excavations at utica by the tunisian-british utica project 2013 (e. fentress, f. ghozzi, j. quinn,...
DESCRIPTION
Final report on work by the Tunisian-British Utica Project at the site of Utica in Tunisia in September 2013.TRANSCRIPT
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"#$%&%'()*+ %' ,'($% -. '/0 12*(+(%*345('(+/ ,'($%
65)70$' 89:;
"#$%&'()* +(,)-(..
+&/0%$ 1*/%%$
2/.(3*$,( 40$,,
5,6-(7 8$#./,
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"#$%&%'()*+ %' ,'($% -. '/0 12*(+(%*345('(+/ '0%(#MV: 7*$)(
C&-'#( U3-/'&'#M Z-/W/,,(.$&,V K/-$,)*$&,
=&3$). &,6 '&.(.: &,6 !"#$$% #'(")% G#0)(6
3$#&.)(-.D ;*(-( &33(&- )/ '( &) #(&.) )7/:
&,6 3(-*&3. )*-((: 6$GG(-(,) /-6(-. /G
=/#0C,. &,6 3$#&.)(-.: .0@@(.)$,@ ($)*(-)*&) )*( '0$#6$,@ *&6 )7/ .)/-(M. /- )*(
=/#/,,&6( /G )*( ./0)* 3/-)$=/ 7&. /G &
6$GG(-(,) .$%( )*&, )*( $,)(-$/- =/#/,,&6(D
;*( )*-(( -/''(- )-(,=*(. )*&) C&-W )*(
#$,(. /G )*( 7#. /G L0$#6$,@ O &-( ,/) # /G
)*( .&C( 6&)(D
O;*( (&)$/, 7&. =&--$(6 /0) 0,6(- )*( .03(->$.$/, /G )*( &0)*/-.: )/@()*(- 7$)* [/0-*\,,( L$#(#: 1&0)&C
L/,6&6&: K*&*#& ]*$'$: K&-/#$,( 1//6./,: *&6$S& N/0C,$: B/0#(G B&W(): &,6 2/*, B$@C$(-D ;*-/0@*/0) )*$.-(3/-) =/,)(
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5. .*/7, $, 9PO9: )*( 7#. /G L0$#6$,@ 9: 7*$=* $. =#(&-#M 6&)(6 )/ )*( ,$,)* =(,)0-M 5]: &-( '0$#)
3&-)$#M /, )/3 /G )*( G$## /G )*( ./0)*(-,C/.) )-(,=*D E, =/,)-&.): )*( G$##. /G )*( )7/ ,/-)*(-#M
-/''(- )-(,=*(. =/,)&$, C&)(-$ /G # 6&)(.: &,6 7(-( />(-#&$, /,#M 'M )/3./$#Y )*(M &33(&- )/ 6&)(
)/ )*( (&-#M )7(,)$()* =(,)0-MD ]0-$,@ )*( 9POQ .(&./,: C/.) /G )*( G$## /G )*(.( )-(,=*(. 7&.
-(C/>(6: (($,@ /G )*( '0$#) #&,6.=&3( /G )*( &-(& 3-$/- )/ )*( '0$#6$,@ /G )*( '&.$#$=&D
"(6 #/@$.)$=#M =*#(,@$,@ )/ -(C/>(D
E, )*( ./0)*(-,C/.) -/''(- )-(,=*:
7/-W $, 9PO9 ((# /G )*( -/&6
.0-G&=(D ;*$. 7# (>$6(,)#M '(#/,@(6 )/ & '0$#6$,@ 3-(a6&)$,@ L0$#6$,@ O &,6 .((C. )/ *&>( '((,
$,=/-3/-&)(6 $,)/ )*( G/0,6&)$/,. /G )*( #&)(- 7# /G )*( '&.$#$=&D N&6( /G C/-)&-(6 -0''#(: $) *&. &
3-(.(->(6 )*$=W,(.. /G 9D9Q CD
;/ )*( ,/-)*: 7/-W =/,)$,0(6 /, -(C/>$,@ )*( G$## /G )*( ,/-)*(-,C/.) -/''(- )-(,=*D 5 ./,6&@(
(&)(6 &) )*( (&.) (,6 /G )*$. -(>((6 )7/ =/0-.(. /G G/0,6&)$/, '#/=W.D ;*( #/7(.) /G )*(.(
=/,.$.)(6 /G #&-@( &.*#&-.: )7/ /G 7*$=* 7(-( (
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/)*(- .)-0=)0-(. $. 0,=#(&- '0): &@&$, $) $. .#$@*)#M #/7(- $, (#(>&)$/, )*&, )*( G#//- .0-G&=(D ;*(-( $.
