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Ethnogeneses Around the Black Sea and along the

Danube. Present day Romania, the turntable of Old &

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Excerpts from THE GETES by Sundeep S. Jhutti 2003Posted on 15/12/2014

SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to

specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its

unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-

chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent

authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. This series is not the place for safe, sober,

and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking

reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the

development of civilization.

Sino-Platonic Papers, 127 ( October, 2003) THE GETES by Sundeep S.

Jhutti

INTRODUCTION. Iranian-speaking nomads have caught the attention of many

societies, from early Greco Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese writers to modem scholars

intrigued by their unique, somewhat romantic lifestyle as horse-mounted warriors

constantly searching for greener pastures, military challenges, and riches. Spread

throughout the vast Central Asian steppes, they were known to the Greeks, the Persians,

the Indians, and the Chinese.

Of these Iranian-speaking nomads, the best known were the Scythians, due to their

contact with the West, particularly Greece. According to Websters EncyclopediaDictionary, the Scythians were a nomadic Indo-European people who settled in Scythia

before the seventh century B.C. and were displaced by the Sarmatians. They were

specially noted in warfare for their mounted archers and in art for their rich gold

ornaments. They spoke an Iranian language. Herodotus, dedicated a great portion of his

Histories solely to the Scythians during the days when the Persian and Egyptian empires

were thriving. He was keen in noting another important and more eastern Iranian tribe

called the Massagetae, whom he considered to be like the Scythians (Rawlinson 1928, 79).

In addition, the geographer Strabo applies the comprehensive name Scythian to the

Sakas, Dahae, and Massagetae. He states: Now the greater part of the Scythians,

beginning at the Caspian Sea, are called Daae, but those who are situated more to the east

are called Massagetae and Sacae, whereas all the rest are given the general name ofScythians, though each people is given a separate name. They are all for the most part

nomads. In the works of the Alexandrian age, writers repeatedly called these nomads at

various times, Scythian, Massagetae, or Dakhs

Interestingly, Alexander Cunningham, the former Director-General of the Archeological

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,

were the same word as the colloquial term daku used in India (Indo-English dacoit),

which literally means a robber or enemy~ (Cunningham 1 888,32). The Scythians could

have been perceived as dacoits by these sedentary societies, and these terms could have

been those of reproach (Cunningham 1888, 32). The 191 1 Encyclopedia Britannica

also holds this view: The predatory tribes of Turan [Turkistan ] (e.g., Massagetae) seem to

have belonged to the same stock [Iranian]. These tribes are distinguished by the Iranian

peasants as Daha(Gr. Daai), enemies, robbers; by the Persians as Sacae; and by the

Greeks generally as Scythians.

The Sakas, in particular, made their way to the Indian subcontinent. In his Guide to Taxila,Marshall, the former Director-General of Archaeology of India , says the

following about the Sakian invaders of India: Known to the western world under the

comprehensive name of Scythians, to the Indians as Sakas, and to the Chinese as Sai or

Sai-wang~ these invaders came principally from the three great tribes of Massagetae,

Sacaraucae, and Dahae, whose home at the beginning of the second century B.C. was in the

country between the Caspian Sea and Jaxartes river. (Marshal11960, 24) In addition to

the tribes mentioned by Marshall, there were many other lesser-known nomadic tribes not

mentioned, for example, the Thyssagetae, Tyrigetae, etc., who probably were like the

Sakas. Marshall, therefore, believes that the Scythian term was an all-inclusive name

applied to all Iranian-speaking Central Asian nomads. Cunningham, on the other hand,

referring to the Scythian invaders of India, included the non-Iranian-speaking

Ephthalites or White Huns. He states: the different races of Scythians, which have

successively appeared on the border provinces of Persia and India, are the following

Sakas or Sacae, the Su or Sai of the Chinese Kushans, or Tochari, the Great Vue-chi

of the Chinese Kidaritae, or Later Kushans, the Little Vue-chi of the Chinese

Ephthalites, or White Huns, the Ye-tha-i-lito of the Chinese. (Cunningham 1888, 27) Tod

also classifies the White Huns as a Scythian people!

Now it is difficult to believe the Scythians were ever really one ethnic entity, since they

were so greatly separated along the vast Central Asian steppes. What seems more

reasonable is that they were groups of many independent nations with a similar language

and culture. Therefore, the comprehensive name Scythian probably signifies a people

who shared a common culture, language, and ex tended geographical area Names of tribes

such as Massagetae, on the other hand, were more geographically specific, referring to, inthis case, a tribe east of the Caspian Sea with almost unique, customs. Leaving tribal origins

aside, the history of these Scythian tribes is impressive. They were known by the

Greco-Romans to the west, by the Chinese to the east, and by the Indians and

Persians to the south. One of the most interesting aspects of these tribes was their

mobility as mounted nomads who left little of Eurasia unexplored.

In his In Search of the Indo-Europeans, referring to a map of Eurasia, Mallory says:

Reading from west to east we can include as Iranian speakers the major Iron Age nomads

of the Pontic-Caspian steppe such as the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians and

Alans. The incredible mobility of these horse-mounted nomads becomes all the more

impressive when we recall their westward expansions through Europe. Sarmatian tribes

not only settled in the Danube region, but during the second century AD, were conscriptedto defend the borders of Roman Britain. The Alans traveled as far as France and

forced their way south through Spain, ultimately to establish a state in North

Africa.(Mallory 1989, 48-49)

It cannot be overemphasized that the mobility of the Scythian tribes was often the result of

their being driven on by other tribes, even kindred tribes, so that an event on one side

of the steppes would cause a chain reaction of events reaching the other. This

was the case with the Huns (Hsuing-Nu), a nomadic Mongol people, who uprooted the

nomadic Yuezhi near the Great Wall of China before the Christian era. The Chinese

Emperor Zheng (Shi Huangdi, 246-210 B.C.) linked together the existing frontier walls into

a continuous defense system, thereby creating the Great Wall of China (Haywood 2000,

26). As a result the restless Hsuing Nu tribe attacked their neighbors the Caucasian

Wusun and Y uezhi, which led to a wholesale movement of these nomads (Dhillon 1994,

41). Not only were the fleeing Yuezhi uprooted, but so also were a perhaps kindred people,

the Sakas, near the Aral Sea. Eventually this chain of events led to these nations appearing

on the Indo-Iranian borderlands and settling in these regions (Dhillon 1994, 41). This same

movement of tribes was the driving force that finally led the Alans to enter Roman

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territory. Haywoodprovides a good summary of this large-scale movement: The rise of

the Xiongnu [Huns] had a destabilizing effect on the Iranian nomads to the

west. In 170 the Xiongnu inflicted a crushing defeat on the Vue Qi [Yuezhi], who fled

westward, unsettling the Sakas, before overrunning the Bactrian kingdom around 135.

The Sakas headed south, first to invade the Parthian empire and, around 141,

northern India, and were able to occupy much of the northwest without

facing much serious opposition. On the western steppes, the Sarmatians

defeated and absorbed the Scythians in the 2nd century and by 150 three

distinct groups appeared: the Iazygians, the Roxolani, and the Alans.

