkened tree trunks. The medium-colored squirrels would be more visible to predators and thus be selected against.


ID: A

9

115. ANS: Eventually, the two populations would become reproductively isolated owing to their height preferences. Two distinct species with their separate gene pools would result.


116. ANS: The preferred foods could ripen at different times so that at one point in the year, it would be beneficial to fly upward and at a different time of the year, it would be more productive to fly downward. It might be, for example, that they feed on the pollen or other product of a particular species of flower. The flower may open only in the evening. So at that time of the day, the fly would do better to fly upward toward the flower. At other times, the fly may do better moving downward. There could also be a variety of predators that feed on the flies. Perhaps some of these predators also have preferred niches that are related to height levels in the vegetation.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 15-2 NAT: C3 | C6 | F4STA: 9.12.3 | 9.12.6

117. ANS: The frequency of the allele for negative geotaxis would be decreasing.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 15-5 NAT: C6 | F4 | G1STA: 9.12.4 | 9.12.6

118. ANS: You should end up with two different types of flies. One type will consistently fly only upward and the other will fly only downward.


119. ANS: Disruptive selection would be operating. The two extremes are being favored while the middle choice (sometimes positive geotaxis and sometimes negative) is being selected against. This is true because the middle flies are being discarded in the experiment while the two extremes are being retained and allowed to mate.


120. ANS: It would be reasonable to expect that the flies would move either directly upward toward food or directly downward toward food because there wasn't anything for them to eat in between those areas.


ID: A

10

121. ANS: Hominids are bipedal, with large brains. The braincase was originally apelike, and the first australopithecines had a face and teeth that were chimplike. The position of the foramen magnum was at the bottom of the braincase. A. afarensis and A. africanus had larger teeth and jaws that enabled them to eat tough plant materials. Neanderthal humans were powerfully built and were replaced by Cro-Magnons, who were apparently much like modern humans of today.


122. ANS: Apes are primates without tails. They are the closest animal relatives of humans. Apes live in Africa and Southeast Asia, are tailless, and have large brains. Apes include chimpanzees, gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, and siamangs. Although all groups have been observed occasionally to kill and eat animals, all are herbivores.

PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 16-2 NAT: C6 | G2 | G3STA: 8.12.2 | 9.12.4

123. ANS: Old World monkeys are natives of Africa and Asia. They are a varied group with most species living in trees. Although most species are tropical, they are the only primates, other than humans, that naturally occur outside the tropics. New World monkeys are native to Central and South America. All live in trees and have prehensile tails. These monkeys travel from tree to tree by using their hands for grasping as they swing through the branches.


124. ANS: Primates have a highly developed sense of vision with forward-facing eyes, stereoscopic vision, and color vision. Flexible shoulder and hip joints are important for climbing, swinging, and clinging to branches. Opposable thumbs allow tight grasping and manipulation of small objects.


125. ANS: The fossil record is not complete. Many of our interpretations of which primate or hominid preceded the other are based on fragments of skeletons. In addition, ancient human fossils are rare due to poor conditions for fossilization at most of the sites.


126. ANS: Being bipedal allowed hominids to use their hands for tasks other than locomotion, such as toolmaking and food gathering.


ID: A

11

127. ANS: Successful primate adaptations for arboreal life include three-dimensional (stereoscopic) vision, an opposable thumb, the rotating ball-and-socket shoulder joint, and in some cases, the prehensile tail. All but the last adaptation have been significant in the evolution of hominids. Three-dimensional vision permits depth perception, which is critical for tree life, allows for better judgment of predator and prey distances, and also makes the fashioning of tools possible. The opposable thumb makes grasping and crafting tools possible. The flexible shoulder joint made movement through the trees easier for primates and, for hominids, was a necessary step in the evolution of efficient arm movements.


128. ANS: The jaw of a vegetarian animal is necessarily heavy with broad, flat teeth. This allows for the chewing and grinding necessary to prepare the food for further digestion. The tooth and jaw structure of an omnivore or carnivore does not require the same massive structure. Meat does not require the same amount and kind of mechanical processing. A meat eater would also need teeth modified for tearing the flesh of the animals consumed.


129. ANS: By eating meat, the chances of survival were greatly increased because meat is available year-round. Thus, eating a variety of foods, including meat, enhanced the quality of their diet.


130. ANS: The presence of volcanic ash in the cores and in the Rift valley allows for a more precise time correlation between hominid fossils found on land and the climatic record provided by the ocean cores.


131. ANS: The African habitat had changed from grassland back to large expanses of forest. This change would have been due to the recession of the ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere, which resulted in a climate change from cool and dry to warm and moist. The warmer air could hold more moisture. Also, core samples did not contain silicates and dust deposits 2 million years ago, indicating that large expanses of grassland were no longer present.


132. ANS: The silicate deposits indicate a relatively dry grassland environment. This hypothesis is reinforced by the computer models predicting cool, dry air being diverted toward Africa as ice sheets grew in the Northern Hemisphere.


ID: A

12

PROBLEM

133. ANS: See Solution 14-1.

Solution 14-1


Amount ofParent Material

Amount ofDaughter Material

Years Passed

100 grams 0 grams 0

50 grams 50 grams 50 000

25 grams 75 grams 100 000

12.5 grams 87.5 grams 150 000

6.25 grams 93.75 grams 200 000

3.125 grams 96.875 grams 250 000

Table 14-1


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