g0$)( & .0'.)&,)$ 6$GG(-(,=( $, (#(>&)$/,: /G '()7((, PDA &,6 O C: '()7((, # /G )*(.( (&-#M 7#.
&,6 G#//-. &,6 )*( G#//- #(>(# /G )*( L&.$#$=& /- )*( -/&6 .0-G&=(: '0) )*(-( &-( ,/ .$@,. $, &,M /G )*(
($6(,=( G/-
(( )(--&=$,@ (#.(7*(-( &) R)$=&: $) $. 3/..$'#( )*&) )*$. 7*/#( &-(& 7&. ((#M -(C/6(#(6
3-$/- )/ )*( =/,.)-0=)$/, /G )*( L&.$#$=&: 7$)* &,M 3-(a(
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;*( $,)(-3-()&)$/, /G )*( -/''(6 .)-0=)0-( $. $, ,/ 7&M =#(&-: ,/- $. $). -(#&)$/,.*$3 )/ )*( 3$(- '&.(
UhV: )*/0@* )*(M &-( (>$6(,)#M 3&-) /G )*( .&C( #$,(&- .)-0=)0-(D E) $. ,/) $C3/..$'#( )*&) )*$. $. )*(
,/-)* 7# /G )*( G/-0C: 7$)* )*( 3$(- '&.( -(3-(.(,)$,@ 3&-) /G &, /3(,$,@ G-/C )*( -/&6D ;*(
3&>$,@ .)/,(. =#(&-#M &'0))(6 )*( 7#: &. )*(M #$,( 03 7$)* )*( (6@( /G )*( -/''(- )-(,=*D E) $. ,/)
$C3/..$'#( )*&) )*(-( $. & .(=/,6 -/''(- )-(,=*: =0--(,)#M /'.=0-(6 'M )*( C(6$(> .0-G&=( -(#&)(6
)/ L0$#6$,@ EF: 7*$=* -(3-(.(,). )*( .)M#/'&)( G/- & 3/-)$=/ 7*$=* 7/0#6 *&>( #$,(6 )*( ,/-)* .$6( /G)*( G/-0CD ;*$. 3/-)$=/ 7/0#6 *&>( '((, 3&>(6 7$)* )*( #$C(.)/,( .#&'. .((, $, .(=)$/,D
;*( /,#M /)*(- T/C&, .)-0=)0-( G/0,6 $, )*( )-(,=* 7&. G/-C(6 /G G/0- #&-@( &.*#&- '#/=W.: #&$6 G#&):
7$)* & =*&,,(# &-/0,6 $). ,/-)*(-, &,6 (&.)(-, (6@(.D E) 7&. -(>((6 $, )*( '/))/C /G &,
&33&-(,)#M C/6(-, ./,6&@(: 7*$=* 7&. >$.$'#( /, )*( .0-G&=( &. & -/0@*#M .g0&-( 3$) G$##(6 7$)* #&-@(
.)/,(. U'(#/7 +$@D ?VD ;*( .)-0=)0-( C&M *&>( .033/-)(6 & .)&)0( '&.(D
*+,"+-#$ .))/0#("%'1 2/"$,"'! 34
J>(- )*( G/-0C 3&>$,@ & cP =C )*$=W #&M(- /G
.&,6M -(6 (&-)* &==0C0#&)(6: /,)/ 7*$=*
L0$#6$,@ EF 7&. =/,.)-0=)(6: S0.) ./0)* /G )*(
T/C&, 7# &,6 3-(.0C&'#M )/ ./C( ( /G )*( #&)(.) G#//- .0-G&=(:
-(>((6 & #/7(- G#//-D;*$. 7&. /G '(&)(, (&-)*:
7$)* & G(7 .C# .)/,(.D J, )*( 7(.) .$6( /G )*(
-//C 7&. =0) & (#''/5: /- />(,D ;*$. 7&. & -$,@a.*&3(6 .)-0=)0-(: C/.) O C 7$6(: G$##(6 'M