(Haywood 2000, 28)It does not seem mere coincidence that the time line for the barbarian invasions

of Rome corresponds very closely to that of the similar invasions of northwest

India and northeastern Iran,or that Huns were associated with these assaults. For

example, the Alans reached Gaul in A.D. 408 (Dhillon 1994, 91), and the Ephthalites

conquered Transoxiana and Bactria around 440 and reached India around 455-460

(Grousset 1970, 67-68). McGovern provides a birds-eye view of the movement of these

tribes: The Sakas, like their neighbors, the Alani, were destined to play an

important part in later history. But whereas the Alani spread westward into

Europe, the Sakas chose the lands south of them for the seat of their later

actions; and at one time they were lords of much of Eastern Iran and

Northern India. (McGovern 1939) Earlier it was mentioned that the Scythians mayhave had similar customs and language, but it is doubtful that they were ever one ethnic

entity. This statement, however, could be partially untrue. The dominance by one group in

particular, the Massagetae, who in post-Alexandrian times were classified as Sarmatians,

may have led to some homogeneity across most of the steppes. McGovern wrote, The

decay and eventual downfall of the Scythians was due almost entirely to invasion by their

distant kinsmen, the Sarmatians (McGovern 1939, 38).

The Sarmatians were a member of the nomadic Indo-European people who displaced the

Scythians on the lower Don. First the enemies and then the allies of Rome, they were

displaced by the Goths in the third century A.D. (W.E.D.1988, 887). The term

Sarmatian gradually began to replace Scythian in classical accounts. Littleton and

Malcor call them Eastern Scythians (Littleton and Malcor 2000, 16). And for goodreason, as the Sarmatians were not much different from Scythians-they spoke an Iranian

language and wore trousers, soft leather boots, and round or peaked caps, although some

also went bare-headed (Sulimirski 1970).

Regarding the Sarmatians, Jeannine Davis-Kimball wrote a rather interesting paragraph in

her popular book Warrior Women: they were also Caucasoids and spoke an Indo-Iranian

language, their skeletons revealed a variety of ethnic types, with some being tall and large

boned while others were shorter and delicate in stature. My theory, based on a number

of notable comparisons between funeral offerings, is that some of these people might have

been younger generations of Saka who were forced from their territories near the Tien

Shan Mountains or the southern Aral Sea by the need for additional summer pasturelands.

Around the third century A.D., they began migrating westward and eventually these

expert horsemen equipped with sophisticated weapons and armor constituted a real threat

to the Roman legions guarding the Danube frontier. The enterprising legionnaires,

however, defused the situation by recruiting some of the Sannatians to join their army. In

A.D. 175, more than five thousand of the steppe tribesmen (most likely along with their

families) were dispatched to the northern English border to guard Hadrians Wall, which

helped repel incursions into Roman Britain by the Picts and the Celtic Scots. Twenty years

later, the Sarmatian regiment was redeployed to Gaul (the ancient designation for France

and Belgium) to quell a rebellion. Later they were returned to Britain, and as they grew

old, the battle-weary Sarmatians retired to a veterans home in Lancashire.

The destruction by Alexander the Great of the Achaemenid (Persian) monarchyand his

subsequent conquest of Bactria and Sogdiana in 330-328 BC also influenced the history

and development of all the peoples of Central Asia. Neither the Chorasmians nor theMassagetae were subjugated by Alexander, but as a result of having to fight against the

highly trained and organized Macedonian army, they developed new military tactics using

armoured cavalry, the cataphracti. Some authors think that the Massagetae owed their

conquests solely to the use of this armoured cavalry against weaker adversaries.

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(Sulimirski 1970, 81). In the fourth and third centuries BC, the Massagetae

subdued nearly all the nomad tribes of Central Asian north of the

Macedonian frontier, eastward to the Tien-Shan Mountains, and possibly

many tribes of the Kazakhstan steppes; this led to a tremendous extension of

their culture which to a great extent derived from that of Achaemenid Iran

(Sulimirski 1970, 81). Moreover, this mechanism led to the expansion of their culture east

to China, west to the German frontier, and perhaps even southward to India. So did the

Massagetae provide at least some continuity between the vast steppes, before this nation

was scattered by the Huns?

In a rather bold paragraph in their recent book on The Tarim Mummies, James P. Malloryand Victor H. Mair suggest that there may have been more cohesion among these nomads

than was previously believed. They wrote in the following paragraph regarding the Yuezhi

nomads near the border of China: Da (Greater) Yuezhi, or in the earlier pronunciation

dad-ngiwat-tieg, has been seen to equate with the Massagetae who occupied the oases and

steppe lands of West Central Asia in the time of Herodotus; here Massa renders an Iranian

word for Great, hence Great Getae. Others have seen in this word an attempt to

capture in Chinese the name of a tribe that is rendered in Greek as the Iatioi who are

recorded in Ptolemys geography. The original pronunciation has been reconstructed as

gwat-ti or got-ti or gut-si, which opens up distant lexical similarities with the Goths,

the Getae (the Dacian, i.e., Balkan, tribes northwest of the Black Sea), the Guti (a people on

the borderlands of Mesopotamia), the Kusha (our Kushans), the Gushi (a people mentionedin Han texts and regarded as brigands along with the peoples of Kroran) , or a combination

of some but not all of the above. (Mallory and Mair 2000, 98-99). This comparison of like-

sounding tribal names, although merely a paragraph in length, could potentially generate

volumes of discussion and can help us understand more definitively the nature of the

barbarian invasions in ancient Rome, the powerful Kushan Empire in I ndia, the possible

origins of the Guti people, the Guti kings of Mesopotamia, and the similarity between the

Goths, Getae, and the Yuezhi. Moreover, this opens up the possibility that at least

some of the people termed Scythians were a single tribe-the Getae. So could

there have been a nation of nomads who knew themselves as Gets, Gats, Guts,

or Yuts?

This is not the first time that the suggestion has been offered that the Yuezhi could berelated to Goths. In his Tableaux Historiques De L Asia, Julius Von Klaproth (1783-1835)

wrote: The name of Y ueti or Yut recalls that of Y uts or Goths, which came to Europe: it

would be very possible that the Y utes who arrived in Scandinavia with Odin, are the same

people who three centuries before our era, still inhabited the area northwest of the

Chinese Kansu province. This would suppose the emigration of the Goths of Central Asia.

This identification between the Yuezhi and the Goths by Klaproth suggests that the tribes

involved in the movement of nomads into Roman territory may have been greater than

modem scholarship holds. Could it be that the Goths, along with the Alans, were

pushed into Europe under pressure from the Huns? Moreover, could these

same tribes be found in the Indian and Persian frontiers?The South Asian Jats

are one such group that may lead us in the proper direction, as their settlement

corresponds geographically with the Indo-Scythian settlement on the Indian subcontinent.

Perhaps by examining the customs and characteristics of this living population we can

better understand the role the Getae played in history.

