excellence in ag sciences day 2011 educators connecting agriculture to research,
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Excellence in Ag Sciences Day 2011 Educators connecting Agriculture to Research,. In-Field Tests for Soil Quality & Health. John W. Doran Editor: Renewable Agriculture & Food Systems, Co-founder Renewing Earth and Its People Foundation, USDA-ARS Cooperator, Former President SSSA, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Excellence in Ag Sciences Day 2011Educators connecting Agriculture to Research,
John W. DoranEditor: Renewable Agriculture & Food Systems,
Co-founder Renewing Earth and Its People Foundation,USDA-ARS Cooperator, Former President SSSA,
Agronomy & Horticulture, Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln, NEContinuing education : Appalachian School of Life
In-Field Tests for Soil Quality & Health
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THREATS to SUSTAININGEARTH & ITS PEOPLE
• Population Growth Adequate Food and Standard of Living
• Fossil Fuel Dependence $ and environmental Costs
POVERTY- - - - - of Affluence - - - - - WAR
ENVIRONMENT HEALTH/AIDS
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Early settlers plowing the prairie – To survive in a seemingly hostile environment
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2-3 fold grain yield increases from industrial agriculture have come at a fairly high cost and
always subsidized by oil
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Green revolution scientists shocked to discover that feeding the world could impair the environment
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People who farmed sustainably for over 40 centuries now lose 18 lbs of farmable soil
for every 1 lb of food eaten
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For the first time since the dawn of civilization we now have the technological capacity to change the
global environment
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Renewable Agriculture & Food Systems
Need Soil Management to economically meet food production needs and maintain quality of essential soil, water, and air resources
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE An agriculture that can EVOLVE toward:
• Greater human UTILITY
• Greater EFFICIENCY of RESOURCE use
• Favorable BALANCE with the ENVIRONMENT
(Richard Harwood, MSU, 1990)
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Sustain. Strategies & Indicators
• Conserve soil organic matter Change in time/space (Color chart/Density)
• Minimize soil erosionInfiltration/compaction/runoff (Ring & Probe)
• Balance production with environmentSeasonal soluble N & P, leaching and loss of
greenhouse gases (EC probe & Strips)
• Better use of renewable resources EC, pH, Nitrate, Respiration/temperature
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USDA Soil Quality Test Kit
“Helped translate science into practice.”
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“Test kit has facilitated partnerships between
farmers and ag specialists”
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Methods for Assessing Soil QualityEdited by: J.W. Doran and A.J. Jones
Soil Science Society of America, Special Pub. No. 49
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“I need help from Scientists with TOOLS for MANAGEMENT
more thanINDICATORS of SOIL QUALITY”
(Harvey Gaynor- Australian Cotton Producer)
We need PARTNERSHIPS to getKNOWERS working with DOERS
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Measuring Agricultural Sustainability at the Farm Level
Farmer/Society Resource/Environmental Needs Conservation Acceptable Adequate/Acceptable• Yields • Soil organic matter• Profits • Soil depth• Risk • Soil cover• Energy($) Ratio • Leachable Salts (NO3)
Output/Input Electrical Conductivity(After Gomez et al., 1996)
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E a stin g
Nor
thin
g
1 .3
1 .7
2 .1
2 .5
2 .9
3 .3
O rg an ic M a tte r (% )
Intensive Grid Sampling
(40’ x 80’ Grid)1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3
Organic Matter (%)
Aerial Photograph
Soils Map
Intensive Soil Quality Assessment on a Field Scale
Irrigated Field Near Gibbon, in Central Platte Region of Nebraska
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Breaking New Ground C management at the
Farm Scale
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SQ Vest- Ring of many uses
InfiltrationSoil Compaction Water-holding
Capacity Bulk Density & WFPS
Respiration (3h Solvita)
(field temp. & WFPS) Potential N
Mineralization
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SQ INDICATORS for PRODUCERS
• Direction of CHANGE in SOIL OM with TIMEVisual or Remote Sensing of Soil Color, Soil Analysis