#&M(-. /G &.* &,6 '0-,(6 (&-)*: 7*$=* 3-/'&'#M
-(3-(.(,) )*( =/##&3.( /G $). 7#.D E) -&, 0,6(- )*( .(=)$/,: &,6 $) $. )*0. 0,=#(&- */7 #/,@ )*(
/-$@$, -//C 7&.f &) )*$. 3/$,): )*( /-$@$, 6//- $, )*( ,/-)* 7# 7&. /3(,D 5 .C# */#( $, )*(
./0)*(&.) =/-,(- /G )*( -//C: =0) $,)/ & ./-) /G #$))#( -&$.(6 '(,=*: 7&. $,)(-3-()(6 &. & =/,)&$,(- G/-
& S&-D T//C O $. )*0. =0-$/0.: '($,@ #$))#( />(- & C()-( 7$6(: )*/0@* =#(&-#M G0,=)$/,$,@ G/- =//W$,@D
;/ )*( ./0)* /G $): .(3&-&)(6 'M )*( -&)*(- G-&@$#( 7#: 7&. T//C 9D ;*$. 7&. C0=* C/-( 6(.)-/M(6:
&,6 .((C. )/ *&>( @/,( /0) /G 0.( $, )*( .(=/,6 3*&.( /G T//C OD ;*( 7#. 7(-( >(-M .=-0GG$#M
=/,.)-0=)(6: 7$)* (&-)* &,6 ./C( .g0&-(6 .)/,(.D ;*( G#//- 7&. /G '(&)(, (&-)*D ;*$. .0-G&=( 7&.
=/>(-(6 'M & 6(.)-0=)$/, #&M(-: 7*$=* C&M *&>( .(->(6 &. )*( /0).$6( .0-G&=( G/- )*( .(=/,6 3*&.(
/G L0$#6$,@ EFD
C(D250 O@ 2$))1,E5)< FG P$%A0 9GJ
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;/ )*( ./0)* /G )*( '0$#6$,@ 7&. & .0-G&=( 7*$=* .((C. )/ *&>( '((, @(,(- )/ )*( 7*/#( /G )*(
&-(&D 5) )*( ./0)*(-, (,6 /G )*( )-(,=*: )*$. .0-G&=( 7&. =0) 'M )7/ .C# 7#. -0,,$,@ 3&-#(# )/
(&=* /)*(-D J,( /G )*(.( -&, &) & .#$@*) &,@#( $,)/ )*( 7(.)(-, .(=)$/,f $) 7&. 3-(.(->(6 &. )7/
=/0-.(. /G .)/,(. $, $). (&.)(-, (,6: '0) 7&. -/''(6 $, $). 7(.)(-, 3&-): &,6 6$.&33(&-. 0,6(- )*(
.(=)$/, &. & -/''(- )-(,=*D ;*( .(=/,6 $. & )*$, 7# /G & .$,@#( =/0-.( /G .)/,(.: -0,,$,@ -/0@*#M
3&-#(# )/ $) &-/0,6 & C()-( &7&M: '0) =0) 'M )*( C/6(-, ./,6&@(G E) $. ,/) =#(&- 7*()*(- )*(.(.)-0=)0-(. -(#&)(6 )/ L0$#6$,@ EF $, &,M 7&MD ;*(-( $. ,/ -( =/,)$,0$)M '()7((, )*(C: '0): &..0C$,@
& #&-@( 6(@-(( /G 6(.)-0=)$/,: )*(M 6"!7(G/-C )7/ 7$,@. /G )*( .&C( #&-@(: =/0-)M&-6 .)-0=)0-(D
;*( .0-G&=( /G )*( 3/..$'#(
=/0-)M&-6 7&. =0) 'M & >(-M #&-@(
,0C'(- /G .$#/.D ;*/.( )/7&-6.