Jats, Getae, and Yuezhi.According to Williams, The extent of the Scythian

invasion [of India] has been variously estimated. Some scholars believe they virtually

supplanted the previous population of [northwest] India, and there seems little doubt that

by far the most numerous section of the Punjab population is of Scy thian origin (Williams

1905, 481). We also know that many, if not most, of the Massagetae went to India (Tarn

1966, 306-307). So it would not be outrageous to suppose that the inhabitants of

northwest India may be descended from these ancient invaders. The South Asian Jats are

an Indo-European people who number roughly 35 million and follow the three religions ofHinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in roughly equal percentages, based on Dhillons estimates in

1994 (Dhillon 1994, 1). They are found in Northwest India and Pakistan, mainly in the

provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Roughly

speaking, Jats are Muslims in the West, Sikh in the center, and Hindus in the East (Rose

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1883,1: 361).

Father Monserate (1536-1600), a Jesuit priest at the Moghal king Akbars court

considered the Jats to be the descendants of the Getae (Maclagan 1990, 154). By the mid-

18th century, Joseph De Guignes (1721-1800) would equate the Jats with the Scythians, as

well, but this time also with the Chinese Yuezhi (De Guignes 175 6, Dhillon 1994, Tod 1 829,

Elphinstone 1874). De Guignes, a French Orientalist, believed the Jats of Punjab were

descendants of Yuezhi who were known to the Indians under the Kushan Dynasty. James

Tod, relying on De Guignes, presented quite an interesting histQry to the Jats and Raj puts

, whom he thou~ht were both descendants of Yuezhi and Getae, as he equated the Getae

and Yuezhi. In his Annals and Antiquities of Rajas than, written in 1829, he says (note Jit,Jat, and Jut are the same): [A] translation of the Nehrwalla conquerors inscription, which

will prove beyond any doubt that these Jit princes of Salpoori in the Punjab, were the

leaders of that very colony of the Yuti from Jaxartes, who in the fifth century crossed the

Indus and possessed themselves of the Punjab. In short, whether as Yuti, Getae, Jats, Juts,

or Jauts their habits confirmed the tradition of their Scythic origin. In his Tableaux

Historiques De LAsia, Klaproth (1783-1835) also identified the Jats with the Yuezhi. The

Jats offered resistance not only against the Arabs, but also against invaders such as

Ghaznavi, Timur, Babar, Jahangir, and eventually the British at Bharatpur and under the

Sikh Empire (Dhillon 1994). This demonstrates the continuity of the existence of these

people in India and the preserv ation of their martial qualities.

Alexander Cunninghamheld that the Jats were descended from Strabo s Zanthi andPtolemyS Iatioi. In his 1888 work, Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, he

said: The Xanthii are very probably the Zaths [Jats] of early Arab writers. The Xanthii

were a sub-branch of the Dahae, as per Strabo.. In his Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,

George Rawlinson, when writing about the original homeland of the Scythian invaders of

India, makes the identification between the Jats and the Massagetae: Of these tribes the

principal were the Massagetae (great Jits, or Jats), who occupied the country on both

sides of the lower course of the Oxus; the Dahae, who bordered the Caspian above

Hyrcania, and extended hence to the latitude of Herat; the Tochari, who settled in the

mountains between the upper Jaxartes and the Upper Oxus, where they gave name to the

tract known as Tokharistan; the Asii, or Asiani, who were closely connected with the

Tochari; and the Sakarauli (Sacarucae?), who are found connected with both the Tochariand the Asiani. (Rawlinson 1872, 118) .. Modern scholarship has interpreted the Yuezhi as

the phonetic Ywati, and has identified the tribe with Ptolemys Iatioi or Jatioi..

Who were the Tokharoi? Pulleyblank, as aforementioned, believed the Jatioi and the

Tokharoi were closely associated with each other (Pulleyblank 2002, 425). M. Lin, in

Qilan and Kunlun-The Earliest Tokharian Loan-Words in Ancient Chinese, believes the

Yuezhi to be the T okharoi. He writes, T he Yuezhi people who came from Dunhtiang were

called Tokharoi in classical Greek works and Tukhara in the ancient Indian texts (Lin

1998, 477). Further, Rosenfield in his Dynastic Art of the Kushans, says about the Kushans,

the Chinese continued to call these people the Ta (Great) Yueh-chih . In India, strangely

enough, the name Kushan as such never appears in the Puranas, Mahabharata, or other

quasi-historical sources. These people must have been denoted by variations of the

Tokhari, such as Tuskara, Tushara, Tukhara, Turushka (Rosenfield 1967,8).

To summarize, we have Alexander Cunningham, who identified the South Asian Jats with

Ptolemys Iatioi and then equated the Da Yuezhi (Great Yuezhi) with the Massagetae

(Great Getae). Adding Torday, Marquart, and Pulleyblanks identification of the Iatioi with

the Yuezhi, it is logical to conclude that the Getae were the Yuezhi and the Jats.

Ibbetson (who performed the 1880 census of India) says about the modem Dahiya Jats:

They are probably the Dahae of Alexander (Ibbetson 1916, 1 30). McGovern believed the

Dahae Sakas were a branch of the Massagetae (McGovern 1939,68). It is no wonder that

we have writers like T revaskis who, in T he Land of the Five Rivers in 1928, wrote, But

the great mass of the [Scythian] tribes who took more readily to agriculture were called

Jats, a name which may possibly be identified with the Latin Getae or Goths

(Trevaskis 1928, 87). By the early 20th century, most authorities accepted the Scythianorigin of South Asian Jats, which is affirmed in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica: Some

writers have identified the Jats with the ancient Getae, and there is strong reason to

believe them a degraded tribe of Raj puts, whose Scythic origin has also been maintained

The Jats and Rajputs, as well as Gujars, have been identified as descendants of Scythian




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invaders, of which many became followers of the Sikh religion. MacMunn believed the

Martial Races of India were somehow all connected to the Scythian descendants: the

martial races, almost without exception, come from some branch or derivative of the great

peoples of Northern India who we lmow as Rajputs and Jats (MacMunn 1932,223).

Joseph Davey Cunningham wrote in his famous book, A History of Sikhs, in 1849:

The plains of Upper India, in which the Brahmans and Kshattriyas had developed a

peculiar civilization, have been overrun by Persian or Scythic tribes, from the age of Darius

and Alexander to that of Babar and Nadir Shah. Particular traces of successive conquerors

may yet perhaps be found, but the main features are: 1) the introduction of the

Muhammadan creed; and 2) the long antecedent emigration of hordes of Jats from theplains of Upper Asia. It is not necessary to enter into the antiquities of Grecian Getae and

Chinese YueChi, to discuss the asserted identity of the peasant Jat. or try to trace the

blood of Kadphises in the veins of Ranjit Singh. (J.D. Cunningham 1849,4). It should be

noted that J.D. Cwmingham equates the Greek Getae with the Chinese Yuezhi. Further, in

the same book, Cunningham discusses the etymology of the word Jat. [We may] derive

Jat from the Sanskrit Jyestha, old, ancient, and so make the term equivalent to aborigines;

but this etymology perhaps too hastily sets aside the sufficiently established facts of Getae

and Yuechi emigrations, and the circumstance of Taimurs [Timurs] warfare with Jettahs

in Central Asia (J. D. Cunningham 1849, 299).