• Visual : DUST, RUNOFF, RILLS, SEDIMENT Soil Properties: Depth, OM, Texture, % Cover, Infiltration
• CROP and VEGETATION Characteristics Yields, Color, N content, Rooting (Visual/Remote Sensing)
Soil Physical State / Compaction (Dig a Hole)
• Input / Output Ratios of COSTS and ENERGY Soil & Water Nitrate Levels to indicate Efficient N Use
Soil Acidification (leaching with inefficient N fertilizer use)
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Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) :
Indicator of Soil Health and activity ofPlants, Microorganisms, and
Nematodes;
Range of units (dS/m) in wet soil: 0 to 1 units: best soil health 1 to 2 units: Caution, problem for:
• Sensitive plants (d.e. bean, cowpea, pepper, orchardgrass, berseem clover, and potatoes)• Nitrogen bacteria (more Nitrous Oxide evolved offsets benefits of tie- up of atmospheric CO2 in SOM; 1 N2O = 300 CO2)• Plant parasitic nematodes (may have a selective advantage
at EC>1)
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Rapid estimator of Soil Nitrate-N (low lime soils, pH < 7.2)
140 X EC <= ppm Nitrate-N
Late Spring Nitrate-N Test for non-limited corn yield
(Early June, top 12” soil, corn 12” tall 4-6 leaves) EC differential of 0.15 units (21 ppm nitrate-N) in fertilized corn or 0.10 units (14 ppm nitrate-N) with manure or after
soybean or alfalfa.
Nitrate loss after heavy rain and water logging
If soil EC is 0.01, the Nitrate-N content is < 1.4 ppm
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“Dig A Hole”
Single Most ValuableSoil Quality Indicator
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OUR CHALLENGE
Charting a course towards Sustainability
by Translating Science into Practice
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The End of the Beginning
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Achieving Global Sustainability
• What can I do, I’m only one person?
• Change must come from within ourselves.
• We must be the change that we want in the world! (Mahatma Gandhi)
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Love One Another Care for the Earth
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Thank
You!
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Post-Millennium Agriculture“Returning to Basics”
Thank You for Your Attention
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pencil probe
EC (dS m-1)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
NO
3-N
(ppm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
NO3-N = -1.7 + 105.6(EC)
r2 = 0.77
S. Gommes, 172 NE & IA Sites, 2003
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Time (weeks)0 4 8 12 16 20
N-M
iner
aliz
atio
n (k
g N
ha-1
)
0
20
40
60
80Measured CheckMeasured Inorganic FertilizerMeasured ManureEstimated CheckEstimated Inorganic FertilizerEstimated Manure
Figure 3. In situ N-mineralization and net mineralization predicted fromBulk Soil Electrical Conductivity.
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Time, d
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
g N
2O-N
m-2
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
EC 0.40EC 0.50EC 1.0EC 1.5 EC 2.0
N2O 60 % WFPS
Time, d
0 2 4 6 8 10 120.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
90 % WFPS
Lincoln EI CC-M2 soil
0.43
0.53
0.93
1.63
1.94
0.37
0.39
0.51
0.84
0.89
EC0 Nitrate-Nitrogen, ppm EC0 Nitrate-Nitrogen, ppm day 0 day 10 day 0 day 10 0.38 27 60 0.38 27 0 0.53 27 50 0.53 27 0 1.02 27 1 1.02 27 1 1.54 27 1 1.54 27 0.5 2.04 27 1 2.04 27 1
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Markson1 Laboratory EC1:1 dS m-1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Bad
Boy
II F
ield
EC
dS
m-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
y = 0.241 + 0.820r ² = 0.997
300 kg N ha-1
Control
Regression
200 kg N ha-1
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Electrical Conductivity
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N
Soil Sampling Map of a Full Section in NE Colorado
Based Upon Measurements of Electrical Conductivity
- Sampling Site
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Veris EC 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Yie
ld
0
20
40
60
80
100
1999 Wheat Yields vs. ECa
(bu
ac-1)
(mS m-
1)
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Glomalin
a
a
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“Worldwide changes are transforming American agriculture into an endeavor
focused not only on efficient food and fiber production but also on delivering
improved public health, social well-being, and a sound environment”
(FRONTIERS IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: Food, Health, Environment, and Community, NRC,
NAS, Washington, D.C.2002)