excretion: biology o level
DESCRIPTION
hi guys! This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus. These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive. These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations. Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind. Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!! or contact me: Email: [email protected] facebook: faiz abdullah twitter: @fazzydoo if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides. All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to meTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EXCRETION
PREPARED BY: FAIZ ABDULLAH
![Page 2: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EXCRETIONThe removal of toxic waste products of metabolism from the body
What for?
If these waste products are allowed to build up, they would quickly become toxic
![Page 3: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
REMOVE WHAT EXACTLY?
Waste products of metabolism
Carbon dioxidewater Bile pigments
Ammonia Uric AcidUrea
![Page 4: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ORGANS OF EXCRETION
Lung
Kidney
Organs Products excreted Method of removal
CO2
Urea, Nitrogenous waste, variety of ions dissolved in water
Exhalation/Expiration
Urine
![Page 5: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CAUTION: EGESTION OF FAECES FROM ANUS NOT
EXCRETION
This is because faeces is not a product of metabolism
![Page 6: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
NOW, LET’S LOOK AT YOUR URINARY SYSTEM
![Page 7: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SEVERAL STRUCTURES YOU NEED TO KNOW..
![Page 9: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Removes excess water and wastes, such as urea, from the blood to form urine
Note: In a diabetic patients, kidneys remove some glucose present in blood thorough urine
![Page 10: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Two muscular tubes
Urine moves down here
How?
Spontaneous rhythmic peristaltic constrictions of the uterus wall
Helped by gravity
To where?
Urinary bladder
![Page 11: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Bladder is a muscular bag in which urine accumulates gradually
Stores urine
Urine goes down to Urethra next by contraction of muscles
![Page 12: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carries urine out of the body
In males urethra passes through penis
![Page 13: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Spincter muscle
Controls the flow of urine
Urination can be delayed as per convenience
![Page 14: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
IF YOU CUT YOUR KIDNEY IN HALF….
![Page 15: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NEPHRON
About a million microscopic tubes called nephrons are located in each of the kidneys
Nephrons consist of a capsule shaped like a cup Bowman’s capsule, and a long narrow tube
![Page 17: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON (SING.)
![Page 18: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
LET US LOOK AT SOME PROCESSES THAT HAPPEN IN THE NEPHRON, PARTICULARLY….
Ultrafiltration Selective REabsorption
![Page 19: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration of BLOOD from glomerulus takes place in the BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
A high pressure is built up
Squeezes water, urea, ions and glucose out of blood and into Bowman’s capsule
Large molecules move back into the blood through the capillaries that surround the tubule
![Page 20: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
As the liquid flows along the tubules in the nephron
Useful substances (like water, glucose, amino acids) are selectively reabsorbed
SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
These substances move back into the blood through capillaries that surround tubule
![Page 21: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Excess water, mineral salts, urea and uric acid pass into the pelvic region of the kidney to form urine
![Page 22: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
NEXT: ROLE OF ADH IM REGULATION OF OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION
![Page 23: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ADH ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Pituitary Gland releases ADH into blood
ADH
![Page 24: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HOWEVER, IT DOES NOT RELEASE ANYHOW.
NEEDS INSTRUCTION FROM BOSS HYPOTHALAMUS
=
![Page 25: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Detects problem
High water concentration in blood plasma
OR
Low water concentration in blood plasma
![Page 26: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hey pituitary gland, something is wrong.
FIX IT!
UGH….SHOULD ASK FOR A RAISE NEXT TIME!BIAR KO SASAK AKU GANYA KAU SURUH
![Page 27: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
High H2O
Pituitary gland secrete less ADH
Kidney tubules to reabsorb less water
More urine produced (diluted)
Less H2O
Pituitary gland secrete more ADH
Kidney tubules to reabsorb more water
Less urine produced (concentrated)
Water conc goes back normal
![Page 28: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
KIDNEY FAILURE
Kidney failure may result from infection or sudden shock.
Kidney failure patients must be treated with artificial kidney machines or undergo kidney transplants
![Page 29: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
DIALYSIS
The diffusion of some molecules across a partially permeable membrane is called dialysis
Impurities, such as urea molecules, high concentration in blood, move into dialysis fluid
![Page 30: Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052121/554e9d89b4c90526358b559f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
HAEMODIALYSISThe dialysis of blood