An interesting addition to this statement was made by C. Twiggs, who, in discussing

Timurs Zafarnama, or Memoirs, says, We know from the Zafarnama of Sharfuddinthat Timur, when he invaded India, believed the Jats of the Punjab to be the same race as

Tartars whom he met in Central Asia (Twigg 1870, 318-19). With the generic word

Tartars, I believe he means Sakas or eastern Scythians. This further implies that the

Getae kept their tribal identification as Jatae or Jatahs intact as late as Timurs age.

Further, Toynbee, in discussing the modem Turkish word Jatah or cheteh,

which means guerilla, wonders, Is it perhaps derived from the tribal name

of the Getae (Massagetae and Thyssagetae) or Jats, who were the nearest

Nomadic neighbors of the Oxus-Jaxartes oases in the Achaemenian Age,

before they erupted out of the Steppe and poured over the Hindu Kush into

the Panjab in the second century B.C.? (Toynbee 1934, 2: 145). Interestingly,

Gibbon, the author of The Decline and Fall of Rome, believes that the Jatah ofTransoxiana mentioned by Timur were Getes (Gibbon 1850, 6: 249), suggesting the

survival of the name of the ancient race in Central Asia.

Briggs had this to say as early as 1829, in his History and Rise of Mahomedan Power in

India, about Jats: We have no satisfactory account of these Juts; but there seems reason

to believe them to be a horde of Tartars of the same stock as the Getae so often mentioned

in ancient history . (Briggs 1829, 1: 81). One after another, British and other

historians related the South Asian Jats to Scythian tribes, usually the Yuezhi

or the Getae. Syad Muhammad Latif, a Muslim author, wrote, A portion of

these settlers, the descendents of Masagetae, were called Getes, from whom

sprung the modem Jats (Latif 1891, 56). Even some Indian historians, who are not

Jats themselves, claim that the Jats are descendants of the Getae. Satya Shrava, in his

1981 work, Sakas in India, said, The Jats are no other than the Massagetae (Great Getae)

mentioned in Diodoms as an off-spring of the ancient Saka tribe. a fact now well-known

(Shrava 1981,2-3).

J.F. Hewitt related the Thracian Getae, a tribe mentioned by Herodotus, to

the Massagetae and the Jats, stating: These Thracian Getae must, as a Northern race

of individual proprietors, have held their lands on the tenure existing in the Jat villages,

and these Indian Jats, or Getae, have not degenerated from the military prowess of their

forefathers, for those Jats who have become Sikhs in the Punjab, are known as

some of the best and most reliable Indian soldiers. Further evidence both of

early history and origin of the race of Jats, or Getae, is given by the customs and

geographical position of another tribe of the same stock, called the Massagetae, or Great

Getae (Hewitt 1894, 482). We will discuss later the relationship between the ThracianGetae, or Tyrigetae, with the other branches of the Getae.

Massagetae.When first hearing the word Massagetae, a Sikh would quickly be

reminded of Massa Ranghar or the Great Ranghar, a Muslim Rajput, who insulted the




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greatest Sikh Shrine, the Golden Temple or Harmandar (Durbar) Sahib, by seizing it and

making it a dancing hall, 3 centuries ago. It was relatively common for Jat Sikhs in those

days to have Persian or Farsi personal names and Massa or Massa Singh was common.

Even today some Sikhs are named Massa Singh, or the Great Singh. Massa was simply

the Persian or Pehlavi equivalent of the Indian Maha, meaning great (Pawar 1993,

364). This is also the view of Elliot, who says Massa means Great in the PehIavi

language (Elliot 1870, 133). The root word Mas, in the Pehlavi glossary by Nyberb, is

believed to mean great (Nyberb 1974, 127). Thus it follows that Massagetae means

Great Getae. The ninth-century work De Universo of Rabanus Maurus clearly states,

The Massagetae are in origin from the tribe of the Scythians, and are called massagetae,as if heavy, that is, strong Getae (Migne 1864, Col 439). Therefore, we can conclude that

the Massagetae are the Great Getae.

Thyssagetae. Little is known about Herodotuss Thyssagetae, other than that they

were found east of the river Don (Tanais) (Rawlinson 1928, 241). T he Thy ssagetae appear

to be a branch of the Gothic family, the lesser Goths as distinguished from the Massa-

Getae, the greater Goths' (H. Rawlinson 1880, 16). Therefore, the Thyssagetae were

the Lesser Getae, as Rawlinson equated Goths with Getae. Crooke endorses

Rawlinsons identification, claiming the Thyssagetae were the lesser Getae (Tod 1829,

72). The Getae and Goth connection will be discussed later. The Tisza or Tisais one of the

main rivers of Central Europe. It rises in Ukraine, after passing through Hungary, it flowsinto the Danube in Vojvodina, Serbia.

Massagetae and Thyssagetae = Da Yuezhi and Xiao Yuezhi. We have

already shown that the Iranian Massagetae can be equated with the obscure Yuezhi that

appeared on the borders of China, but can we be more precise? Views equating the

Massagetae with the Da Yuezhi are fairly common, such as the statement made by Edgar

Knobloch in his Monuments of Central Asia: This time the nomads were the Yue-

Che (Yue-czi) who, according to one authority (Tolstov), could be the same

as the Greater Getae or Massagetae (Knobloch 2001, 15). Tod went further,

to equate the Massagetae, the Yuezhi, and the Indian Jats, as he says: We

will merely add, that the kingdom of the Great Getae, whose capital was onthe Jaxartes, preserved its integrity and name from the period of Cyrus to the

fourteenth century, when it was converted to Islam(Tod 1829, 127). T he Yuchi,

established in Bactria and along the Jihun, eventually bore the name Jeta or Yetan, that is

to say, Getae. Their empire subsisted a long time in this part of Asia, and extended even to

India (Tod 1829, 78).

But eventually what strengthens the supposition that the Massagetae are the Yuezhi is

that the Yuezhi were divided into two groups, the Da Yuezhi and the Xiao Yuezhi, meaning

the Great and the Lesser Yuezhi, respectively. We have already shown that the

Massagetae must mean the Great Getae and Thyssagetae probably means Lesser Getae,

thereby suggesting a likelihood of both the Greek and Chinese both not only recognizing

the characteristic denomination of this tribe, but also remaining consistent. Repeating

Alexander Cunninghams comments, By the Chinese the Kushanswere called Ta-Vue-

ti, or the Great Lunar Race . That is, if Vue be taken for the Moon, But I incline to, take

Yue- ti or Gueti, the general name given by the Chinese And further, I think that as T a

means Great, the Ta-Gweti must be the Massa-Getae (Cunningham 1894, 112). It also

seems possible that the Thyssagetae, who are known the Lesser Getae, as per Rawlinson

and Crooke, must correspond with the Xiao Yuezhi, meaning Lesser Yuezhi. Therefore, the

Greek and the Chinese must be identifying the same people. The conclusion is well put by

B.S. D.ahiya, who wrote about the Massagetae and Thyssagetae, These Guti people had

two divisions, the Ta-Yue-Che and Siao-Yue-Che, exactly corresponding to the

Massagetae and Thyssagetae of Herodotus (Dahiya 1980, 23). Therefore, the Iranian

Getae were probably the Yuezhi who appeared strangely on the Chinese frontiers and the

Chinese transcribed their name semi-vocally to Yuet with a dental t.Some may be apprehensive about reducing the Massagetae and Thyssagetae to branches

of the Getae. But this supposition can be strengthened, as there are additional tribes with

the denomination Getae, such as the Thracian Tyrigetae, the Euergetae, and the

frozen Getae, which will be discussed later.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza


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For now, we can remark that it appears that the Massa term added to the Getae

perhaps denoted their military prowess, as they became famous for their

defeat of Cyrus the Great and later their hard-fought battles against

Alexander the Great in Bactria and Sogdiana. This compound name may be

analogous, therefore, to the naming of Great Britain. Perhaps this term was known to

both the Greeks and the Chinese as the original homeland of the Getae before they spread

out in various directions and at various times. If this belief is prudent, then the term

Thyssa, which means Lesser Getae, corresponding to the Xiao Yuezhi, may have had a

somewhat less spectacular, although no less important, history, hence Lesser Getae. The

other groups of Getae, whose names similarly must have characteristic or regionalmeanings, will be discussed later.