L0$#6$,@ EF 7(-( .C#(-:
@(,(-#M '()7((, ?P &,6 AP =C
7$6(: &,6 /==&.$/,#M '(##a
.*&3(6D ;*(-( 7(-( ./ )7/
C&..$>(: '(##a.*&3(6 .$#/. />(- 9C 6((3D ;*( #/7(-: .7(##$,@
.(=)$/,. /G )*(.( 7(-( G$##(6 7$)*
.$#)M (&-)* 7$)* C0=* 3/))(-M &,6
./C( '/,(: 7*$#( )*( 033(-:
=M#$,6-$= .(=)$/,. 7(-( '#/=W(6
7$)* C&..$>( .)/,(.: ./C( )//
*(&>M )/ -(C/>(D ;*($- G$##. 7(-(
-$=* $, 3/))(-M: )*/0@* '/,(.
7(-( -(#&)$>(#M .=&-=(: &,6
#$C$)(6 )/ =*$=W(, &,6 ./C(
#&C'D +0-)*(- .$#/. 7(-( G/0,6=#0.)(-(6 &-/0,6 )*( -/''(-
)-(,=* '(.$6( )*( -/&6: )*/0@*
)*(.( 7(-( G&- #(.. -$=* $,
=(-&C$= C&)(-$D 8( C0.)
$C&@$,( )*(.( .$#/. =#0.)(-(6
&-/0,6 )*( -0$,. /G )*( T/C&,
.)-0=)0-( 7*(, $) 7&. .)$##
.)&,6$,@D
;*( 6&)$,@ /G # )*(.( .)-0=)0-(.
-(C&$,. 0,=(-)&$,D 5 '-$(G &,6 /0)a/Ga.(g0(,=( (&)$/, /G & @-(M: .$#)M #&M(- -0,,$,@ 0,6(-L0$#6$,@ EF: )*/0@*) )/ '( )*( -/''(- )-(,=* /G )*( G/-0C 3/-)$=/: -(>((6 & @#&.. 7($@*) &,6 & =/$,
/G )*( .$(,)* =(,)0-MD
J==03&)$/, .((C. )/ *&>( =/,)$,0(6 $,)/ )*( )7(#G)* =(,)0-M: &. 3/))(-M G-/C )*( >(-M #&-@( .$#/. )/
)*( ./0)* .*/7.D E, /,( /G )*(.(: 7(-( G/0,6 & '-/7,: @-((, &,6 )0-g0/$.( @#&%(6 '/7#: )/@()*(-
7$)* ]X5,@(#/ "Oi"9 &C3*/-&(D K/&-.(7&-(. $,=#06( .)-&$,(- S&-.: $,=#06$,@ & @#&%(6 >(-.$/,D9;*(
-/''$,@ /G )*( T/C&, 7#: =&--$(6 /0) ,(
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/G )*( .$)(: &. $). G$##. =/>(- )*( #$))#( '0$#6$,@ &,6 )*( 3/))(-M G-/C )*( -/''(- )-(,=* &33(&-. )/ '(
)*( #&)(.) /, )*( .$)(: &@&$,: 3-/'&'#M 6&)$,@ )/ )*( )7(#G)* =(,)0-MD ;*( /==03&)$/, /G )*( >$##&@(
)*0. .((C. )/ 6&)( )/ )*( +&)$C$6 3(-$/6: &,6 )/ *&>( '((, -(#&)$>(#M .*/-)a#$>(6D E) 7&. -&)*(-
((: */7(>(-: &. /)*(- *0). &-( >$.$'#( )*-/0@*/0) )*( &-(& /G )*( G/-0CD
C(D250 S@?+A%
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D
>50% ???@ 1/0 _)2+0 )E '/0 T%5D0 `0$2+;
1(/GG N/-#(M &,6 [$=*/#( B*(#6-$=W
;*( C&$, G/=0. /G )*( 9POQ (&)$/,. $, )*( H/0.( /G )*( I&-@( J(=0. 7&. )*( =/,)$,0&)$/, /G )*(7/-W '(@0, $, 9PO9 $, T//C. kEk: kk: kkE: &,6 )*( 7(.) *G /G kkEED +0-)*(- $,>(.)$@&)$/,. 7(-(
((-(6 )*( (,)$-( 0,(&)(6 =(,)- 3/-)$/, /G )*( -//CD Z/))(-M G-/C )*$. #&M(- *&.