If our supposition that the Yuezhi and Getae were different names for the same people,

thenwe can more precisely identify the Indo- Scythian invaders of India

rather as Getic invaders. Moreover, this identification may further show that the

Getes so often talked about by classical writers were originally from the Caspian

region. However, before we can claim the Indo Scythians to be Getic, we must first

examine yet another obscure tribe, known at the Ephthalites or White Huns, who entered

India after the Xiao Yuezhi or Kiddara Kushans . (Cunningham 1888,59). This is a tribe

whose name may strengthen our belief in the existence of a nation called Getes.

Yetha, the White Huns, or Ephthalites, were known to the Chinese as Ye-tha-i-li-to, a name curtailed to Yetha (Cunningham 1888, 28). Grousset claims the Yetai were

known as such by the Chinese since they derive their name from the royal clan of Yeta

(Grousset 1970, 67). In the Chinese work Sui-Shu the name of this tribe is I-ta (Enoki

O.N.E. 1998, 135). The Chinese authority Wei Chieh wrote in his His-Jan-chi, I had a

personal talk with some Ephthalites and knew that they also called themselves I-tein

(Enoki D.N.E. 1998, 135). I-tein renders the name phonetically close to the word Jatan,

which is the Panjabi plural form of Jat.

McGovern writes in detail about the Yetha: The origin and exact ethnic affinities of the

Ephthalites are shrouded in mystery. By the contemporary Greek and Roman histories

they are frequently referred to merely as Huns. The Hindu legends and traditions

regarding the dreaded Hunas also go back to the period of Ephthalites invasions and showthat the word Hun must have been intimately associated with the Ephthalites . We know,

however, from various sources that the Ephthalites were a very peculiar group and

differed radically from most of the Hunnish groups. Thus, for example, the Byzantine

writers are careful to distinguish between the ordinary Huns, such as those who invaded

Europe, and the Ephthalites, who are more specifically referred to as White Huns.

The Ephthalites, says Procopius, are of the Hunnish race and bear the Hunnish name,

but they are completely different from the Huns we know. They alone among the Hunnish

people havewhite skins and regular features. The Chinese are always careful to

distinguish between the Huns proper or the Hsuing-nu and the Ephthalites, whom they call

the Ye-ti-i-lido or Ye-da. .. According to one Chinese chronicle the Ephthalites were

ultimately of the same origin as the Yueji [Yuezhi]. (McGovem1939, 405) Some

authorities claim the name White Huns, as used by Procopius, is erroneous, but this does

not seem to be the case because, in India, Varahamihira refers to a group called

Sveta Hunas, and the Persians noted the Spet Hyon or White Huns (Biswas

1973,27-28).

Kephart believes the Massagetae divided into the Tokhari (Ta Yuezhi) and

the White Huns (Yetha) (Kephart 1960, 522-23). T. Watters claims, [Northwest

India] was conquered by the Veta, i.e., the Vets or Gats, apparently near the

end of our fifth century. The Veta, who were a powerful people in Central Asia, in the

fifth century, are also said to have been of the Vue-Chi stock (Watters 1903,200-201).

Klaproth also sees the Veta or Vita as the descendants of the Yuezhi or Yueti (Klaproth

1826, XII, 135). And if we recall, Cunningham holds the Yetha to be the last wave of

Indo-Scythians (Cunningham 1888).The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica states, Our earliest information about the Ephthalites

comes from the Chinese chronicles, in which it is stated that they were originally a tribe of

the great Vue-Chi [Da Yuezhi or Massagetae], living to the north of the Great Wall .

(E.B. 1911, 9: 680). The Chinese work Pei-shih states, [The Ephthalites] are a branch




9/22

of the Ta-Yueh-chih (Enoki O.N.E. 1998, 139). Thakur writes, The annals of three

Chinese dynasties assert that the Yetha or Ephthalites were a branch of the great Vue-chi

race (Thakur 1967, 42). Thakur then refers to Ma-tuan-lin: Ma-tuan-lin in his

Encyclopaedia has given two comments on the origin of the Ephthalites: (i) Ye-ta belonged

to the Ta-yue-chi stock but according to some they are a branch of the Kao-che; and (li) I-

tan belonged to the same race as the Ta-yuechi. (Thakur 1967, 50). In both cases it seems

that the Ephthalites are descended from the Great Yuezhi, and the Ephthalites are also

shown as coming from a different origin than the Huns. The weight of authority, the

testimony of Chinese accounts, and the phonetic resemblance between Yuezhi or Yueti

(Klaproth 1826, 288) with the Yetha or Ita (Enoki O.N.E. 1998, 141, 157) is too strong toignore. The name Ita used by the Northern Dynasties (Enoki O.N.E. 1988, 157) renders it

seemingly close to the latii of Pliny, and to the name of Jat or Jata, for that matter. By

examining the customs of the Ephthalites, even more strength is added to this theory.

That the Ephthalites practiced sun worship has been suggested by Enoki, who says,

[That] the Ephthalites built their tents with their entrances facing to the east would also

imply the practice of sun-worship among them (Enoki O.N.E. 1988, 175 ). He also adds, We

may also recall the practice of sun-worship among the Massagetae (Herodotus I, 212) and

the Kushanians [Ta Yuezhi] (Enoki O.N .E. 1998, 175). Now the implied practice of sun

worship still exists today in the structure of the modem Panjabi villages.

Further, Enoki suggests that the Yetha worshipped the Fire-god (Mithra) and the

God of Heaven (Daeva-Worship), thereby remaining consistent with his idea of the Iranianorigin of the Yetha (Enoki O.N.E. 1998, 177). Based on the coins of the Ephthalites, namely

the coins of Khingila (father of Toramana Jauvla), Gobl suggests that the later Ephthalites

may have followed the practice of skull deformation (Gobl 1967, 200-201). At this

stage it is difficult to determine whether they originally practiced this custom or it was

adopted (Gobl 1967, 200-206). Nonetheless, this practice was prevalent among many of

the Sannatian tribes, most especially, the Alans (Sulimirski 1970).

Another peculiar habit that was unique to the Yetha, as opposed to the other Hunnish

groups, was their practice of polyandry. McGovern writes: One feature of the Ephthalite

social culture is worthy of especial mention, namely the fact that they went in for

polyandry, or the custom whereby each woman was allowed to have several husbands .

the various husbands were for the most part brothers, the eldest brother marrying thegirl, and the younger brothers being automatically admitted to conjugal rights . The fact

that the Ephthalites went in for polyandry is of especial interest inasmuch as this custom

was entirely unknown to the other Hunnish tribes . (McGovern 1939, 406). The

Massagetae were known to have a similar practice,in which they kept all women

in common, and any male had access to the females. Herodotus writes, Each man has but

one wife, yet all the wives are held in common; for this is a custom of the Massagetae

(Rawlinson 1928, 80). Enoki notes this as well: Massagetae, an Iranian tribe inhabiting the

course of the Syr Darya and the north bank of the Aral River, had this custom [polyandry]

(Enoki O.N.E. 1998, 181). Whether this is accurate or not, Pawar claims that certain Jat

tribes followed a similar practice as that mentioned by Herodotus (pawar 1993, 303).

Minns writes: The [Ephthalites] had supplanted the Yue-chih, and destroyed the

kingdom of the Kushanas. We hear of their polyandry, a primitive

Malthusianism which seems to have been endemic in their country, as it is

ascribed to the Massagetae, to the Yue-chih and Tu-huo-Io or Tochari, and to

the Vi-tao(Minns 1971,93). The Jats are well known in India for widow ret1llliage and

allowing for levirate marriage, that is, the marriage of the widow with the younger brother

of the deceased.

The Gujars, who may represent the Gurjara tribe (Rose 1883, 2: 306), still practice their

nomadic life, including vertical transhumance. Baines writes about the Gujars: Next to the

Jat in rank, and probably akin in ongm, comes the Gujar [which] is now generally

affliated to the Gurjara, a tribe which was settled in the neighborhood of the

Caspian, and entered India either in company with or at the same time as,

the Yetha or White Huna, of whom they are said to have been it branch.

(Baines 1912, 44).

In any event, the Yetha appear to have significantly influenced the Jat and Rajput people

of northwest India. Grousset puts it well: Yet from the second half of the seventh century

the Huns [Ephthalites] of India vanish from history, no doubt either exterminated or




10/22

absorbed by the Punjabis. Some of their clans most likely succeeded in gaining admission to

the Hindu aristocracy, in the manner of the Rajput clan of Gurjara, which may possibly

have the same origin. (Grousset 1970, 72). Amongst Rajputs, the Hun tribe represents one

of the 36 royal races of Rajasthan (Tod 1829, 131). Tod recognizes this tribe as the

descendants of the White Huns (Tod 1829, 132-33). V.A. Smith believes the White Huns to

be the ancestors of the agnikula or frrebom tribes of the Rajputs. He says, [T]here is no

doubt that the Parihars and many other famous Rajput clans of 30 Sundeep S. Jhutti, The

Getes, Sino-Platonic Papers, 127 (October, 2003) the north were developed out of the

barbarian hordes [White Huns] which poured into India during the fifth and sixth

centwies (Smith 1914,322). It appears that some of the successful clans of the Yetha orWhite Huns were absorbed into the Jat and Rajput fold, who were themselves simply

earlier settlers from Central Asia. Many scholars believe that the proud Rajput clans of

Rajputana [Rajasthan] and stalwart Jats of the Punjab are likewise descended, in part at

least, from these ancient invaders [White Huns], even though the Gurjaras [Gujars], the

Rajputs and the Jats have long since adopted an Indian language and been

absorbed in the vast bulk of Hinduism. (McGovern 1939,419). Cunningham states,

But the successive Scythian invasions of the Sakas, the Kushans and the White Huns,

were followed by permanent settlements of large bodies of their countrymen, which lasted

for many centuries (Cunningham 1894, 93). We can replace the word Scythian with

Gets or Guts.

Etymology of Jat. If we look up the word Jat in the well-respected Panjabi

Dictionary by Maya Singh, who was designated to create this lexicon by Denzil Ibbetson (at

that time Director of Public Instruction), we find, The name of a great tribe,

descendents of the Massagetae, which forms the backbone of the Punjab

peasantry, they are usually farmers and may be of any religion (M.Singh 1895, 485).

It first should be mentioned that Getae is pronounced GUT-AY. Strabo pluralizes the

Getae as Getan (Jones 1928 3, 221). Further, Russian authors, such as Sulimirski and

Yablonsky, pluralize the Getae as Getan. We can compare this to the pluralization of the

word Jat in Panjabi, Jatan (Dhillon 1 994, 11 0). This Jatan is very close to Getan

and probably represents a palatalization of the latter. Palatalization is the shifting of a

sound so that it is made by the blade of the tongue against the hard palate (notice how yourtongue moves when you say keys and then the palatalized cheese), and is a frequent

enough sound change in many languages (Mallory and Mair 2000, 120). In the singular

case, then, Get (Gut) could be palatalized into Jat or Jut. It should be further

mentioned that in Hindi, Jat is pronounced Jaut, rhyming with hot, which renders it

perhaps with a palatalization of Got.

Further, if we examine Jat or Jut from the Yuezhi or Yuti angle, we find that they

are again very close. Yuti, being possibly the semi-vocal Sinitic transcription of Getae, is

rendered once again very close to the pronunciation of Jat or Jut. The 1911

Encyclopedia Britannica, under the subject Yue-Chi, summarizes this

etymology: Some authorities consider that the Vue-Chi are the same as the

Getae and that the original form of the name was Yut or Get, which is also

supposed to appear in the Indian Jat.(B.B. 1911,28: 944).

Therefore, Jat < Jut < Yut(i) < Get(i). Moreover, the Jats could be the remnants of the

invading Yuts or Guts. T his is the view of Dhillon, who attributes it to the rigid Hindu caste

system, which involved forced endogamy (Dhillon 1994, 16) and ritual purity. It seems the

palatalized form of the tribal name Getae was retained intact as Jettah or Jatta in

Transoxiana up until the time of Timur, as testified by his Zafarnama (Twigg 1870, 318-

19). Further, even in Punjab today, a term of endearment used to address a Jat is Jatta

(Pawar 1993, 339). However, those Getic tribes that were noted in the west

remained Getae, as in the Thracian Getae, and were later known as Goths by

the Roman writers, as will be demonstrated later. So if we believe that the name of

the tribe of these ancient invaders remained intact, what about their physical

characteristics-do they bear the impress of Central Asian origin?

Scheme of Indo-European migrations

from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to

t h e Kurgan hypothesis. The magenta


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis


11/22

area corresponds to the assumed

Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog

culture). The red area corresponds to the

area which may have been settled by

Indo-European-speaking peoples up to c.

2500 BCE; the orange area to 1000 BCE.

An increasing amount of evidence supports the hypothesis that horses were

domesticated in the Eurasian Steppesapproximately 40003500 BCE. Recent

discoveries in the context of the Botai culture

suggest that Botai settlements in theAkmola

Province of Kazakhstan are the location of the

earliest domestication of the horse. A genetic

study published in 2012 that performed

genomic sampling on 300 work horses from

local areas as well as a review of previous

studies of archaeology, mitochondrial DNA,

andY- DNA suggested that horses were

originally domesticated in the western part of

the Eurasian steppe. The Indo-Iranians and their expansion are strongly associated with

the Proto-Indo-Europeaninvention of the chariot.