'((, 6&)(6 G-/C )*( )*$-6 )/ G$G)* =(,)0-$(. 5]: .0@@(.)$,@ )*&) )*( G$, =/##&3.( &,6 &'&,6/,C(,)
/G )*$. -//C 3-/'&'#M /==0--(6 ./C()$C( $, )*$. 3(-$/6D
;*$. .(&./,: /0- (&)$/,. -(&=*(6 7*&) $. 3-/'&'#M &, (&-#M 3/.)a&'&,6/,C(,) /==03&)$/,.0-G&=(: & )*$, .$#)M @-(M #&M(- /,#M & G(7 =(,)$C()-(. &'/>( 7*&) -(C&$,. /G )*( C/.&$= 3&>(C(,)D
"&)$/,. 7(-( *)(6 &) )*$. #(>(# $, /-6(- )/ 3-(.(->( )*( 3&>(C(,) 0,)$# $) =&, '( 3-/3(-#M
(&)(6 &,6 =/,./#$6&)(6 ,((- .C# =/,=(,)-&)$/,. /G G$-(a-(66(,(6 ./$#: &.*: &,6 =*&-=/:
$,)(-3-()(6 &. .C# G$-(.: 3-/'&'#( (>$6(,=( /G .g0&))(- /==03&)$/, $CC(6$&)(#M G/##/7$,@ )*(
3-$C&-M &'&,6/,C(,) /G )*$. 3&-) /G )*( */0.(D
Q;*( (&)$/, 7&. =&--$(6 /0) 0,6(- )*( .03(->$.$/, /G )*( &0)*/-.: )/@()*(- 7$)* 2&,() ]0,W(#'&-@(-:
;*/0-&M& 1*/%%$: &/0)*(- 2(,6/0'$: &,6 l/.-& N&,&$D
C(D250 :9@ ?+A%50% 8G HQTI
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J,( /G )*( C/.) $,)(-(.)$,@ G(&)0-(. 0,=/>(-(6 $, T//C kEk 7&. & -/0,6: .)/,( G(&)0-( U_;888a=
[email protected] OO &,6 O9VD E). =(,)- =/C3/,(,) $. & -(=)&,@0#&- &.*#&- '#/=W: 7$)* .C#(-: -/0@* '#/=W.
&--&,@(6 $, & =$-=0#&- G&.*$/, &-/0,6 $) 0.$,@ & C06 C/-)&- )/ =-(&)( & #&-@( =$-=0#&- 3#&)G/-C: =D OD9
C $, 6$&C()(- &,6 =0--(,)#M .((, )/ '( =$6(,=( /G )-&,.$(,) /==03&)$/, 60-$,@ =/##&3.( /- -/''$,@ (>(,).D ;*( 6(3/.$)
3-/60=(6 C0#)$3#( =/$,. 7*$=* 7(-( -/0@*#M 6&)(6 )/ )*( G/0-)* =(,)0-M 5]Db ;*$. 6&)( 7/0#6 ./
&==/-6 7(## 7$)* )*( 6&)$,@ /G )*( =(-&C$= C&)(-$ G/0,6 $, )*( 6(3/.$)D
:%%68 ;; #', ;;3
5) )*( (,6 /G )*( 9PO9 .(&./,: 7( '(#$(>(6 )*&) 7( *&6 $6(,)$G$(6 )*( #/=&)$/, /G )*( 6$>$6$,@ 7#
'()7((, T//C. kk &,6 kkED 5G)(- ($6$,@ 7#D
E, &66$)$/,: $). #/=&)$/, =/$,=$6(6 7$)* & )-(,=* -0,,$,@ /,@ )*( .&C( #$,(D J, (&)$/, /G
)-(,=* */7(>(-: 7( G/0,6 )*(-( 7&. ,/ (>$6(,=( G/- &,M )M3( /G 7# G/0,6&)$/, '(M/,6 )*&) G$-.)