Map of the approximate maximal extent of the Andronovo culture. The formative

Sintashta-Petrovka culture is shown in darker red. The location of the earliest spoke-

wheeled chariotfinds is indicated in purple. Adjacent and overlapping cultures (Afanasevo

culture, Srubna culture, BMAC) are shown in green. The Sintashta culture emerged from

the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol

steppe was the Poltavka culture, an offshoot of the cattle-herding Yamnaya

horizon that moved east into the

region between 2800 and 2600 BCE.

Several Sintashta towns were built over

older Poltovka settlements or close toPoltovka cemeteries, and Poltovka motifs

are common on Sintashta pottery.

Sintashta material culture also shows the

influence of the lateAbashevo culture, a

collection of settlements in the forest

steppe zone north of the Sintashta region

that were also predominantly pastoralist.

The first Sintashta settlements appeared around 2100 BCE, during a period of climatic

changethat saw the already arid Kazakh steppe region become even more cold and dry.

The marshy lowlands around the Ural and upper Tobol rivers, previously favoured as

winter refuges, became increasingly important for survival. Under these pressures both

Poltovka and Abashevo herders settled permanently in river valley strongholds, eschewing

more defensible hill-top locations. The Abashevo culture was already marked by

endemic intertribal warfare; intensified by ecological stress and competition for

resources in the Sintashta period, this drove the construction of fortifications on an

unprecedented scale and innovations in military technique such as the invention of the war

chariot. The Sintashta economy came to revolve around copper metallurgy.

Copper ores from nearby mines (such asVorovskay a Yama) were taken to Sintashta

settlements to be processed into copper and arsenical bronze. This occurred on an

industrial scale: all the excavated buildings at the Sintashta sites of Sintashta,Arkaimand

Ustecontained the remains of smelting ovens and slag. Much of this metal was destined

for export to the cities of the BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex(BMAC) in Central

Asia. The metal trade between Sintashta and the BMAC for the first time connected thesteppe region to the ancient urban civilisations of the Near East: the empires and city-

states of IranandMesopotamia provided an almost bottomless market for metals. These

trade routes later became the vehicle through which horses, chariots and ultimately Indo-

Iranian-speaking peopleentered the Near East from the steppe.

[1][2][3]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[7]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta_culture#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ust%27e&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorovskaya_Yama&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta_culture#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._383-384-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta_culture#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta_culture#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abashevo_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltavka_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srubna_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasevo_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmola_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botai_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse#cite_note-cbc.ca-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_Urheimat_hypotheses


12/22


13/22

civilization. The complex can be compared to proto-urban settlements in the Helmand

basin at Mundigak in western Afghanistan and Shahr-i Shkhta in eastern Iran, or at

Harappaand Mohenjo-daroin the Indus Valley.

Sarianidi regards Gonur as the capital of the complex in Margiana throughout the Bronze

Age. The palace of North Gonur measures 150 metres by 140 metres, the temple at

Togolok 140 metres by 100 metres, the fort at Kelleli 3 125 metres by 125 metres, and the

house of a local ruler at Adji Kui 25 metres by 25 metres. Each of these formidable

structures has been extensively excavated. While they all have impressive fortification

walls, gates, and buttresses, it is not always clear why one structure is identified as a

temple and another as a palace. Extensive irrigation systems have been discovered at theGeoksiur Oasis.

Models of two-wheeled carts from c. 3000 BCE found at Altyn-Depe are the earliest

complete evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia, though model wheels have come

from contexts possibly somewhat earlier. Judging by the type of harness, carts were

initially pulled by oxen, or a bull. However camels were domesticated within the BMAC. A

model of a cart drawn by a camel of c. 2200 BCE was found at Altyn-Depe.

There is evidence of sustained contact between the BMAC and the Eurasian steppes to the

north, intensifying c. 2000 BCE. In the delta of the RiverAmu Daryawhere it reaches the

Aral Sea, its waters were channeled for irrigation agriculture by people whose remains

resemble those of the nomads of theAndronovo Culture. This is interpreted as nomadsse t t lin g down to agriculture, after

contact with the BMAC. The culture

they created is known as

Tazabagyad. About 1800 BCEthe

walled BMAC centres decreased

sharply in size. Each oasis developed

its own types of pottery and other

objects. Also pottery of the

Andronovo-Tazabagyab culture to the

north appeared widely in the Bactrian

and Margian countryside. Many BMACstrongholds continued to be occupied

and Andronovo-Tazabagyab coarse

incised pottery occurs within them

(along with the previous BMAC pottery) as well as in pastoral camps outside the mudbrick

walls. In the highlands above the Bactrian oases in Tajikistan, kurgan cemeteries of the

Vaksh and Bishkent type appeared with pottery that mixed elements of the late BMAC

and Andronovo-Tazabagyab traditions.

A significant section of the archaeologists are more inclined to see the culture as begun by

farmers in the Near Eastern Neolithic tradition, but infiltrated by Indo-Iranian speakers

from the Andronovo culture in its late phase, creating a hybrid. In this perspective, Proto-

Indo-Aryan developed within the composite culture before moving south into the Indian

subcontinent. As James P. Malloryphrased it It has become increasingly clear that ..

steppe cultures were transformed as they passed through a membrane of Central Asian

urbanism. The fact that typical steppe wares are found on BMAC sites and that intrusive

BMAC material is subsequently found further to the south in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal,

India and Pakistan, may suggest then the subsequent movement of Indo-Iranian-speakers

after they had adopted the culture of the BMAC.

TheAndronovo, BMAC andYazcultures have been associated with Indo-Iranians. The

Indo-Iranians were a community that spoke a common language prior to their branching

off into the Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages. Iranian refers to the languages of Iran

(Iranian), parts of Pakistan (Balochi and Pashto), Afghanistan (Pashto and Dari), and

Tadjikistan (Tajiki) and Indo-Aryan, Sanskrit, Urdu and its many related languages. (Carl C. Lamberg-Karlovsky: Case of the Bronze Age). By the early 1st millennium

Scythian tribes, along with Cimmerians, SarmatiansandAlanspopulated the steppes north

of the Black Sea.

[13]

[14]

[20]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Malloryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex#cite_note-DavidAnthony-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Daryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization


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The Indo-Aryan migration was part of the Indo-Iranian migrations from the

Andronovo culture into Anatolia, Iran and South-Asia. The Indo-Iranian migrations took

place in two waves.

The first wave, starting at 1700BCconsisted of a migration into Anatolia, founding the

Hittite empireand Mittani kingdom, and a migration south-eastward, over the Hindu Kush

into northern India. It is believed that Indo-Aryans reachedAssyria in the west and the

Punjab in the east before 1500 BC: the Hurrite speaking Mitanni rulers, influenced by

Indo-Aryan, appear from 1500 in northern Mesopotamia, and the Gandhara grave culture

emerges from 1600. This suggests that Indo-Aryan tribes would have had to be present in

the area of the Bactria-Margiana Complex (southern Turkmenistan /northern

Afghanistan) from 1700 BC at the latest (incidentally corresponding with the decline of that

culture).

Anatolia Hittites and Mittani.T he only linguistic remains in a Hittitehorse-training

manual written by one Kikkuli the Mitannian. Other evidence is found in references to

the names of Mitanni rulers and the gods they swore by in treaties; these remains are

found in the archives of the Mitannis neighbors. The time period for this is about 1500

BC. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra, Varuna,

Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. Kikkulis horse training text includes technical

terms such as aika (eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pancha, five; compare with Gr.

pente), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine; compare with Lat. novem), vartana (vartana,

turn, round in the horse race; compare with Lat. vertere, vortex). The numeral aika oneis of particular importance because it places the superstrate in the vicinity of Indo-Aryan

proper as opposed to Indo-Iranian or early Iranian (which has aiva) in general.

Indian Subcontinent- Vedic culture. The standard model for the entry of the Indo-

European languages into South Asia is that this first wave went over the Hindu Kush, into

the headwaters of the Indusand later the Ganges. The earliest stratum ofVedic Sanskrit,

preserved only in the Rigveda, is assigned to roughly 1500 BC. From the Indus,

the Indo-Aryan languages spread from c. 1500 BC to c. 500 BC, over the northern and

central parts of the subcontinent, sparing the extreme south. The Indo-Aryans in these

areas established several powerful kingdoms and principalities in the region, from eastern

Afghanistan to the doorstep of Bengal. The most powerful of these kingdoms were the

post-Rigvedic Kuru (in Kurukshetra and the Delhi area) and their allies the Paclasfurther east, as well as Gandharaand later on, about the time of the Buddha, the kingdom

of Kosala and the quickly expanding realm of Magadha. The latter lasted until the 4th

century BC, when it was conquered by Chandragupta Mauryaand formed the center of the

Mauryan empire.

In easternAfghanistanand southwestern Pakistan, whatever Indo-Aryan languageswere

spoken there were eventually pushed out by the Iranian languages. Most Indo-Aryan

languages, however, were and still are prominent in the rest of the Indian subcontinent.

Today, Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka,

Fiji and the Maldives.

The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave. The first Iranians to

reach the Black Sea may have been the Cimmerians in the 8th century BC. They were

followed by the Scythians, who are considered a western branch of the Central Asian

Sakas. Sarmatian tribes, of whom the best known are the Roxolani

(Rhoxolani), Iazyges (Jazyges) and theAlani (Alans), followed the Scythians

westwards into Europe in the late centuries BCE and the 1st and 2nd centuries of the

Common Era (TheAge of Migrations) . The populous Sarmatian tribe of the

Massagetae, dwelling near the Caspian Sea, were known to the early rulers of

Persia in the Achaemenid Period. In the east, the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang,

from Khotan to Tumshuq.

The Medes, Parthiansand Persiansbegin to appear on the Iranian plateaufrom c. 800 BC,

and theAchaemenids replaced Elamiterule from 559 BC. Around the first millennium of

the Common Era(AD), the Kambojas, the Pashtunsand the Balochbegan to settle on the

eastern edge of the Iranian plateau, on the mountainous frontier of northwestern andwestern Pakistan, displacing the earlier Indo-Aryansfrom the area.

In Central Asia, the Turkic languages have marginalized Iranian languages as a result of

the Turkic expansion of the early centuries AD. Extant major Iranian languages are

Persian, Pashto, Balochiand Kurdish, besides numerous smaller ones.

[6][7]

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[15]

[14]:258[16]

[9]:4243


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massagetaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Migrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazygeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxolanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians#cite_note-jpm-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryan_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Mauryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians#cite_note-mm-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians#cite_note-mm-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria-Margiana_Archaeological_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_hypothesis#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola1999-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_hypothesis#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians


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Spread of Vedic-Brahmanic culture. Map of northern India in the later Vedic age.

River Indus is shown by its Sanskrit nameSindhu. The location of Vedic shakhasis labelled

in green. Thar desert is in orange. Main

article:Vedic periodDuring the Early Vedic

Period (ca.1500-800 BCE ) the Vedic

culture was centered in the northern

Punjab, or Sapta Sindhu. During the

Later Vedic Period (ca.800-500 BCE )

the Vedic culture started to extend into thewestern Ganges Plain, centering

around Kuru and Panchala, and had

some influence at the central Ganges

Plain after 500 BCE. Sixteen Mahajanapadadeveloped at the Ganges Plain, of which

the KuruandPanchalabecame the most notable developed centers of Vedic culture, at the

western Ganges Plain

The Scythians were mentioned as inhabiting large areas in the central Eurasian

steppes starting with the 7th century BC up until the 4th century AD. Their historical

appearance coincided with the rise of equestrian semi-nomadism from the Carpathian

Mountains of Europe to the Altai mountains of present-day Mongolia in the Far East

during the 1st millennium BC.

T h e Parthian Empire (mostly

Western Iranian) is shown in

red, other areas, dominated by

Scythia (Eastern Iranian), in

orange.

Conclusions which might be

drawn thus far, by an

increasing number of studies by

Russian scholars, from an

mtDNA perspective, are (i)

an early, Bronze Age mixture of both west and east Eurasian lineages, with westernlineages being found far to the East, but not vice-versa; (ii) an apparent reversal by Iron

Age times, with increasing presence of East Eurasian lineages in the western steppe; (iii)

the possible role of migrations from the sedentary south: the Balkano-

Danubian and Iranian regions toward the steppe.

Ancient Y- DNA data was finally provided by Keyser et al in 2009. They studied the

haplotypes and haplogroups of 26 ancient human specimens from the Krasnoyarsk area

inSiberia were dated from between the middle of the 2nd millennium BC and the 4th

century AD (Scythian and Sarmatian timeframe). Nearly all subjects belong to

haplogroup R-M17.The authors suggest that their data shows that between Bronze and

Iron Ages the constellation of populations known variously as Scythians,

Andronovians, etc. were blue- (or green-) eyed, fair-skinned and light-hairedpeople who might have played a role in the early development of the Tarim

Basincivilization. Moreover, this study found that they were genetically more

closely related to modern populations of eastern Europe than those of

central and southern Asia. The ubiquity and utter dominance of R1a Y-DNA

lineage contrasts markedly with the diversity seen in the mtDNA profiles.

The Olanesti/Romania treasureis unique in Europe. Discovered in the 1960 the artefacts

are dated to the 5th century BC. The treasure contain six helmets, five greavesand an oil

lamp. All the pieces are from the army of the Alexander The Great under Zopyrion

command.

Indo-Scythians is a term used to refer to Scythians(Sakas), who migrated into parts

o f central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria,Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana,

Rajasthan, UP and Bihar.), from the middle of the 2nd

century BC to the 4th century AD. Pliny the Elder(Gaius

Plinius Secundus, AD 2379) claims that the Persians

gave the name Sakai only to the Scyt

excerpts from – the getes by sundeep s. jhutti – 2003 alex

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