'#/=W (
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C(D250 :8@ M))$.$/, '()7((, T//C. kk &,6 kkE 7&. &=)0#M #/=&)(6 7&.
)*( 6$.=/>(-M /G & )*$, 7# /G 3$.m /- C06'-$=W =/,.)-0=)$/,: c;:\Sa= -0,,$,@ (&.)a7(.) &=-/.. )*(
G0## 7$6)* /G T//C kk 7$)* ,/ &33&-(,) '-(&WD ;*( 7#: PDO9 C )*$=W: 7&. G&=(6 7$)* 3#&.)(- &,6 $).
C&(6 *($@*) &'/>( 3&>(C(,) #(>(# $. =D PDbP CD ]0( )/ )*( G-&@$#$)M /G )*( 7#: & =D
PD9P C '&0#W 7&. #(G) /, ($)*(- .$6(: ./ )*( -(#&)$/,.*$3 /G )*( 7# )/ )*( 3&>(C(,) #(>(#. $. ,/)
=0--(,)#M W,/7,D
H&>$,@ ,/7 (&)(6 ,(&-#M )/ 3&>(C(,) #(>(# /, ($)*(- .$6( /G c;:\Sa $, T//C. kk &,6 kkE: $)
.((C. #$W(#M )*&) )*$. 3$.m 7# -(3-(.(,). )*( #/=&)$/, /G )*( 6$>$.$/, '()7((, )*( )7/ -//C.D
H/7(>(-: 7*()*(- )*$. =/,.)-0=)$/, 7&. )*( /-$@$, G/-C /G 6$>$6(- '()7((, )*( )7/ -//C.
-(C&$,. )/ '( .((,D K/,.$6(-$,@ )*( -&)*(- '0#WM .)/,( =/,.)-0=)$/, /G )*( 7#. $, )*( -(.) /G )*(
*/0.(: 7( C$@*) .3(=0#&)( )*&) )*$. =/C3&-&)$>(#M G#$C.M 7# 7&. & #&)(- &66$)$/,: 6$>$6$,@ 7*&) 7&.
/-$@$,#M & #&-@(- -//C $,)/ )7/ U7*$=* =/0#6 3/..$'#M *&>( $,>/#>(6 -(a3&>$,@ /,( /- '/)* /G )*(
-//C.: .$,=( )*( )7/ -//C. *&>( 6$GG(-(,) 3&>$,@VD
;*( .(g0(,=( /G (>(,). $, T//C kk ,/-)* /G c;:\Sa $. G&$-#M .)-&$@*)G/-7&-6D ;*( (&-#$(.) =/,)((-(6 'M )*-(( .0==(..$>( #&M(-. /G =#&M(M: 3#&.)(-a-$=* G$##. 7*$=*
-(3-(.(,) )*( 6(=&M /G )*( */0.(: 7$)* /==&.$/, .C#(- n60C3.X '()7((, &,6 & .C# G$-( 3$): $,
)*( ./0)*7(.) =/-,(-D ;*( #&)(.) /G )*(.( G$##. *&6 & .$@,$G$=&,) ,0C'(- /G .)/,( &,6 C&-'#(
G-&@C(,).: 7*$=* C$@*) .0@@(.) $) 7&. &../=$&)(6 7$)* & 3(-$/6 /G -/''$,@ /G )*( */0.(D
5 .$C$#&-#M .)-&$@*)G/-7&-6 .(g0(,=( /G G$##. 7&. /'.(->(6 $, )*( ,&--/7 &-(& '()7((, )*( ./0)* .$6(
/G 3$.m 7# c;:\Sa&,6 )*( ,/-)* (6@( /G )-(,=* ;:JSD 5. $, T//C kk: )*( .(g0(,=( /G =/,)(( '((, & .)-&$@*)G/-7&-6 &==0C0#&)$/, /G .0==(..$>( #&M(-. /G =/##&3.(6
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